구어를 중시하는 한국어 문법의 정립과 한국어 교육

홍종선 ( Hong Jongseon ) 중국한국(조선)어교육연구학회 2023 한국(조선)어교육연구 Vol.22 No.0

Korean grammar should consist of the grammar of the language actually used by Korean speakers, but until then, Korean grammar had been studied mainly for written language. This was a similar phenomenon in other language linguistics. However, in everyday spoken language is used more than written language, and so as its importance is higher. Spoken language is difficult to study, corpus construction and its use for data, and complex and diverse variable factors that affect spoken language. Therefore, researchers must have abundant knowledge in various areas of linguistics and shake off the prejudices they had in written language. Here are some characteristics of spoken Korean. Instead of “maewoo(매우)” which was a representative degree adverb in written Korean, “koyngjanghi(굉장히), doyge(되게)” is often used in spoken Korean. In previous grammar “politeness” was neglected, but politeness in language performance should be treated very importantly in all areas, including phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse. The custom of judging the type of sentences as a terminating ending is also wrong. In conversation, sentence endings are almost made by rhymes such as intonation, and the type of sentences is determined accordingly. Grammar can be constructed by linguistic theories, but user oriented grammar is also necessary. For example, in the “haseyo (하세요)” style, which is not admitted by current school grammar, the subject respect marker “si(시)” in imperative sentence is recognized as relative respect by ordinary people. And ‘haseyo’ style is used very widely, so it is set as one of the important respect levels, and is taught in Korean language education for Koreans and foreigners. The tense system can be viewed as “past versus non past” in theoretical grammar, but in Korean language education, it is recommended to set it as the pan lingual “present, past, and future.” “고급지다, 짜르다” and “손님, 커피 나오셨습니다.” Are also accepted as understanding languages in Korean language education.

유길준의 국문 인식과 근대 전환기 언문일치의 실현 문제

홍종선(Hong Jongseon) 한국어학회 2016 한국어학 Vol.70 No.-

In the transition period to modern era, a new awareness on the character life appeared in Korea centrally from enlightened intellectuals. It was to write our language in Gukhanmunche(Korean -Chinese mixed body) or Hankeul body instead of traditionally used Chinese. However there was a limit in their recognition of Korean and realization because they were also nobility who were more familiar with Chinese. Yu Giljun(유길준) who claimed and practiced gukhanmunche in the front used it in 「Seoyugyeonmun」(「서유견문」) including a lot of Chinese. Yu Giljun"s Gukhanmunche writings are far from colloquial style and also it is hard to say that his writings are written in Korean. Yet it is estimated as accomplished changes of syntax structure from Chinese to Korean. Yu Giljun"s Gukhanmun mixed body were for nobilities who were based in Chinese, but it also derived from personal limitation that he was not familiar with Korean writing style because he was used to write in Chinese rather than Korean. At that time, most of the enlightened intellectuals chose Gukhanmunche including Chinese phrases or words. Even among them there were personnels who achieved self-reformation by changing Gukhanmunche including Chinese phrases or words into Gukhanmunche including Korean Chinese words or Hankeul body, Yu Giljun never had this recognition or practice experience.

