운동훈련이 흰쥐 노화심근에 미치는 영향

박원학(Won-Hark Park),이상선(Sang-Sun Lee),이용덕(Yong-Deok Lee) 대한의생명과학회 1996 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.2 No.1

장기간 반복 주행운동이 흰쥐의 심근에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위하여 생후 3개월, 10개월 및 20개월된 흰쥐를 운동군과 대조군으로 대별하여 motor driven treadmill을 이용하여 Park등이 사용한 방법에 준해서 5개월만, 주 5일 20분간 운동을 시킨 후 심근의 조직 및 세포학적 변화를 관찰하고 심근 세포 내 미세구조 변화를 입체해석학적으로 비교 분석하였다. 연령 증가에 따라 장기간 반복운동이 흰쥐 심근 미세구조에 미치는 영향은, 8, 15개월의 운동군과 대조군 사이에 뚜렷한 차이를 인정할 수 없으며, 15개월의 운동군에서 대조군에 비하여 변성된 사립체, 리소조옴, 지방적, 공포, 노화색소 등이 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 25개월 운동군은 같은 연령 대조군에 비하여 근원섬유 수축대, 근원섬유 소실, 윤반분리, 세포간질 증식, 핵의 변성, 교원섬유 근섬유내 침입 등 매우 심한 변화를 보였다. 조직상에 나타나는 early lipofusin과 미세구조상에 나타나는 노화색소는 8, 15개월의 운동군과 대조군 사이에 유의한 차이는 없었으며, 25개월 운동군은 같은 연령 대조군에 비하여 유의한 차이로 증가하였다. Glucose-6-phosphatase 활성도 8, 15개월군에서 운동군과 대조군에서 모두 활성이 높았으며 25개월의 대조군과 운동군에서는 모두 활성이 거의 나타나지 않았다. 미세구조 변화를 입체해석학적으로 분석한 결과 8, 15개월의 대조군과 운동군에서 체적 밀도의 모든 항은 양군 사이에 유의한 감소를 나타내었고 근형질세망의 체적밀도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 사립체는 대조군에 비하여 유의한 감소를 나타내었고 근형질세망의 체적밀도는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 사립체와 근원섬유 비는 8개월 운동군에서 유의한 차이는 없지만 대조군에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, 15개월의 운동군과 대조군 사이에서는 차이를 인정할 수 없었다. 그러나 25개월 운동군은 대조군에 비하여 유의한 차이로 감소하였다. 연령증가에 따른 사립체 내막 표면밀도와 사립체수는 대조군과 운동군 사이에는 유의한 변화는 없었다. 본 연구의 성적을 검토한 결과 젊은층(3개월군)과 중령층(10개월군)의 흰쥐에서는 반복된 지구력 운동이 심장에 미치는 역효과를 인정할 수 없었으며 젊은층의 흰쥐에서는 오히려 심장기능 강화를 보이는 경향이 나타났으며, 노화층(20개월군)에서 운동군에서는 스트레스로 작용하여 심장기능의 저하를 초래 하였다고 생각된다. There is considerable current interest in the effect of regular vigorous exercise and in particular endurance-running as a possible measure in improving myocardial function. Some data indicate that the aging heart may actually suffer from vigorous endurance exercise. On the contrary, appropriate exercise in aged animals improves myocardial function and aerobic energy metabolism. So far there is relatively little data to indicate that endurance exercise is in fact beneficial in improving myocardial function or damaging to heart of aged animals. The present investigation aimed to study the possible effect of a long range treadmill training program on the heart in aging rats. Male rats aged 3, 10, and 20 months were divided at random into a control (sedentary) and an exercise group. The training group was exercised for 5 days a week on an automated treadmill for 20minutes at 18m/min over a period of 5 months. The exercise regimen of our experiments did not cause any significant changes in the tissues and ultrastructural as compared with sedentary age-matched control. Tissues and ultrastructures of myocardial cells in trained group aged 8 months are intact and well organized as well as sedentary control group. Age associated tissue and ultrastructural changes of trained group aged 15 months included : an increase in transformed mitochondria, vacuoles, lysosomes, lipid droplets and early lipofuscin. But the trained heart did not show significant difference in tissue and ultrastructural properties from those of sedentary controls. Endurance-trained group aged 25 months showed significant qualitative tissue and ultrastructural difference as compared with age-matched controls. In addition to those found in 25 months control group, focal necrosis, myofibril fraying, hypercontraction band, seperation of intercalated discs, degenerating nucleus and infiltration of collagenous fiber into myocyte were noted in trained 25 months group. The stereological examination of the micrographs disclosed no significant difference in the myofibril, mitochondrion, sarcotubule and interstitium volume density and surface density of mitochondrial cristae and numerical density of mitochondria between trained and control group aged 8 and 15 months. In the trained 25 months group, significant increase in volume density of interstitium, lipofucsin granule were shown as compared to untrained age-matched control. On the other hand, significant decrease in mitochondrion volume density was shown. The myofibril volume density did not differ between trained and control group although trained group showed slight increase. From the data obtained, a reduced mitochondria/myofibrils ratio was found in trained rat heart aged 25 months and there was no difference between trained and control rat aged 15 months. But a slight but not significant increase was found in the trained group aged 8 months as compared with same age control group. Such increase in the ratio in young animals is considered to be of great importance to cardiac pumping and adaptability. Whereas such adaptations don't seem to occur in aged heart muscle. This study proposed that repeated endurance exercise do not cause any significant qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural change of heart muscle in young(3months) and adult(10months) suggesting that the heart is able to adapt to the exercise. On the contrary, the repeated endurance exercise stress may actually induce degenerative changes in the aged heart muscle(20months).

