Supraorbital nerve exits: positional variations and localization relative to surgical landmarks

Deepthi Nanayakkara,Ruwanthi Manawaratne,Harshana Sampath,Amal Vadysinghe,Roshan Peiris 대한해부학회 2018 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.51 No.1

Significant variations exist in the occurrence, form, and position of supraorbital nerve exits through the frontal bone. Detailed knowledge of the positional variations of supraorbital exits is important to ensure safe and successful regional anesthesia, and to avoid iatrogenic nerve injuries during surgery of the orbitofacial region. Supraorbital nerve exits from 116 sides of 58 dry intact adult skulls (37 male and 21 female) in a Sri Lankan population were examined to determine the morphological features and the precise position in relation to the facial midline, temporal crest of frontal bone, and frontozygomatic suture. A majority of supraorbital nerve exits existed as notches (73.8%) and the rest as foramina (26.2%). Accessory exits were seen in 18.9% skulls. Of the skulls examined, 55.1% displayed bilateral supraorbital notches, 8.6% had bilateral supraorbital foramina, and 36.3% had a notch on one side and a foramen on the contralateral side. In males, the supraorbital nerve exit was located 23.64±3.49 mm laterally from the facial midline, 27.86±2.76 mm medially from the temporal crest of the frontal bone, 28.66±2.56 mm from the frontozygomatic suture, and 2.12±1.07 mm above the supraorbital margin in the case of a foramen, and in females 22.69±3.28 mm laterally from the facial midline, 26.32±3.02 medially from temporal crest of frontal bone, 27.29±3.05 from the frontozygomatic suture, and 2.99±1.49 mm above the supraorbital margin when it existed as a foramen. The observations made in this study will be useful when planning a supraorbital nerve block and surgery in the supraorbital region.

System Modeling for Affordable and Sustainable Development of Small Hydro Projects in Rwanda

Nishantha Nanayakkara,Fatin Ali Mohamed,Masatoshi Nakamura 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

Most of the African countries have less than 10% of electrification and 90% of the electrified areas are confined to capital city, so that access to electricity is only confined to main towns. With the initiative of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), an attempt was made to deviate from the accepted norms of project financing, but participatory development of rural villages by utilizing their own hydro resources for power generation. Access to electricity, affordability, appropriate standards in construction and installation and quality of power are key factors in such development projects. Three small hydro projects in Rwanda have been completed under UNIDO umbrella, giving electricity to around 750 households from each project.

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL : the global coalition against corruption ; Good Practices in Whistleblower Protection

( Rukshana Nanayakkara ) 한국행정학회 2013 한국행정학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-

Removing nitrogenous compounds from landfill leachate using electrochemical techniques

Nadeeshani Nanayakkara,Asanga Koralage,Charuka Meegoda,Supun Kariyawasam 대한환경공학회 2019 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.24 No.2

In this research, applicability of electrochemical technology in removing nitrogenous compounds from solid waste landfill leachate was examined. Novel cathode material was developed at laboratory by introducing a Cu layer on Al substrate (Cu/Al). Al and mild steel (MS) anodes were investigated for the efficiency in removing nitrogenous compounds from actual leachate samples collected from two open dump sites. Al anode showed better performances due to the effect of better electrocoagulation at Al surface compared to that at MS anode surface. Efficiency studies were carried out at a current density of 20 mA/cm² and at reaction duration of 6 h. Efficiency of removing nitrate-N using Al anode and developed Cu/Al cathode was around 90%. However, for raw leachate, total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was only around 30%. This is due to low ammonium-N removal as a result of low oxidation ability of Al. In addition to the removal of nitrogenous compounds, reactor showed about 30% removal of total organic carbon. Subsequently, raw leachate was diluted four times, to simulate pre-treated leachate. The diluted leachate was treated and around 88% removal of TN was achieved. Therefore, it can be said that the reactor would be good as a secondary or tertiary treatment step in a leachate treatment plant.

Poster Session : PS 0423 ; Infectious Disease ; Kap Study on HIV among Final Year Nursing Students in Sri Lanka

( Nishamany Geethika Nanayakkara ),( Gveshika Abeyrathna ),( Rcw Rajapaksha ),( Ananda Wijewickrama ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Stigma and discrimination of HIV/AIDS patients in hospital settings is a major drawback in the treatment of patients. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Sri Lankan nurses towards HIV/AIDS patients remains unclear. Methods: A cross sectional KAP study was done in a nursing training school in Sri Lanka on fi nal year nursing students. A self-administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices was given to fi ll anonymously. The responses were analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: 222 students responded: 94.6% believing that HIV can be asymptomatic but infectious; 73% believing that a HIV patient can stay for >5 years without getting AIDS. 58.1% thought HIV is highly contagious while 10.4% thought it is transmitted through mosquitoes. >90% believed that it cannot be transmitted by using common toilets with patients by sharing bed linen. 82.9% and 24.3% respectively thought that proper condoms use and anti-retroviral treatment would reduce the transmission. Though 95% would adhere to universal precautions and 91.9% wash hands before touching patients, only 55% thought that gloves & gowns are not needed for any contact with patients. 44.1% would consider PEP after occupational needle stick injury. Although 86% believed that HIV patients has the right to same care as others, 31.1% believed that they should be kept separately from other patients. 34.7% were worried of getting HIV from the work place. 62.2% feel sympathetic towards the patients and 51.8% had little sympathy towards those who got HIV from sexual promiscuity. Only 65.3% believed patients are entitled to confi dentiality while 77% believed that HIV status should be revealed ward staff before venepuncture. Conclusions: Though nursing students` knowledge about HIV/AIDS pathogenesis is good, knowledge on transmission is inadequate. Attitudes and practices are poor and needs further improvement.

