Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

중국에서 시장화가 초래하는 정책혁신과 굿거버넌스(good governance): 사구(社區, Shequ) 건설과 행정삼분제(行政三分制)를 중심으로

차창훈 ( Chang Hoon Cha ) 한양대학교 제3섹터연구소 2010 시민사회와 NGO Vol.8 No.2

이 글의 목적은 위와 같은 굿거버넌스와 정책혁신의 사례를 중국에서 찾아 적용하는 것이다. 정책혁신과 굿거버넌스의 이론적 개념과 관련하여, 특히 이 글이 주요한 분석개념으로 설정하고 있는 정치적 책임성, 효과적인 정부 및 부패의 통제(투명성) 등의 개념은 민주주의 국가의 정치체제 운용과정에서 정책혁신이 불러일으키는 제도적 적용(adaptation)을 포괄하고 있다. 1990년대 중 후반부터 중국정부가 건설하였던 ``사구``건설은 국가의 시장경제 도입이 초래했던 ``단위``체제(종전의 사회주의 경제 생산-생활의 중심)의 해체를 다른 형태로 복구하려는 시도였다. 자치확대는 주민들의 참여확대를 초래했고, 주택시장과 함께 성장했던 재산권 소유의식은 재산권보호운동으로 발전하였다. 이 과정에서 정부정책의 법제화(사구와 관련된)가 이루어졌고, 중앙정부-구정부-가도판공처의 3자관계에 존재하는 제도적 관행이 개선될 수 있는 전기가 마련되었다. 결과적으로 도시주민의 참여의 확대는 정부능력의 효율성을 증대하는 방향으로 전개된 셈이다. 2001년 11월부터 2년 4개월 동안 실험적으로 시행된 중국 선전시의 행정삼분제 정책개혁안은 민주주의 국가의 3권 분립체제 발상에 근거하여, 정책의 작성, 집행, 감독을 구분하여 부서간의 견제와 조정 및 합의를 이룬다는 내용이었다. 행정삼분제는 정부의 투명성과 효율성을 제고시키고, 부패를 통제할 수 있는 방안으로 평가되었지만, 중국의 현행 법률체제와의 부조화, 중앙정부의 정책의지 실종, 관료들의 저항 등의 이유로 그 실시가 유보되었다. 행정삼분제의 실패는 심화된 행정개혁은 결국 광범위하고 근원적인 정치개혁과 연관되어 있으며, 시민의 능동적인 참여(voice and accountability)를 수반하지 못하면 실현될 수 없음을 시사한다. To evaluate good governance in China, the elements of good governance investigated in this article - voice accountability, government effectiveness and transparency - are related to the institutions of national political systems, and institutional adaptations to the requirements of policy innovations coming from transitionary market economy. The development of Shequ that began in the 1990s was designed to resolve the issues of the community through self-government by the urban citizens. The expansion of self-government, ironically led to increased public awareness of the residents and to a social movement to protect private property. In this process, the government instituted the legal framework for the management of Shequ, and the previous institutional set up of central government-district(qu) government-sub-street office faced a new momentum for change. In the end, increasing the participation of the urban residents actually led to improved effectiveness of government capacity. Of course, such change has only begun in the urban areas of China. The Xingzheng sanfenzhi was based on the concept of separation of powers in a democratic state; the 3 areas of policy making, policy execution and policy evaluation would be separated, and check and balance among the departments through coordination and consensus would ensure policy efficiency. This study points to conflicts with the existing administrative system, lack of policy will by the political leadership, and resistance from public officials as the causes of failure. The failure of Xingzheng sanfenzhi, however, provides important implications on the relationship between politics anda dministration in China. A deepening of administrative reform is invariably linked to broad and fundamental political reforms, and impossible without meaningful political participation by the people.

유입부하 변동 대응 A₂O 및 MBR 복합공정의 장기운영 평가

장재영 ( Chang Jae Young ),이민수 ( Lee Min Soo ),차재훈 ( Cha Jae Hun ),김성호 ( Kim Seong Ho ) 한국수처리학회 2017 한국수처리학회지 Vol.25 No.2

This study was carried out for evaluating stability and utility of expansion for sewage wastewater treatment plant throughout long term operation data of A₂O + MBR hybrid process without additional expansion site. Due to the lack of capacity of the existing treatment facilities by the increase of the number of facilities & students in the treatment area, it was required to expand the existing treatment facilities without expanding the site. Therefore, the treatment facility was expanded through two stages. In the first stage, the membrane was immersed in the aeration tank of the existing treatment facility, and the capacity of the expanded MBR process are changed to 1,200 ㎥/d from 600㎥/d. In addition, in the second stage expansion, the untreated mixture of MLSS & influent in the MBR were separated by using the sedimentation basin not used at the first stage expansion, and the process was changed to the A₂O + MBR hybrid process mixed & discharged with MBR treated water. The expanded sewage treatment facilities was operated from 2009 to 2015 and the treated water quality of the hybrid sewage treatment facilities has been stably operating such as BOD₅ 0.6mg/L, T-N 10.7mg/L, T-P 0.49mg/L, and SS 0.4mg/L. Due to characteristics of facilities installed in university, there are a lot of influent characteristics variation in season. Therefore, depending on influent load variation of the operating rate of hybrid process were changed. As a result, it could be able to reduce loading of membrane and operating expenses such as cleaning chemicals and electricity cost.