成人敎育의 哲學的 基底에 關한 考察

朴德元 부산외국어대학 1985 논문집 Vol.3 No.-

Adult Education is still in its embrionic stage, theoretically or practically. Therefore there is not any fixed philosophy of education in this field. J. L. Elias and S. Merriam, from the viewpoint of the established philosophy of \education, presented the following six types of the philosophy of adult education : a) Liberal Adult Education b) Progressive Adult Education c) Behavioristic Adult Education d) Humanistic Adult Education e) Radical Adult Education f) Analytic Philosophy of Adult Education The classification made by Elias and Merriam, since it is the mere reapplication of established philosophy of education based on the school education, may not be suitable for adult education. Especially the idea of radicalism has the potential danger of destroying the present social order. Out of these six, the progressivism is the closest to the adult education and it has more to share with the adult education than any other attitudes proposed by them. The analytic philosophers including Paterson failed to see what the adult education should be, because they are so wrapped up with the terminology analysis such as "adult", "education", and "adult education." Theories of these group are only theoretically ideal and have no place in the practical application. The philosophy of adult education should be an independent philosophy derived form the analysis of its practical usefulness and from the review of the fundamental cause of this educational movement. Further it should be explained within the framework of the general concept of education.

毛澤東의 黨權掌握過程에 關한 一考察

朴德元,金虎吉 釜山 外國語 大學校 1986 外大論叢 Vol.4 No.1

Mao Tse-tung grasped the contents and direction of a new tide of thought under the teaching of Li Tai-cho and was intoxicated by the teachings when he was engaged in the library of Peking University before and after 1920. He came to feel strongly about necessity of reforming China. He fixed his eyes upon peasants of the political bequest, for he had the most deepest interest in the peasants movement. Because of the failures in the collaboration between the Kuomintang and the Communists as well as in the Human harvest riot of 1927 made his utmost exertions in the development of a new revolutionary strategy getting out of the guidance route of Comintern. His strategy of revolution started from his recognition of the revolutionary potentiality of peasants. His struggles were mostly executed in farm-countries. In the process of the Long March in 1935. Mao's method of revolutionary strategy was, in the end, formally taken as the party policy. Later, as Mao's power of conducting the party was admitted in the Convention of Chun-ui 1935. the CCP would have the particular direction of revolution since the formation of the party. Mao's revolutionary method had no concerns with the Soviet-style revolution and the order of Comintern, and his strategy and tactics were based upon his originality. Finally, it turned out to be the most peerless and autonomous method in the settlement of Communist political power through a lapse of long years war between the Kuomintang and the Communist. Mao's assuming the rein of the government and his trial for development of strategy and tactics meant independence from the direction and interference of Comintern or Soviet Russia, and proved to be the example for the success of the peasants' revolution as one of the Chinese traditional and historical bequests. Mao's deep consideration of peasants and their roles resulted in the success in the revolution by the support of their potential power after training them. From the viewpoint of international relations, the Western imperialist reaction against the weak Eastern after all justified the continuity of revolutions in china. Therefore, because the anti-imperialist and anti-colonistic struggles offered the first purpose of restoring Chinese interests was legitimate, the background of the Communist revolution and of the party formation should be examined from the traditional political legacy and the functional relations with foreign powers. So, the birth and growth of the CCP came from the alien impacts, and its thought and ideology were rationalized by the alien thought. The CCP's peculiar development of revolutionary strategy was based upon the traditional elements including Chinese nationalism and Sinocentrism and at the same time, Mao's coming into power can be explained by the restoration of Chinese autonomy in new China construction.

