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A Fresh Look at the Tense-aspect System of Turkish
Gerd Jendraschek 서울대학교 언어교육원 2011 語學硏究 Vol.47 No.2
Turkish is one of the best described languages of the world. One should therefore expect a large consensus with regards to the way Turkish grammar is described. However, once we compare different grammatical descriptions of Turkish, we find an astonishing variation of analyses. One domain whose description is particularly unsatisfactory is the tense-aspect system. The paper will show that forms like okuyor, okur, okuyacak, and okumuş are participles marked for aspect, but not for tense. Failure to recognize the zero-exponence of present tense has lead to the erroneous analysis of aspectual morphemes as tense markers. Comparison with the tense marking on non-verbal predicates shows however that present tense is neither marked on the noun/adjective/adverbial/participle, nor part of the meaning of the subject cross-reference markers. It is marked by the absence of the other member of the tense paradigm, past tense. In addition to an inadequate semantic description of the progressive aspect suffix -iyor, many grammars present a diachronically motivated form -(I)yor, which requires elaborate morphophonological rules to produce the synchronically correct verb forms. This segmentation should be revised by acknowledging the morphological inclusion of the original linking vowel into the suffix, which allows for a much more elegant description. Finally, the paper will draw attention to the crosslinguistic confusion caused by the term ‘aorist’ and advocates the term ‘dispositive aspect’ instead. In the same vein, ‘prospective aspect’ is a more adequate term for participles in -ecek than ‘future tense’. An interesting consequence of the present analysis is that Turkish has a simple past marked by a cumulative morpheme -ti which fills both the aspectual and the temporal slot of the verb form, but no simple present, as all present tense forms require overt aspectual marking. Tense is thus an inflectional category of the predicate, be it verbal or non-verbal, while aspect is an inflectional category of verbs. The paper is relevant for linguists interested in Turkish in general as well as readers interested in tense and aspect, and may contribute to improvements in Turkish language education by providing a more consistent account of the morphological structure of temporal and aspectual forms and their use.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen im europäischen Familienrecht
Gerd Brudermüller,김재형,김준석 서울대학교 법학연구소 2008 서울대학교 法學 Vol.49 No.4
Der Beitrag stellt die Entwicklungen des Familienrechts in Europa unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rechtslage in Deutschland dar. Die grundlegenden familienrechtlichen Prinzipien werden vorgestellt und ihre Hintergründe skizziert. Das Eherecht ist nicht mehr primär darauf ausgerichtet, die Institution der Ehe zu schützen. Im Scheidungs- und Scheidungsfolgenrecht gibt es zahlreiche Reformen. Der nacheheliche Unterhalt beschränkt sich zunehmend auf den Ausgleich von Nachteilen, die aus der Ehe resultieren. Die Bedeutung von Verschuldensgesichtspunkten hat abgenommen. Im Kindschaftsrecht kommt es vor allem auf das Wohl der Kinder an. Rein statusorientiertes Denken tritt in den Hintergrund. Eheliche und nichteheliche Kinder sind weitgehend gleichgestellt. Das Verhältnis von biologischer und rechtlicher Elternschaft einerseits sowie sozialer Elternschaft andererseits wird überdacht. Tendenzen bei der Behandlung der rechtlichen Elternschaft, der Vaterschaftsfeststellung und der elterlichen Verantwortung werden vorgestellt. Auch die Rechtslage bei nichtehelichem Zusammenleben–von verschieden- und gleichgeschlechtlichen Paaren–wird von dieser Entwicklung beeinflusst.
Magnetic Polaron Formation Dynamics in Mn^(2+)-Doped Colloidal Nanocrystals up to Room Temperature
Gerd Bacher,Lars Schneider,Rémi Beaulac,Paul I. Archer,Daniel R. Gamelin 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.58 No.51
The dynamics of exciton magnetic polaron (EMP) formation after pulsed laser excitation is studied in Mn^(2+)-doped colloidal CdSe nanocrystals. A transient energy shift of more than 130 meV at low temperature is obtained for the characteristic photoluminescence signal, and is related to the alignment of the Mn^(2+)-ion spins in the exchange field of the optically generated electron-hole pairs. The dynamics of laser induced magnetization are characterized by at least two time constants attributed to the EMP formation within a few hundreds of picoseconds, followed by a subsequent reorientation of the EMP spin complex in the nanosecond regime. We found a complete spin alignment up to temperatures of about 50 K and clear signatures of optically induced magnetization up to room temperature.
Hazards Caused by UV Rays of Xenon Light Based High Performance Solar Simulators
Gerd Dibowski,Kai Esser 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.3
Background: Solar furnaces are used worldwide to conduct experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of solarechemical processes with the aid of concentrated sunlight, or to qualify high temperature-resistant components. In recent years, high-flux solar simulators (HFSSs) based on short-arc xenon lamps are more frequently used. The emitted spectrum is very similar to natural sunlight but with dangerous portions of ultraviolet light as well. Due to special benefits of solar simulators the increase of construction activity for HFSS can be observed worldwide. Hence, it is quite important to protect employees against serious injuries caused by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Methods: The UV measurements were made at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne and Paul- Scherrer-Institute (PSI), Switzerland, during normal operations of the HFSS, with a high-precision UV-A/B radiometer using different experiment setups at different power levels. Thus, the measurement results represent UV emissions which are typical when operating a HFSS. Therefore, the biological effects on people exposed to UVR was investigated systematically to identify the existing hazard potential. Results: It should be noted that the permissible workplace exposure limits for UV emissions significantly exceeded after a few seconds. One critical value was strongly exceeded by a factor of 770. Conclusion: The prevention of emissions must first and foremost be carried out by structural measures. Furthermore, unambiguous protocols have to be defined and compliance must be monitored. For shortterm activities in the hazard area, measures for the protection of eyes and skin must be taken.