한국어사에서 20세기 초 한국어의 위상과 문법 특징

홍종선(Hong Jongseon) 한국어학회 2016 한국어학 Vol.71 No.-

The early 20th century is a period of time when Korea confronted with the surging waves of modernization, and made a variety of internal reactions. The Korean language, not immune to the upheaval, also experienced new changes and gradually gained characteristics of today’s Korean. Although scholars have not yet fully agreed upon the time division of Korean, Gabo reformation (1896) is usually considered to be the beginning of modern Korean. Thus, the early 20th century was also the beginning of modern Korean. Phonological, lexical, and grammatical characteristics of modern day Korean began to appear during this period of time. Phonologically, the 10 vowel system was established, glottal sounds and aspirated sounds increased, vowel harmony declined. Phenomena such as vowel raising, front-vowelization,monophthongization, and the word-initial rule appeared. Meanwhile, hangul-Chinese mix writing became common practice, and hangul-only writing also started to take place in narrative writing, and elements of spoken language began to reflect in written language. All those pointed to the unification of written and spoken language. Under the influence of modernization, a great amount of new words appeared. Especially, Japanese and other foreign words flooded in in great quantities. Grammatically, ‘-eos-(-엇-), -neun-(-는-), -ges-(-겟-)’ trichotomy system of tenses was established, and hearer-oriented honorific system also formed a binary system of ‘hasoseo(하소서), hasibsio(하십시오), hao(하오), hage(하게), haera(해라)’ and ‘hae (해), haeyo(해요)’. In word formation and sentence construction, the use of ‘-gi(-기)’ became more frequent than ‘-eum(-음)’, while ‘∼geot(∼ 것)’ also significantly increased. In negative, causative and passive expressions, the use of long form, which has fewer restrictions than the short form, became more frequent. A tendency towards simplicity appeared. In the same vain, long and complex sentences with several clauses tend to be avoided. Instead, short simple sentences became more favorable. Korean linguistics scholars should pay closer attention to the modernization period, which includes the early 20th century. In order to fully understand today’s Korean language, more thorough research on this immediately preceding period is necessary.

근대 전환기 선진 지식인의 국문 · 국어의 인식과 실천 양상

홍종선(Hong, Jongseon) 한국어학회 2018 한국어학 Vol.81 No.-

In Gaehwagi, the consciousness that ‘Korean character’ literally corresponds to Korean, should be written instead of ‘Chinese character’, has begun to arise among some advanced intellectuals. In the beginning, it encouraged to use ‘Korean character’ which is easy to use without concern for ‘Korean language’ problem. However, there have been more and more debates about the recognition of Korean language as a national identity while experiencing a new environment in which the threats of peripheral powers gradually increase. Official gazette(관보) in 1895 is the first document which was written the word ‘Korean language(국어)’ since modernization. Yu Giljun, Ji Seokyoung, and Ju Shigyeong, who were leading intellectuals insisted on the use of Korean character, tried to put it into practice. However, the use of the Korean character was greatly resisted by the gentry who were mostly accustomed to Chinese at the time. Although the above three people also wrote Chinese or Korean-Chinese mixed character mainly in the editorial texts, most of them contain relatively few Chinese phrases.

국어과 교재의 상대 높임 화계 설정과, 구어 현실

홍종선 ( Hong Jongseon ),김서형 ( Kim Seohyung ) 국어교육학회 2016 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.51 No.3

