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Effects of Amylase and Cellulase Supplementation in Sorghum-based Diets for Finishing Pigs
Park, J.S.,Kim, I.H.,Hancock, J.D.,Hines, R.H.,Cobb, C.,Cao, H.,Hong, J.W.,Kwon, O.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.1
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a sorghum-specific enzyme system, derived from an Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract (carbohydrase activity of 1,650 $\alpha$-amylase units and cellulase activity of 30 fibrinolytic units/mL), on growth performance of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1,192 pigs (average initial BW of 46.1 kg) were fed sorghum-based diets without or with 360 mL of enzyme system per ton of sorghum in a 78 d growth assay. For d 0 to 39, gain/feed was improved (p<0.03) with enzyme supplementation, but ADG was not affected (p>0.15). For d 39 to 78 and overall (d 0 to 78), ADG, gain/feed, and digestibilities of DM and N were not affected (p>0.13) by enzyme supplementation. Backfat thickness, fat-free lean index, and scores for stomach keratinization and ulcers also were not affected (p>0.15) by the dietary treatments. In Exp. 2,168 pigs (average initial BW of 58.4 kg) were fed diets without or with 150, 300, or 450 mL/ton of the same enzyme system used in Exp. 1. Adding as much as 450 mL enzyme system / ton of sorghum did not affect (p>0.15) ADG or gain/feed for d 0 to 29 of the growth assay. However, during d 29 to 63, ADG increased by 11% (linear effect, p<0.02) and gain/feed increased by 10% (linear effect, p<0.06) as enzyme concentration was increased from none to 450 mL/ton of sorghum. For the overall period (d 0 to 63), ADG tended to increase (p<0.08) with enzyme supplementation, but gain/feed and digestibilities of DM and N were not affected (p>0.14). Carcass characteristics (dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and fat free lean index) also were not affected (p>0.20) by addition of the enzyme system. In Exp. 3,176 pigs (average initial BW of 46.7 kg) were fed diets without or with 450, 900, or 1,350 mL/ton of the same enzyme system used in Exp. 1 and 2 in a 71 d growth assay. Adding up to 1,350 mL/ton of enzyme had no effects (p>0.15) on ADG, gain/feed, digestibilities of DM and N, and carcass characteristics (dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and fat-free lean index). In conclusion, finishing pigs fed diets with a sorghum-specific enzyme system showed some positive trends for improved growth performance, but those effects were not large and (or) consistent.
Effects of Expander Processing and Enzyme Supplementation of Wheat-based Diets for Finishing Pigs
Park, J.S.,Kim, I.H.,Hancock, J.D.,Wyatt, C.L.,Behnke, K.C.,Kennedy, G.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.2
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of expander processing and enzyme supplementation of wheat-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. For Exp. 1, 60 finishing pigs (average initial BW of 49.5 kg) were fed meal, standard pellets and expanded pellets in a 70 d growth assay. From 49.5 to 79.0 kg, 79.0 to 111.8 kg, and overall (49.5 to 111.8 kg), ADG and ADFI were not affected by pelleting or standard vs expander conditioning (p>0.22). However, from 49.5 to 79.0 kg, pigs fed pellets have greater gain/feed than pigs fed mash (p<0.04), and pigs fed expanded pellets tended to have greater (p<0.10) gain/feed than pigs fed standard pellets. Overall (i.e. from 49.5 to 111.8 kg), gain/feed (p<0.02) and apparent fecal digestibilities of DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.02) were improved by pelleting the diets. Also, expander processing further improved gain/feed (p<0.06) and digestibility of DM (p<0.04) compared to standard steam conditioning. Scores for keratinization (p<0.002) and ulceration (p<0.003) of the stomach were increased by pelleting, but the mean scores for the various treatments ranged only from 0.05 to 1.08 (i.e., low to mild keratosis and ulceration). For Exp. 2, 80 pigs (average initial BW of 54.1 kg) were fed mash and pellets (standard or expander) without and with xylanase. The enzyme was added to supply 4,000 units of xylanase activity/kg of diet. Adding xylanase to the mash diet improved gain/feed from 90.7 to 115.9 kg (p<0.04) of the growth assay and digestibility of DM (p<0.05) on d 39. However, in pelleted diets, adding the enzyme did not improve growth performance or digestibility of nutrients. Pelleting tended to increase scores for ulceration (p<0.06), and enzyme supplementation decreased stomach keratinization scores for pigs fed the standard pellets (p<0.01). However, as in Exp. 1, the mean scores for all treatment groups were quiet low (i.e., ranging from normal to mild). In conclusion, pelleting improved efficiency of growth, but additional benefits from expander conditioning were observed only in Exp. 1. Finally, xylanase tended to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, only in pigs fed mash diets but not in pigs fed pellets.