Vitamin E가 酸素中毒耐性에 미치는 影響에 關한 實驗的 硏究

李宇爀,車喆煥,李元暢 고려대학교 의과대학 1975 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.12 No.3

In order to study the preventive measure of an oxygen toxicity under higher oxygen pressure, rats were given vitamin E and then exposed to at 2 atmospheres of 100% oxygen. Comparison group which was not administered with vitamin E was also exposed to at 2 atmospheres of 100% oxygen. Time required to evoke convulsion, correlation between treated dosage of vitamin E and time required to evoke convulsion, half-lethal time and its mean, correlation between treated dosage of vitamin E and fatal time, ratio of lung weight to body weight, and histo-pathological findings of the lungs were carefully examined. Some interesting results acquired through this study were thus: 1) Average time required to evoke convulsion of rats exposed to at 2 atmospheres of 100% oxygen was 103.7±2.5 min in comparison group and 179.0±9.5 min. or 202.1±2.7 min. in experimental groups administered with 25㎎ or 35㎎ of vitamin E per day respectively. Time required to evoke convulsion in experimental groups administered with vitamin E was longer than in comparison group. Higher correlation between time required to evoke convulsion and treated dosage of vitamin E was shown as r=+0.998 (p<0.01). 2) Average half-lethal times were 210 min. in comparison group and 325 min., 335 min. in groups administered with 25㎎, 35㎎ of vitamin E per day respectively. Statistically high correlation between treated dosage of vitamin E and half-lethal time was reported as r=+0.852(p<0.01). 3) Weight ratio of lung to body was significantly higher in experimental group exposed to high oxygen tension than control group not exposed to high oxygen tension, but there was no significant difference among experimental groups. 4) Lung damage was more severe in half-lethal group than in servival group during experiment. Histological changes of the lungs were that of vascular congestion, hemorrhage, pulmonary edema and emphysematous change. And the degree of changes was rather marked in experimental group than in comparison group. There was no difference in the degree of changes by the doses of vitamin E administered in experimental groups. 5) Vitamin E would be an effective agent for the prevention of oxygen poisoning under the high oxygen pressure. Effect of vitamin E administration before exposing to hyperbaric oxygen tension must be pondered to utilize in the "hyperbaric medicine".

THE NEW GROWING PARADIGM OF CHINESE SECURITY PERSPECTIVE

Chang Hoon Cha 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2004 Global economic review Vol.32 No.4

Throughout history, Chinese international behavior suggests that security calculations have remained and continue to be an inherent force in the minds of Chinese foreign policy decision-makers. Since China launched its open-door policy in 1979, the way the Chinese think and assess the field has significantly changed. Today, the once widely supported realist approach is being rejected by a growing body of Chinese experts who now view the world as increasingly interdependent in both economic and security terms. This paper shows how the Chinese perspective on security issues has diversified and significantly transformed into a more interdependent viewpoint. Despite general skepticism over whether China has learned the inevitability of state sovereignty infringement in the globalization age, Chinese analysts came to understand and believe in the necessity of the security regime and multilateralism in the post-Cold War period. The “new security concept” exemplified the development of the mutual security in the late 1990s. Whether the Chinese design based on the new idea will be realized is unclear, given the present security structure dominated by the U.S.-alliance system. However, the new growing paradigm of the Chinese security perspective might play an important role in the process of building multilateral security institutions and regimes in the region, and participation and influence might be China’s intention as a responsible regional power.

THE NEW GROWING PARADIGM OF CHINESE SECURITY PERSPERCTIVE

Cha Chang-Hoon 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2003 Global economic review Vol.32 No.4

Throughout history, Chinese international behavior suggests that security calculations have remained and continue to be an inherent force in the minds of Chinese foreign policy decision-makers. Since China launched its open-door policy in 1979, the way the Chinese think and assess the field has significantly changed. Today, the once widely supported realist approach is being rejected by a growing body of Chinese experts who now view the world as increasingly interdependent in both economic and security terms. This paper shows how the Chinese perspective on security issues has diversified and significantly transformed into a more interdependent viewpoint. Despite general skepticism over whether China has learned the inevitability of state sovereignty infringement in the globalization age, Chinese analysts came to understand and believe in the necessity of the security regime and multilateralism in the post-Cold War period. The "new security concept" exemplified the development of the mutual security in the late 1990s. Whether the Chinese design based on the new idea will be realized is unclear, given the present security structure dominated by the U.S.-alliance system. However, the new growing paradigm of the Chinese security perspective might play an important role in the process of building multilateral security institutions and regimes in the region, and participation and influence might be China's intention as a responsible regional power

