FINDING THE NATURAL SOLUTION TO f(f(x)) = exp(x)

Paulsen, William The Kangwon-Kyungki Mathematical Society 2016 한국수학논문집 Vol.24 No.1

In this paper, we study the fractional iterates of the exponential function. This is an unresolved problem, not due to a lack of a known solution, but because there are an innite number of solutions, and there is no agreement as to which solution is "best." We will approach the problem by rst solving Abel's functional equation ${\alpha}(e^x)={\alpha}(x)+1$ by perturbing the exponential function so as to produce a real xed point, allowing a unique holomorphic solution. We then use this solution to nd a solution to the unperturbed problem. However, this solution will depend on the way we rst perturbed the exponential function. Thus, we then strive to remove the dependence of the perturbed function. Finally, we produce a solution that is in a sense more natural than other solutions.

Why Judges Deviate from Direct Speech in Interpreter-mediated Court Settings

( Tina Paulsen Christensen ) 한국통역번역학회 2008 FORUM Vol.6 No.2

Cet article etudie les registres discursifs employes par un juge danois au cours d`une audience doublee de la mediation d`un interprete, et se focalise sur les differentes formes d`interpellation. S`appuyant sur les acquis de precedentes etudes quantitatives axees sur la variation stylistique des registres discursifs des juges, et sur une analyse qualitative des transcriptions du compte-rendu d`audience, l`objectif est de determiner les facteurs a meme d`inciter les juges a passer de formes de discours direct prescriptives a des formes d`interpellation indirectes. La section discursive analysee ici est apprehendee a la fois comme texte et comme instantiation d`une interaction sociale, suivant le cadre participatif - participative framework - developpe par Goffman. Au travers de cette approche dialogique, l`article fait ressortir les differents modes d`allocution et d`ecoute adoptes par les interlocuteurs, et plus particulierement les differents rapports qu`etablit le juge, en cours d`audience, a la parole des autres. Au travers de l`etude des roles de locuteur et d`auditeur des interlocuteurs, l`article tente ainsi a demontrer que le cadre participatif s`applique avec succes aux etudes discursives. L`etude fait intervenir plusieurs techniques d`analyse descriptive, et combine des donnees issues de transcriptions, d`enquetes, d`observations et d`interviews.

Why Judges Deviate from Direct Speech in Interpreter-mediated Court Settings

Tina PAULSEN CHRISTENSEN 한국통역번역학회 2009 FORUM Vol.6 No.2

Changes in the Thebaine Content of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. after Colchicine Treatment of the Seeds

Berit Smestad Paulsen,Jens K. Wold,Morten M. Laane Tuva Haugli,Arnold Nordal 한국생약학회 1989 생약학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Of the Papaveraceae, Papaver somniferum is the most important from a medical and pharmaceutical point of view, since it produces morphine and other alkaloids. 90-95% of the legally produced morphine is used for production of codeine. As P. somniferum and morphine are responsible for a great proportion of the world`s drug problem, a great effort has been made to find other sources for the production of codeine. The Iranian mountain-poppy, P. bracteatum, is producing thebaine as the main alkaloid. Since thebaine also can be converted into codeine, it was of interest to study the production of thebaine in P. bracteatum and try to develop a plant giving a higher yield of thebaine than normally obtained. Seeds of P. bracteatum were treated either with γ-radiation or colchicine in order to create a change in the genetic material in such a way that the production of thebaine is increased. This treatment resulted in several plants giving higher yields of thebaine, and by cultivating plants after vegetative cloning, we obtained plants producing up to 17% thebaine in the capsula. A method for quantitative determination of thebaine has also been developed.

특집 I | 보편적 인권과 주권국가 : ``승인의 규칙(rules of recognition)``으로서의 인권

카롤리나모레이라폴슨 ( Carolina Moreira Paulsen ),박찬성 서울대학교 공익인권법센터 2011 공익과 인권 Vol.9 No.-

Gating of NMDA receptor-mediated hippocampal spike timing-dependent potentiation by mGluR5

Kwag, Jeehyun,Paulsen, Ole Pergamon Press 2012 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY - Vol.63 No.4

<P>Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is believed to be important for learning and memory. Experimentally, the pairing of precisely timed pre- and postsynaptic spikes within a time window of ∼10 ms can induce timing-dependent LTP (tLTP), but the requirements for induction of tLTP change with development: in young rodents single postsynaptic spikes are sufficient to induce tLTP, whereas postsynaptic burst firing appears to be required in the adult. However, hippocampal neurons <I>in vivo</I> show theta-modulated single spike activities also in older hippocampus. Here we investigated the conditions for single spike pairing to induce tLTP at older CA3–CA1 synapses. We found that the pairing of single pre- and postsynaptic spikes could induce tLTP in older hippocampus when the postsynaptic neuronal membrane was depolarized and the pairing frequency exceeded ∼4 Hz. The spike frequency requirement is postsynaptic, as tLTP could still be induced with presynaptic stimulation at 1 Hz as long as the postsynaptic spike frequency exceeded ∼4 Hz, suggesting that postsynaptic theta-frequency activity is required for the successful induction of tLTP at older CA3–CA1 synapses. The induction of tLTP was blocked by an NMDA receptor antagonist and by the selective mGluR5 blockers, MPEP and MTEP, whereas activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 by DHPG relieved the postsynaptic spike frequency requirement for tLTP induction. These results suggest that activation of mGluR5 during single-spike pairing at older CA3–CA1 synapses gates NMDA receptor-dependent tLTP.</P>

Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Right Heart

Roshanak R Markley,Asghar Ali,Jonathan Potfay,Walter Paulsen,Ion S Jovin 한국심초음파학회 2016 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.24 No.3

The appropriate use of echocardiography may reduce the need for invasive diagnostic cardiac procedures. The right side of the heart has recently gained interest among cardiologists as it became clear that abnormalities of the right heart morphology and function are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography is easy to perform, relatively cheap, readily available and do not pose the risk of ionizing radiation. Conventional 2D and, more recently, 3D echocardiography provides pertinent anatomic and physiologic information about the right side of the heart. Because of the advantages and simplicity of echocardiography it continues to be an excellent tool for evaluating the structure and function of the right side of the heart. This review outlines the uses of echocardiography in evaluating the right heart structure and function.