칼 마르크스의 宗敎槪念

朴德元 부산외국어대학 1984 논문집 Vol.2 No.-

Karl Marx explained Religion from the viewpoint of materialism as follows : 1. Types and Origin of Religion Karl Mark's view about types and origin of Religion can be summed up as these : 1) Natural Religion : This type of Religion dates back to primitive times when men had great fear of the power of such natural phenomena as windstorms, deluges, thunders and diseases, and believed that these are caused by Divine Wrath or by Anima which was thought to exist in every substance. Therefore Religion of this type results from the ignorance of ancient people. Greek Myths and Superstitions belongs to this type. 2) Artificial Religion : This type, emerged in Modern times, is artificially contrived to exploit proletariats for accumulation of Capitals by capitalists. Marx said that almost of all the religions we have at present are included in this type. 3) Revelational Religion : This type is exemplified by Christianism. Mark's concept of revelation has totally different meaning from the same word used in theology. This Religion, according to Marx, finds its origin in a particular person's mistaken acknowledgement as Divine revelation the daydream or the fantasy which every man often experiences. Marx explained that since there is nothing like God, it does not make sense that God created men: On the contrary, it is men that created God. 2. Concept of Religion K. Marx explained Religion with the following four concepts. 1) Religion is a kind of Philosophical theory. 2) Religion is a kind of Ideology : He defined that Philosophy, Politics, Ethics, Morals, Law, Religion, etc. are subparts of Ideology and called the persons engaged in these fields Ideologists. 3) Religion is a kind of Phenomenon : The word phenomenon is interpreted differently by different philosophizes. 4) Religion is a kind of Opium : That religion is like an opium to people was a popular saying in Marx's time. Marx adopted this in the explanation of Religion. As opium does dangerous harm to human body, Religion, he criticized, paralyses human mind and destroys men's present life.

강릉시 5세 아동의 "조기 유아기 우식증" 관련 추정요인의 기술 역학적 연구

박진아,마득상,박덕영,박호원,이광수 大韓小兒齒科學會 2002 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.29 No.2

본 연구에서는 조기 유아기 우식증의 위험 인자를 규명하고 일치된 조기 유아기 우식증의 정의를 수립하는데 기초연구로서 층화집락추출법으로 선출된 강릉시 만 5세 유치원 아동들의 보호자 364명을 대상으로 이들 아동들의 조기 유아기 우식증과 관련된 형식·식이요인, 태아기나 출생기의 상태에 대한 설문조사연구를 시행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 조사대상의 4분의 3이상(76.1%)의 아동이 생후 12개월 이후까지 연장된 수유를 하였으나 수면과 연관된 부적절한 수유의 빈도는 21.3%로 낮게 나타났다. 2. 대부분 보호자들(91.3%)이 이가 날 때부터 이를 닦아 주어야 한다는 사실을 알고있었음에도 불구하고, 맹출 직후 이를 닦기 시작한 경우는 35.1%에 지나지 않고 특히 2세 이후에야 이닦기를 시작하는 경우가 약 40%이상으로 조사되었다. 3. 현재 하루 칫솔질 회수가 1회 이상이 90%이상으로 매우 높게 나타났으나 5명 중 3명의 아동(61.4%)이 보호자의 도움없이 혼자 이를 닦는 것으로 나타났으며, 간식섭취 빈도는 하루 1-3회가 약 60%, 수시로 섭취하는 대상이 약 40%를 차지하여 비교적 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다(x^2-test, p<.05 or Fisher's exact test, p>.05). 4. 대부분(87%)의 첫 치과방문시기가 3세 이상인 경우로 나타나, 조기 유아기 우식증 예방에 대한 관심이 필요할 것으로 생각되었으나, 5세 아동의 예방적 치과방문 경험이 비교적 높을 것(40.2%)으로 보아 강릉지역 보호자의 구강건강에 대한 높은 의식수준을 반영한다고 볼 수 있다. 5. 보호자의 구강환경관리상태와 아동의 일일 평균 칫솔질 회수, 예방적 치과방문, 최초 치과 방문 시기와의 상관관계 및 지역별, 공사립 유치원별 및 남녀별 차이는 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다(x^2-test, p>.05 or Fisher's exact test, p>.05). The purpose of this study was to get descriptive statistics of the contributing factors for early childhood caries and to predict the relationship of dietary, behavior factors and health status factors of the mother and child at pregnancy and after birth. 411 first caregivers of 5-year-old children in 12 kindergartens in Kangnung city were selected by stratified random cluster sampling. They were asked to fill out questionnaires and 364 of them responded The obtained results were as follow: 1. Over the three-Fourth of children used nursing bottle of had breast feeding habit beyond the age of 1 year. 2. 8.7% of respondents didn't recognize the necessity of the preventive measures immediate after eruption of primary tooth, and only 35.1% replied that they had begun tooth cleaning. 3. Over 90% of children brush the teeth more than once per day. But over half (61.4%) of them brush their teeth without parents instruction. Sixty percent of children eat between the meals as often as 1-3 time(s) a day and the remainder at any times. 4. The first time of dental visit was for most children (87%) at over 3 years, recommending the earlier dental visit. Notwithstanding the rate of routine dental visit experience was relatively high(40.2%), implicating positive parents' attitude about oral health at Kangnung area. 5. The relationships between oral health state of the parents and the variables such as the timing of the first tooth cleaning the frequency of brushing, the time of first dental visit, and the reason of first dental visit were not statistically significant. Together, there was no statistically significant difference between rural and urban area, private and public kindergarten, and boy and girl(x^2-test, p>.05 or Fisher's exact test, p>.05).