Prognostic Value of Serum Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation

Kim, Miyoung,Cha, Seung-Ick,Choi, Keum-Ju,Shin, Kyung-Min,Lim, Jae-Kwang,Yoo, Seung-Soo,Lee, Jaehee,Lee, Shin-Yup,Kim, Chang-Ho,Park, Jae-Yong,Yang, Dong Heon The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2014 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.77 No.6

Background: Information regarding prognostic value of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum levels of GDF-15 and H-FABP predict an adverse outcome for COPD exacerbation. Methods: Clinical variables, including serum GDF-15 and H-FABP levels were compared in prospectively enrolled patients with COPD exacerbation that did or did not experience an adverse outcome. An adverse outcome included 30-day mortality and need for endotracheal intubation or inotropic support. Results: Ninety-seven patients were included and allocated into an adverse outcome (n=10) or a control (n=87) group. Frequencies of mental change and $PaCO_2$>37 mm Hg were significantly higher in the adverse outcome group (mental change: 30% vs. 6%, p=0.034 and $PaCO_2$>37 mm Hg: 80% vs. 22%, p<0.001, respectively). Serum GDF-15 elevation (>1,600 pg/mL) was more common in the adverse outcome group (80% vs. 43%, p=0.041). However, serum H-FABP level and frequency of serum H-FABP elevation (>755 pg/mL) did not differ between the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that an elevated serum GDF-15 and $PaCO_2$>37 mm Hg were significant predictors of an adverse outcome (odds ratio [OR], 25.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-243.8; p=0.005 and OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 1.2-115.3; p=0.034, respectively). Conclusion: Elevated serum GDF-15 level and $PaCO_2$>37 mm Hg were found to predict an adverse outcome independently in patients with COPD exacerbation, suggesting the possibility that serum GDF-15 could be used as a prognostic biomarker of COPD exacerbation.

Operating Conditions of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Grafoil^{TM} as Bipolar Plates

박태현(Park, Taehyun),장익황(Chang, Ikwhang),이윤호(Lee, Yoon Ho),이주형(Lee, Juhyung),차석원(Cha, Suk-Won) 한국신재생에너지학회 2011 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.11

In this study, Grafoil^{TM} which has comparable electric resistance and chemical stability but is flexible, fragile, and cheap material was adopted as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) having only one straight line flow channel. Because of its flexibility, pressurizations of cell with various pressures showed different operating characteristics compared to ordinary graphite-used PEMFC. While performances of both cells decreased as these were pressurized, investigation of ohmic and faradaic resistance by electrochemical impedance measurement indicated different tendency of change. Ohmic resistance of graphite-used cell increased with increasing pressure, which is reversed in Grafoil^{TM}-used cell. It is speculated that effective chemical reaction area is decreased with increasing pressure in case of graphite-used one, but because of flexible property of Grafoil^{TM}, gas diffusion layer in Grafoil^{TM}-used cell was well-activated. Different rate of change of faradaic resistances in both cells support this supposition. However, although optimum point of pressurization is found, it is required to investigate other operating conditions because of low performance compared to graphite-used cell.

깊은 신경망 훈련 및 규제 기법을 이용한 요추 환자의 CT 영상에서 요추 분할

장민혜(Min Hye Chang),양정원(Jeongwon Yang),차보경(Bo Kyung Cha),김진성(Jin-Sung Kim),김은(Eun Kim),Yanting Liu,이경희(Kyeong-Hee Lee) 대한전자공학회 2021 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.6

In this paper, DNN training and regularization techniques have been explored for lumbar vertebrae segmentation in CT images of patients with degenerative lumbar spine disease. Combinations of loss function, learning rate schedule, normalization, dropout, moving average, weight decay, and squeeze-and-excitation were empirically tested. The results confirmed that the DNN with optimized training and regularization techniques can improve lumbar vertebrae segmentation without complex structural changes.

만성 췌장염에 의한 십이지장 협착 1예

서백종,장기육,박용근,채현석,한석원,이창돈,정인식,차상복,박두호 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.3S

저자들은 만성췌장염환자에서 지속적인 오심과 구토를 주소로 내원하여 십이지장협착으로 진단된 1예를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. Duodenal stenosis resulting from fibroinflammatory process is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis. The mechanism of duodenal stenosis seems to be related to ischemia and edema caused by persistent inflammation, which results in irreversible change of duodenal wall structure. We experienced a chronic alcoholic male patient with duodenal stenosis who had a history of choledochojejunostomy to relieve distal bile duct stenosis several years ago. He had suffered persistent postprandial nausea and vomiting for several months. Barium study of upper gastrointestinal tract and repeated endoscopy show narrowing lumen of duodenum with coarse nodular surface due to reactive inflammatory change.