국어 생활에서 상대 높임 표현은 지금까지 체계상의 변화를 더욱 많이 겪었으나 그 상대 높임 화계는 20세기 전반기에 국어학에서 세운 체계를 별다른 수정이 없이 지금까지 답습하고 있다. 국어의 높임법 체계와 구성은 국어학 이론을 바탕으로 하면서도 국어 사용자의 인식을 충분히 배려하여야 한다. 더구나 (한)국어 교육을 위한 높임법 체계는 국어의 일반 사용자에게 설명력을 제대로 갖추고 국어 학습자들도 가급적 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 연구해야 한다. 이 글에서는 지금까지 일반화되어 있는 4등급의 격식체와 2등급의 비격식체라는 2원적 상대 높임의 기본적인 화계는 오늘날 비현실적이므로 1원적인 체계로 하였다. 발화의 격식성은 주로 어조에 의해 결정되며 다양한 발화 태도 개입 요소들도 종결 어미의 형태 차이보다 크게 작용하므로 격식체와 비격식체의 구분이 별 의의를 갖지 못하기 때문이다. 또한 국어학이나 국어 교육학에서의 기존 연구 내용을 재조정하고 언어 현실에서의 사용 빈도를 고려하여 가장 높은 등급부터 ``하십시오체, 하세요체, 해요체, 해체, 해라체``라는 5등급과 그에 해당하는 대표형을 상정하였다. 이에 중·고교 국어과 교육 및 한국어 교육에서는 그 사용이 매우 적고 극히 일부에 국한되어 있는 ``하오체``와 ``하게체``는 제외하되, 다만 심화 학습으로 이를 다룰 수 있음을 제안하였다. Even though Korean relative honorific expressions have gone through a lot in terms of systemic change in real life, the relative honorific speech level has followed the system which set up by Korean linguistics in the early of 20th century as before without any modification. Korean relative honorific system and construction should be based on the theory of Korean linguistics with consideration of Korean Speaker`s realization and awareness. Moreover the research of Korean relative honorific system for Korean education has to seek the explanatory to Korean normal speakers and provide comprehensible contents to Korean language learners of as the first and second language. This paper suggests that the relative honorific speech level is realized in mono system as a basic relative honorific system. This is from the idea that it is not realistic that there is four kinds of classes of formal style and two kinds of classes of informal style in dual system of the relative honorific speech level. The formality of utterance commonly depends on tone and involves the intervention elements of utterance manner. Hence, the dual system of the relative honorific speech level is not meaningful. This paper tries to set up the relative honorific speech level from ``Hashipsio, Haseyo, Heyyo, Hey, and Heyla style`` according the degree of honorification and presents the retrospectives form of them by each. This is through reformulating the former researches and taking the frequency of use in real life. To educate Korean as the first and second language, this paper also suggest that ``Hao-style`` and ``Hagye-style`` are excluded from the basic system but handled in enrichment program.

남북 우리말의 구어와 문어

홍종선(Hong, Jongseon) 한국사회언어학회 2020 사회언어학 Vol.28 No.1

In this study, the linguistic features of spoken and written expressions of South and North Korean were examined through the analysis of quasi-spoken language corpora. The Korean language can be understood better through a broader study of spoken language than written language. In this paper, the frequencies of the use of parts of speech, transformative endings, the forms of ending sentences/utterances, types of sentences/utterances, degree adverbs used as the meaning ‘very’ were researched. The language expressions of South and North Korean have a lot in common, but there are not a few differences in part. The differences appear more in colloquialism than in written language. The exact understanding of them will be possible by building a very large scale of spoken and written corpus of South and North Korean.

구어 담화표지로 쓰이는 ‘어디’의 기능

홍민경(Hong Minkyoung),홍종선(Hong Jongseon) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2019 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.19 No.15

본 연구는 구어에서 담화표지로 널리 사용되는 의문사 ‘어디’의 기능에 대한 검토 및 분류를 목적으로 한다. 본고는 의문사 담화표지를 논한 기존 연구들이 의문사형 담화표지의 기능을 설정함에 있어서, 담화표지 그 자체가 아닌 담화 전체 혹은 문맥에 이끌려 의미기능을 논의하는 등의 문제가 있다는 점을 인식하였다. 따라서 이전 연구에서 사용한 담화표지의 기능 설정 방법을 일일이 검토하여 오류의 근거를 제시하고 그 문제점을 지적하였다. 본고는 이러한 검토를 통해 의문사 ‘어디’의 담화표지 기능을 크게 텍스트적 기능과 대인적/상호작용적 기능범주로 나누어 분류한 후, 전자에는 ‘발화 시작, 발화 유지’를, 후자에는 ‘긍정적 태도 표현, 부정적 태도 표현, 강조’라는 5가지 기능을 설정하였다. 더불어 이러한 분류 기준에 따라 담화표지 ‘어디’가 실제 구어에서 사용되는 양상을 두 종류의 구어 말뭉치에서 조사하였다. 그 결과 말뭉치 자료에 따라 그 사용빈도에서 차이가 있다는 것도 확인하였는데, 다양한 담화표지들의 사용을 좀 더 구체적으로 검토하기 위해서는 대규모 구어 균형 말뭉치의 구축이 필수적이라는 것도 제안하였다. 본 연구의 연구 결과는 후속 연구인 의문사 담화표지 ‘어디’의 운율적 특징을 분석하기 위한 이론적 틀이 될 것이다. 또한 앞으로 다른 담화표지들의 의미 기능을 연구하는 데에 많은 시사점을 제공할 수 있으리라 기대한다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of the interrogative word 어디(where) used as a discourse marker in spoken language. There are previous studies which discussed the semantic function of the discourse marker 어디(where) . They, however, failed to clarify the contextual meaning of the sentence and the meaning of the discourse marker itself. we examined previous research and pointed out that their approach to classifying the function of discourse marker 어디(where)‘ is partially wrong. In this paper, we set two categories for classifying the discourse marker 어디(where) ; the textual mode and the interpersonal mode. There are five functions as a sub-category; one set of functions(initiating discourse, sustaining discourse) belongs to the former and another set of functions(positive attitude, the negative attitude, emphasizing) belongs to the latter. This approach is expected to provide much implication for studying the semantic function of discourse markers in future studies. In addition, we examined the usage and distribution of the discourse marker 어디‘ in two other spoken corpus and obtained different result depending on the data. This finding suggests that large, balanced, spoken corpus should be constructed for related research.