How Far does Surface Heave Propagate? A Discussion on Analytical and Numerical Modeling of the Surface Heave Induced by Subsurface Fluid Injection

Asanga S. Nanayakkara,Ron C. K. Wong 대한토목학회 2009 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.13 No.4

Reservoir dilations occur due to variety of subsurface injection operations including waste disposal, waterflooding, steam injection, CO₂sequestration and aquifer storage recovery. These reservoir dilations propagate to the surrounding formations and extend up to the ground surface resulting in surface heaves. This paper discusses modeling of the surface heave by applying both analytical and numerical methods. Results of the study demonstrate that the lateral extent of a finite element model has a direct impact on the surface heave profile and if the lateral boundaries are too close to the line of symmetry, there will be significant errors in the finite element results. This paper proposes a rapid way of estimating a sufficient lateral extent for the finite element model by using a new chart. The chart contains a family of curves, which can be used to estimate the surface heave propagation distance under various injection depths, injection periods and soil properties. Reservoir dilations occur due to variety of subsurface injection operations including waste disposal, waterflooding, steam injection, CO₂sequestration and aquifer storage recovery. These reservoir dilations propagate to the surrounding formations and extend up to the ground surface resulting in surface heaves. This paper discusses modeling of the surface heave by applying both analytical and numerical methods. Results of the study demonstrate that the lateral extent of a finite element model has a direct impact on the surface heave profile and if the lateral boundaries are too close to the line of symmetry, there will be significant errors in the finite element results. This paper proposes a rapid way of estimating a sufficient lateral extent for the finite element model by using a new chart. The chart contains a family of curves, which can be used to estimate the surface heave propagation distance under various injection depths, injection periods and soil properties.

Discovery of the Critically Endangered Tarantula Species of the Genus Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae), Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica, From Sri Lanka

Ranil P. Nanayakkara,G.A.S. Mangala Ganehiarachchi,Nilantha Vishvanath,Thambiliya Godage Tharaka Kusuminda 국립중앙과학관 2015 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.8 No.1

The arboreal spiders in the genus Poecilotheria is represented by 16 species and restricted to India and Sri Lanka. Each country has eight endemic species. During a survey on mygalomorph spiders in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka, the critically endangered species of Theraphosidae Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica was discovered for the first time outside of its native habitat in India, expanding its range to northern Sri Lanka. The discovery of P. hanumavilasumica is unique, as it used to be a critically endangered and endemic species of the genus Poecilotheria found in India, and it is evident that during the land bridge connection between India and Sri Lanka, when the Pleistocene epoch biotic exchange took place between the two countries, taxa were dispersed through the land connections.

Exploiting Plasmon-Induced Hot Electrons in Molecular Electronic Devices

Conklin, David,Nanayakkara, Sanjini,Park, Tae-Hong,Lagadec, Marie F.,Stecher, Joshua T.,Chen, Xi,Therien, Michael J.,Bonnell, Dawn A. American Chemical Society 2013 ACS NANO Vol.7 No.5

<P>Plasmonic nanostructures can induce a number of interesting responses in devices. Here we show that hot electrons can be extracted from plasmonic particles and directed into a molecular electronic device, which represents a new mechanism of transfer from light to electronic transport. To isolate this phenomenon from alternative and sometimes simultaneous mechanisms of plasmon–exciton interactions, we designed a family of hybrid nanostructure devices consisting of Au nanoparticles and optoelectronically functional porphyin molecules that enable precise control of electronic and optical properties. Temperature- and wavelength-dependent transport measurements are analyzed in the context of optical absorption spectra of the molecules, the Au particle arrays, and the devices. Enhanced photocurrent associated with exciton generation in the molecule is distinguished from enhancements due to plasmon interactions. Mechanisms of plasmon-induced current are examined, and it is found that hot electron generation can be distinguished from other possibilities.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2013/ancac3.2013.7.issue-5/nn401071d/production/images/medium/nn-2013-01071d_0001.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn401071d'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Electronic Transport in Porphyrin Supermolecule-Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies

Conklin, David,Nanayakkara, Sanjini,Park, Tae-Hong,Lagadec, Marie F.,Stecher, Joshua T.,Therien, Michael J.,Bonnell, Dawn A. American Chemical Society 2012 Nano letters Vol.12 No.5

<P>Temperature-dependent transport of hybrid structures consisting of gold nanoparticle arrays functionalized by conjugated organic molecules [(4′-thiophenyl)ethynyl-terminated <I>meso</I>-to-<I>meso</I> ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) complexes] that possess exceptional optical and electronic properties was characterized. Differential conductance analysis distinguished the functional forms of the temperature and voltage dependences for a range of sample particles and molecular attachments. Thermally assisted tunneling describes transport for all cases and the associated mechanistic parameters can be used to determine the relative roles of activation energy, work function, and so forth. These results provide the basis on which to examine plasmon-influenced conduction in hybrid systems.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2012/nalefd.2012.12.issue-5/nl300400a/production/images/medium/nl-2012-00400a_0004.gif'></P>

Multi-Dimensional Reinforcement Learning Using a Vector Q-Net

Kazuo Kiguchi,Thrishantha Nanayakkara,Keigo Watanabe,Toshio Fukuda 대한전기학회 2003 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.1 No.1