비육돈에 있어 사료 급이기 디자인 , 펠렛 및 계절은 성장과 물 섭취에 영향을 준다
김인호,Hancock, J. D.,Goodband, R. D.,Rantanen, M. M.,Nelssen, J. L.,Tokach, M. D. 한국동물자원과학회 2000 한국축산학회지 Vol.42 No.6
In the first experiment, 300 pigs(initial body weight 50.6㎏) were used in two 70-d growth trials(summer and winter) to determine the effects of feeder designs, pelleting and season on growth performance in finishing pigs. Three different feeder designs were evaluated; 1) a dry type, two-hole feeder(Aco™; FD1), 2) a single-hole, wet/dry shelf feeder with a nipple waterer located at the base of the trough(Crystal Spring™; FD2), and 3) an eight-hole, round, dry feeder with a wheel agitator(Osborne™; FD3). ADG during the summer trial was not affected by the feeder design. However, pigs fed from the FD2 had a slight numerical advantage in ADG. No difference was observed for ADFI during the summer trial. Pigs fed from the FD2 had approximately 5.9% better feed efficiency(P$lt;0.05) than pigs consuming feed from either of the FDI or FD3. Similar to the results from the summer trial, no differences were observed in ADG or ADFI among pigs fed from the different feeders during the winter trial. In the second experiment, 288 finishing pigs(initial body weigh of 47.4 ㎏) were used in a 35-d growth assay. Treatments were 1) dry feeder with meal diet, 2) dry feeder with pelleted diet, 3) wet/dry feeder with meal diet and 4) wet/dry feeder with pelleted diet. Feeder designs were a simple two-hole, dry feeder(Pride of the Farm™) and a single-hole, wet/dry shelf feeder with a nipple waterer located at the base of the trough(Crystal Spring™). Pigs fed from the wet/dry feeders had 4% greater ADG(P$lt;0.04) than those fed from the dry feeders. Feeder design had no effect on ADFI or gain/feed(P$gt;0.24). Pigs fed the pelleted diet consumed less feed and had better gain/feed(P$lt;0.02 and P$lt;0.01, respectively) than pigs fed the diet in meal form. However, an interaction was noted among feeder type and diet form. In dry feeders, pelleting improved efficiency of gain by 8%, but with the wet/dry feeder, pelleting improved efficiency of gain by only 1% (feeder type × diet form interaction, P$lt;0.04). Pigs consuming feed from the wet/dry feeders had 50% less water disappearance(P$lt;0.001) than pigs fed from the dry feeder. In conclusion, the single hole, wet/dry resulted in improved feed efficiency and reduced water wastage compared with the dry feeders evaluated.
Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco
Lee, J.H.,Hancock, M.G.,Hu, M.C. American Elsevier 2014 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE Vol.89 No.-
This study aims to shed light on the process of building an effective smart city by integrating various practical perspectives with a consideration of smart city characteristics taken from the literature. We developed a framework for conducting case studies examining how smart cities were being implemented in San Francisco and Seoul Metropolitan City. The study's empirical results suggest that effective, sustainable smart cities emerge as a result of dynamic processes in which public and private sector actors coordinate their activities and resources on an open innovation platform. The different yet complementary linkages formed by these actors must further be aligned with respect to their developmental stage and embedded cultural and social capabilities. Our findings point to eight 'stylized facts', based on both quantitative and qualitative empirical results that underlie the facilitation of an effective smart city. In elaborating these facts, the paper offers useful insights to managers seeking to improve the delivery of smart city developmental projects.
Processing Procedures and Feeding Systems for Sorghum-based Diets Given to Lactating Sows
Kim, I.H.,Hancock, J.D.,Kim, J.H.,Kennedy, G.A.,Hines, R.H.,Behnke, K.C.,Nichols, D.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.8
One hundred and twenty nine primiparous sows were used to determine the effects of alternative processing procedures and feeding systems on the nutritional value of sorghum grain-based diets for lactating sows. Treatments were a ground sorghum control, steam-flaked sorghum and extruded sorghum fed in meal form and the ground sorghum control given as pellets or gruel (1:1 ratio of water and feed on a volume:volume basis). Average daily feed intake was greater for sows fed pelleted and gruel diet forms than sow fed the diets with steam-flaked and extruded sorghum (p<0.04). However, no differences occurred in sow weight or backfat losses among the treatments (p>0.14). Number of pigs weaned and livability rates were similar among treatments except that steam-flaked sorghum supported greater litter weight gains than extruded sorghum (p<0.02). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N and GE in sows fed steam-flaked and extruded sorghum were greater (p<0.001) than in sows fed pelleted or gruel diets. Of the various treatments, sows fed extruded sorghum tended to have the highest digestibilities of DM, N and GE, and lowest excretions of DM and N in the faeces. Severity of ulceration was not significantly affected by treatments (p>0.35), but keratinization was greatest for sows fed extruded sorghum (p<0.01). In conclusion, the alternative processing methods (steam-flaking and extrusion) and feeding system (pellets and gruel) had little effect on sow and litter performance. However, nutrient digestibilities were improved for all treatments that involved heating (steam flaking, extrusion and pelleting) and, thus, these treatments resulted in less fecal excretion of DM and N.