교육에 있어서 인간성

박덕원 부산 외국어 대학교 2000 外大論叢 Vol.20 No.1

What is the concept of human nature? And what is the concrete way to restore it? To answer to these questions is the main aims of this research. Human nature is one of the important concepts in education because it's restoration is regarded as an urgent task to be solved in the modern society. The materialist, Thomas Hobbes, Karl Marx and others think that human nature is only a physical thing in the monistic view. On the other hand, the Idealists and religions assert that human nature must be understood as physical and spiritual thing in the dualistic view. John Dewey insists that human nature is not fixed but changing and developing through the harmonious interaction of it's three elements. they are impulse, habit and intelligence. Impulse is the driving force to perform and reorganize human activities and to change habits. Intelligence plays a role to guide the direction of impulses and to prevent it from firmed as a fixed habit. Habit is appears as the concrete, practical and organized behavior after filtering all the sources which we can experience through impulses. Habits can be changed by impulses and they get out of the mechanical repetition through intelligence and come to be able to control objects in the real situation. Intelligence is the real ability to think in the scientific way, and it possesses the quality of refective thinking. Dewey thinks that we can restore human nature efficiently only by thinking about our social problems scientifically and reflectively. He tries especially to solve the social problems through applying intelligence as scientific thinking to our society.

學問의 自由와 테뉴어

朴德元 釜山 外國語 大學校 1995 外大論叢 Vol.13 No.1

The main purpose of this study is to examine the basic theories and principles of academic freedom and academic tenure. The idea of academic freedom was concurrent with the appearence of European universities in the 12th century, It was in German universities after the foundation of Berlin university in 1810 that the terminology of academic freedon began to be used. The idea of academic freedom in German universities was 'to pursue truth wherever it may lead', The concept of academic freedom being used at the present time is originated from the tradition of Akademische Freiheit of German universities in the 19th century. It was American universities in the 20th century that codified and institutionalized academic freedom. In America, AAUP was established as an official organization to assume full responsibility for academic freedom and academic tenure in 1915. All of the theories related to academic freedom and tenure today are emerged from AAUP. Theoretical justification of academic freedom is derived from the purposes for which universities exist. They exist to pursue the truth and to teach the result to students. Without academic freedom, a university cannot perform its proper functions in any society. Academic tenure is one of the effective ways to protect academic freedom from various violating factors and to guarantee this freedom. But, academic tenure should not be defined as a necessary condition for this freedom. because every university professor should have the freedom from the first moment he starts teaching. The protected right to have the freedom must be the right and responsibility of every professor, not just those granted tenure.

Lesch-Nyhan 증후군을 가진 소아의 체외충격파신쇄석술을 위한 전신마취 경험

박상진,권일치,이원기,이덕희 영남대학교 의과대학 2008 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.25 No.1

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an inborn error of purine metabolism resulting from hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency and leading to excess purine production and uric acid over-production. It is a very rare X -linked recessive disorder, characterized by movement disorder, cognitive deficits, and self-injurious behavior. However, because of the high incidence of calculi, patients may present for surgery of urinary tract, and have increased risk of difficult intubation, aspiration pneumonia, renal insufficiency or sudden death. We report the case of a 5-year-old boy with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome who underwent successive extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy under general anesthesia.

