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DISCRETE GROUPS ACTING ON S³ x Rⁿ
Lee, Jong Bum,Lee, Kyung Bai,Frank Raymond TOPOLOGY AND GEOMETRY RESEARCH CENTER 1993 Proceedings of the Topology and Geometry Research Vol.3 No.-
We study the Seifert fiber space constructions modelled on the product space S3 x W in terms of Lee and Raymond's characterization ([LR2]), and show that if a discrete group Q acts properly discontinuously on a space W, then the trivial extension S3 x Q is the only extension of S3 by Q that can act weakly S3 -equivariantly on S3 x W. When Q is a discrete group acting properly on R² with compact quotient, the discrete groups acting on S3 x R² as a group of weakly S3 -equivariant homeomorphisms (i.e. , as Seifert automorphisms) are characterized and the actions are described.
Effects of warming and eutrophication on coastal phytoplankton production
Lee, Kyung Ha,Jeong, Hae Jin,Lee, Kitack,Franks, Peter J.S.,Seong, Kyeong Ah,Lee, Sung Yeon,Lee, Moo Joon,Hyeon Jang, Se,Potvin, Eric,Suk Lim, An,Yoon, Eun Young,Yoo, Yeong Du,Kang, Nam Seon,Kim, Kwan Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2019 HARMFUL ALGAE Vol.81 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Phytoplankton production in coastal waters influences seafood production and human health and can lead to harmful algal blooms. Water temperature and eutrophication are critical factors affecting phytoplankton production, although the combined effects of warming and nutrient changes on phytoplankton production in coastal waters are not well understood. To address this, phytoplankton production changes in natural waters were investigated using samples collected over eight months, and under 64 different initial conditions, established by combining four different water temperatures (i.e., ambient T, +2, +4, and + 6 °C), and two different nutrient conditions (i.e., non-enriched and enriched). Under the non-enriched conditions, the effect of warming on phytoplankton production was significantly positive in some months, significantly negative in others, or had no effect. However, under enriched conditions, warming affected phytoplankton production positively in all months except one, when the salinity was as low as 6.5. These results suggest that nutrient conditions can alter the effects of warming on phytoplankton production. Of several parameters, the ratio of initial nitrate concentration to chlorophyll <I>a</I> concentration [NCCA, μM (μg L<SUP>−1</SUP>)<SUP>−1</SUP>] was one of the most critical factors determining the directionality of the warming effects. In laboratory experiments, when NCCA in the ambient or nutrient-enriched waters was ≥1.2, warming increased or did not change phytoplankton production with one exception; however, when NCCA was <1.2, warming did not change or decreased production. In the time series data obtained from the coastal waters of four target countries, when NCCA was 1.5 or more, warming increased phytoplankton production, whereas when NCCA was lower than 1.5, warming lowered phytoplankton production, Thus, it is suggested that NCCA could be used as an index for predicting future phytoplankton production changes in coastal waters.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Four temperatures and two nutrient conditions in 8 months were combined. </LI> <LI> Under non-enriched conditions, warming affected positively, negatively, or negligibly. </LI> <LI> Under the enriched conditions, warming in all months except one affected positively. </LI> <LI> Thus, nutrient conditions can alter warming effects on phytoplankton production. </LI> <LI> Ratio of initial nitrate to chlorophyll-a concentration was a critical factor. </LI> </UL> </P>
Review Article : Epidural Lysis of Adhesions
( Frank Lee ),( David E Jamison ),( Robert W Hurley ),( Steven P Cohen ) 대한통증학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.27 No.1