Structures of ClpP in complex with acyldepsipeptide antibiotics reveal its activation mechanism

Lee, Byung-Gil,Park, Eun Young,Lee, Kyung-Eun,Jeon, Hyesung,Sung, Kwang Hoon,Paulsen, Holger,Rü,bsamen-Schaeff, Helga,Brö,tz-Oesterhelt, Heike,Song, Hyun Kyu Nature Publishing Group 2010 Nature Structural and Molecular Biology Vol.17 No.4

Clp-family proteins are prototypes for studying the mechanism of ATP-dependent proteases because the proteolytic activity of the ClpP core is tightly regulated by activating Clp-ATPases. Nonetheless, the proteolytic activation mechanism has remained elusive because of the lack of a complex structure. Acyldepsipeptides (ADEPs), a recently discovered class of antibiotics, activate and disregulate ClpP. Here we have elucidated the structural changes underlying the ClpP activation process by ADEPs. We present the structures of Bacillus subtilis ClpP alone and in complex with ADEP1 and ADEP2. The structures show the closed-to-open-gate transition of the ClpP N-terminal segments upon activation as well as conformational changes restricted to the upper portion of ClpP. The direction of the conformational movement and the hydrophobic clustering that stabilizes the closed structure are markedly different from those of other ATP-dependent proteases, providing unprecedented insights into the activation of ClpP.

Properties of spin-12triangular-lattice antiferromagnetsCuY2Ge2O8andCuLa2Ge2O8

Cho, Hwanbeom,Kratochví,lová,, Marie,Sim, Hasung,Choi, Ki-Young,Kim, Choong Hyun,Paulsen, Carley,Avdeev, Maxim,Peets, Darren C.,Jo, Younghun,Lee, Sanghyun,Noda, Yukio,Lawler, Michael J.,Pa American Physical Society 2017 Physical review. B Vol.95 No.14

<P>We found new two-dimensional (2D) quantum (S = 1/2) antiferromagnetic systems: CuRE2Ge2O8 (RE = Y and La). According to our analysis of high-resolution x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments, the Cu network of CuRE2Ge2O8 (RE = Y and La) exhibits a 2D triangular lattice linked via weak bonds along the perpendicular b axis. Our bulk characterizations from 0.08 to 400 K show that they undergo a long-range order at 0.51(1) and 1.09(4) K for the Y and La systems, respectively. Interestingly, they also exhibit field induced phase transitions. For theoretical understanding, we carried out the density functional theory (DFT) band calculations to find that they are typical charge-transfer-type insulators with a gap of E-g congruent to 2 eV. Taken together, our observations make CuRE2Ge2O8 (RE = Y and La) additional examples of low-dimensional quantum spin triangular antiferromagnets with the low-temperature magnetic ordering.</P>

In utero exposure to electronic-cigarette aerosols decreases lung fibrillar collagen content, increases Newtonian resistance and induces sex-specific molecular signatures in neonatal mice

Cahill Kerin M.,Gartia Manas R.,Sahu Sushant,Bergeron Sarah R.,Heffernan Linda M.,Paulsen Daniel B.,Penn Arthur L.,Noël Alexandra 한국독성학회 2022 Toxicological Research Vol.38 No.2

Approximately 7% of pregnant women in the United States use electronic-cigarette (e-cig) devices during pregnancy. There is, however, no scientific evidence to support e-cig use as being ‘safe’ during pregnancy. Little is known about the effects of fetal exposures to e-cig aerosols on lung alveologenesis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that in utero exposure to e-cig aerosol impairs lung alveologenesis and pulmonary function in neonates. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed 2 h a day for 20 consecutive days during gestation to either filtered air or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol (36 mg/ mL of nicotine). Lung tissue was collected in offspring during lung alveologenesis on postnatal day (PND) 5 and PND11. Lung function was measured at PND11. Exposure to e-cig aerosol in utero led to a significant decrease in body weights at birth which was sustained through PND5. At PND5, in utero e-cig exposures dysregulated genes related to Wnt signaling and epigenetic modifications in both females (~ 120 genes) and males (40 genes). These alterations were accompanied by reduced lung fibrillar collagen content at PND5—a time point when collagen content is close to its peak to support alveoli formation. In utero exposure to e-cig aerosol also increased the Newtonian resistance of offspring at PND11, suggesting a narrowing of the conducting airways. At PND11, in females, transcriptomic dysregulation associated with epigenetic alterations was sustained (17 genes), while WNT signaling dysregulation was largely resolved (10 genes). In males, at PND11, the expression of only 4 genes associated with epigenetics was dysregulated, while 16 Wnt related-genes were altered. These data demonstrate that in utero exposures to cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols alter lung structure and function and induce sex-specific molecular signatures during lung alveologenesis in neonatal mice. This may reflect epigenetic programming affecting lung disease development later in life.