童蒙先習의 敎育課程論的 考察

朴德元 부산외국어대학 1983 논문집 Vol.1 No.-

Dongmongseonsub was the first one of the textbooks which have been written by korean scholars. Park, Sae-moo, the author of this book, was the county headman at MaJeon in 1541 and at that tie he wrote it to teach the primary school children the basic moral. We need to examine this textbook in the viewpoint of modern curricular theory and we could come to the conclusion that sums up as follow. (1) The aims of education in Dongmongseonsub was to make the children understand the five cardinal articles of morality and practice them strictly in every day life. (2)The structure of the contents is composed of two units which one is the five cardinal articles of morality and the other is general remarks in which contains the history of Korea and China. (3)The order and the way of arrangement o the content in each article is very formal and regular; in the first place is laid the sum and substance of concept about the article, in the second place the way of practice, it, thirdly the significant other whom we can be eager to imitate, and finally a sage's teaching. (4)The process off learning is belong to the method of a mastery learning kind and there are five stages in it as follow terms; ①recitation (a brief oral test of previous day's learning) ② presentation ③ study ④ understanding ⑤ perusal. And we can find they are similar to the morrison's five stage; ① exploration ② presentation ③assimilation ④ organization ⑤ recitation (5)It is the main weak point of this book that throughout this book the author not only described China as if she were a suzerain state of our nation but also he wrote down a little about our own culture, and that the content is too difficult for the primary school children to learn it effectively.

장기간 체중부하 운동훈련이 흰쥐 노화 심근에 미치는 영향

박원학,조현국,이영실,정형재,이용덕 THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 1998 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.4 No.2

장기간 체중부하운동이 흰쥐의 심근에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위하여 생후 3개월, 10개월 및 20개월된 흰쥐를 5개월간 운동 시킨 후 각각의 비운동군과 비교하여 심근의 조직학적 ·세포학적 변화를 관찰하고, 심근세포내 미세구조적 변화를 입체해석학적으로 비교 ·분석하였다. 운동 15개월군부터 노화색소의 양이 현저히 증가되었고 사립체의 변성, 공포화 현상 그리고 간질조직의 증식이 뚜렷하였으며, 25개월군에서는 윤반분리, 근원섬유의 소실 및 과수축대 출현빈도가 증가되었다. Glucose-6-phosphatase의 활성도는 15개월 운동군에서 감소하여 25개월 운동군에서는 활성도가 거의 나타나지 알았다. 입체해석학적 결과에서도 장기간 체중부하운동으로 인해 15개월, 25개월군에서 모두 사립체와 근원섬유의 체적밀도는 감소되었고, 간질조직의 체적밀도는 증가되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 볼 때 장기간 체중부하운동은 3개월군에 있어서 심장에 미치는 역효과가 없으나 10개월군과 20개월군에서는 심근 기능강화에 역효과를 초래 할 우려가 큰 것으로 판단된다. There is considerable interests in the effect of regular, vigorous exercise, in particular weight training as a possible measure in improving myocardial function. The present investigation aimed to examine possible effect of a long-term weight training program on the heart in aging rats. Male rats aged 3-, 10-, and 20-month-old were divided at random into a control (sedentary) and the exercise group. The training group was exercised for 5 days a week by 1 RM of ten times with weight training apparatus. This investigation examined the changes of the heart muscle relative to histological, ultrastructural, cytochemical, and stereological studies in rats. Quantity of lipofuscin pigments was clearly increased in the weight training group of 15-month-old rats, and mitochondrial degeneration, vacuolization, and interstitial proliferation were observed as well. In the weight training group of 25-month-old rats the frequency as separated intercalated discs, fraying myofibrils and hypercontraction band increased in number compared with the same 15-month-old group. From the experimental result of glucose-6-phosphatase activity, the enzyme activities decreased in the weight training group of 15-month-old rats, and more decreased in the same 25-month-old group. In stereological study, both 15- and 25-month-old training groups, mitochondrial and myofibrilar volume densities significantly decreased, whereas interstitial volume density significantly increased. From the experimental results obtained in the present study, it is suggested that long-term weight training exercise do not cause any significantly qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural change of the heart muscle in the young. On the contrary, long-term weight training exercise stress may actually induce degenerative changes in the heart muscle in the old age.