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Seonghoo Huh(Seonghoo Huh),Hyun Sook Yu(Hyun Sook Yu),Nuree Kang(Nuree Kang),Yong Min Ahn(Yong Min Ahn),Yong Sik Kim(Yong Sik Kim),Se Hyun Kim(Se Hyun Kim) 대한신경정신의학회 2023 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.20 No.3
Objective Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is a potent treatment modality for various neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Recent animal studies showed that repeated ECS activates autophagy signaling, the impairment of which is known to be involved in PD. However, the effectiveness of ECS on PD and its therapeutic mechanisms have not yet been investigated in detail. Methods Systemic injection of a neurotoxin 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP), which destroys dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc), in mice was utilized to induce an animal model of PD. Mice were treated with ECS 3 times per week for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes were measured with a rotarod test. Molecular changes related to autophagy signaling in midbrain including SNc, striatum, and prefrontal cortex were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses. Results Repeated ECS treatments normalized the motor deficits and the loss of dopamiergic neurons in SNc of the MPTP PD mouse model. In the mouse model, LC3-II, an autophagy marker, was increased in midbrain while decreased in prefrontal cortex, both of which were reversed by repeated ECS treatments. In the prefrontal cortex, ECS-induced LC3-II increase was accompanied with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Unc-51-like kinase 1-Beclin1 pathway activation and inhibition of mamalian target of rapamycin signaling which promotes autophagy initiation. Conclusion The findings revealed the therapeutic effects of repeated ECS treatments on PD, which could be attributed to the neuroprotective effect of ECS mediated by AMPK-autophagy signaling.
KNOTS AND LINKS IN LINEAR EMBEDDINGS OF K<sub>6</sub>
Huh, Young-Sik,Jeon, Choon-Bae Korean Mathematical Society 2007 대한수학회지 Vol.44 No.3
We investigate the number of knots and links in linear embeddings of $K_6$, the complete graph with 6 vertices. Concretely, we show that any linear embedding of $K_6$ contains either only one Hopf link, or three Hopf links and one trefoil knot.
PROJECTIONS OF BOUQUET GRAPH WITH TWO CYCLES
Huh, Young-Sik Korean Mathematical Society 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.5
In this paper we investigate the projections of bouquet graph B with two cycles. A projection of B is said to be trivial if only trivial embeddings are obtained from the projection. It is shown that, to cover all nontrivial projections of B, at least three embeddings of B are needed. We also show that a nontrivial projection of B is covered by one of some two embeddings if the image of each cycle has at most one self-crossing.
HEPTAGONAL KNOTS AND RADON PARTITIONS
Huh, Young-Sik Korean Mathematical Society 2011 대한수학회지 Vol.48 No.2
We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for a heptagonal knot to be figure-8 knot. The condition is described by a set of Radon partitions formed by vertices of the heptagon. In addition we relate this result to the number of nontrivial heptagonal knots in linear embeddings of the complete graph $K_7$ into $\mathbb{R}^3$.
Huh, Young-Sik,Oh, Seung-Sang The Honam Mathematical Society 2009 호남수학학술지 Vol.31 No.1
In this paper we establish strict lower bounds on number of sticks necessary to construct stick presentations of nontrivial or almost trivial ${\mu}$-curves.