광복 70년, 국어학 외연의 확대와 발전

홍종선(Hong Jongseon) 한국언어문학회 2015 한국언어문학 Vol.95 No.-

Over 70 years since Independence, the outer edge of the Korean Linguistics has been expanded in various ways with the development of the Korean Linguistics. When we roughly divide the study which is included in the external areas of the Korean Linguistics into interdisciplinary research and applied research, there are philosophy of language, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, rhetorics, Korean stylistics, glottochronology, mathematical linguistics, computational Korean lingustics, Korean corpus lingustics and Korean language culture studies in interdisciplinary research. In applied research, there are Korean educational linguistics, Korean educational linguistics as a foreign language, Korean lexicography, Computational Korean Linguistics, Korean lalopathology, Korean language policy, Korean medium lingustics, Korean advertising lingustics, interpretation studies and translation studies. These external studies of Korean Linguistics and pure Korean Linguistics help each other to expand their views and research methodology, adding various viewpoints in many ways, and achieving mutual rising development by providing new facts and materials in the aspect of information. It can also contribute to the development of Korean language culture by adding practicality that can be used in real life through external studies. Among interdisciplinary researches and applied researches, there are a lot of fields where the researches are already activated but there are still quite a few areas which are about to be studied. In the future, Korean linguistics research should foster user-oriented grammar with researcher-oriented grammar and greatly develop the study of spoken language and discourse. Therefore, we should enlarge the cooperating researches providing more information to external areas of Korean linguistics.

An LMI-based Stable Fuzzy Control System Design with Pole Placement Constraints

Sung-Kyung Hong(홍성경),Jongseon Joh(조중선) 한국지능시스템학회 1998 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.8 No.2

IL-4 and HDAC Inhibitors Suppress Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Follicular Dendritic Cells

Cho, Whajung,Hong, Seung Hee,Choe, Jongseon The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2013 Immune Network Vol.13 No.2

Evidence for immunoregulatory roles of prostaglandins (PGs) is accumulating. Since our observation of PG production by human follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), we investigated the regulatory mechanism of PG production in FDC and attempted to understand the functions of released PGs in the responses of adjacent lymphocytes. Here, using FDC-like cells, HK cells, we analyzed protein expression alterations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the presence of IL-4 or histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Both IL-4 and HDAC inhibitors suppressed COX-2 expression in dose-dependent manners. Their effect was specific to COX-2 and did not reach to COX-1 expression. Interestingly, HDAC inhibitors gave rise to an opposing effect on COX-2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes. Our results suggest that IL-4 may regulate COX-2 expression in FDCs by affecting chromatin remodeling and provide insight into the role of cellular interactions between T cells and FDC during the GC reaction. Given the growing interests in wide-spectrum HDAC inhibitors, the differential results on COX-2 expression in HK cells and monocytes raise cautions on their clinical use.