As our population ages and the rate of spine surgery continues to rise, the use epidural lysis of adhesions (LOA) has emerged as a popular treatment to treat spinal stenosis and failed back surgery syndrome. There is moderate evidence that percutaneous LOA is more effective than conventional ESI for both failed back surgery syndrome, spinal stenosis, and lumbar radiculopathy. For cervical HNP, cervical stenosis and mechanical pain not associated with nerve root involvement, the evidence is anecdotal. The benefits of LOA stem from a combination of factors to include the high volumes administered and the use of hypertonic saline. Hyaluronidase has been shown in most, but not all studies to improve treatment outcomes. Although infrequent, complications are more likely to occur after epidural LOA than after conventional epidural steroid injections. (Korean J Pain 2014; 27: 3-15)
Cofactor‐Free, Direct Photoactivation of Enoate Reductases for the Asymmetric Reduction of C=C Bonds
Lee, Sahng Ha,Choi, Da Som,Pesic, Milja,Lee, Yang Woo,Paul, Caroline E.,Hollmann, Frank,Park, Chan Beum VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH 2017 Angewandte Chemie Vol.56 No.30
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Enoate reductases from the family of old yellow enzymes (OYEs) can catalyze stereoselective <I>trans</I>‐hydrogenation of activated C=C bonds. Their application is limited by the necessity for a continuous supply of redox equivalents such as nicotinamide cofactors [NAD(P)H]. Visible light‐driven activation of OYEs through NAD(P)H‐free, direct transfer of photoexcited electrons from xanthene dyes to the prosthetic flavin moiety is reported. Spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses verified spontaneous association of rose bengal and its derivatives with OYEs. Illumination of a white light‐emitting‐diode triggered photoreduction of OYEs by xanthene dyes, which facilitated the enantioselective reduction of C=C bonds in the absence of NADH. The photoenzymatic conversion of 2‐methylcyclohexenone resulted in enantiopure (<I>ee</I>>99 %) (<I>R</I>)‐2‐methylcyclohexanone with conversion yields as high as 80–90 %. The turnover frequency was significantly affected by the substitution of halogen atoms in xanthene dyes.</P>
Lee, Sunho,Kim, Changhoon,Ann, Jihyae,Thorat, Shivaji A.,Kim, Eunhye,Park, Jongmi,Choi, Sun,Blumberg, Peter M.,Frank-Foltyn, Robert,Bahrenberg, Gregor,Stockhausen, Hannelore,Christoph, Thomas,Lee, Jee Pergamon Press 2017 Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters Vol.27 No.18
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A series of 1-substituted 3-(<I>t</I>-butyl/trifluoromethyl)pyrazole C-region analogues of 2-(3-fluoro-4-methylsulfonamidophenyl)propanamides were investigated for <I>h</I>TRPV1 antagonism. The structure activity relationship indicated that the 3-chlorophenyl group at the 1-position of pyrazole was the optimized hydrophobic group for antagonistic potency and the activity was stereospecific to the <I>S</I>-configuration, providing exceptionally potent antagonists <B>13<I>S</I> </B> and <B>16<I>S</I> </B> with <I>K<SUB>i(CAP)</SUB> </I> =0.1nM. Particularly significant, <B>13<I>S</I> </B> exhibited antagonism selective for capsaicin and NADA and not for low pH or elevated temperature. Both compounds also proved to be very potent antagonists for <I>r</I>TRPV1, blocking <I>in vivo</I> the hypothermic action of capsaicin, consistent with their <I>in vitro</I> mechanism. The docking study of compounds <B>13<I>S</I> </B> and <B>16<I>S</I> </B> in our <I>h</I>TRPV1 homology model indicated that the binding modes differed somewhat, with that of <B>13<I>S</I> </B> more closely resembling that of <B>GRT12360</B>.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Layer-by-layer assembled charge-trap memory devices with adjustable electronic properties
Lee, Jang-Sik,Cho, Jinhan,Lee, Chiyoung,Kim, Inpyo,Park, Jeongju,Kim, Yong-Mu,Shin, Hyunjung,Lee, Jaegab,Caruso, Frank Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2007 Nature nanotechnology Vol.2 No.12
<P>We describe a versatile approach for preparing flash memory devices composed of polyelectrolyte/gold nanoparticle multilayer films. Anionic gold nanoparticles were used as the charge storage elements, and poly(allylamine)/poly(styrenesulfonate) multilayers deposited onto hafnium oxide (HfO2)-coated silicon substrates formed the insulating layers. The top contact was formed by depositing HfO2 and platinum. In this study, we investigated the effect of increasing the number of polyelectrolyte and gold nanoparticle layers on memory performance, including the size of the memory window (the critical voltage difference between the 'programmed' and 'erased' states of the devices) and programming speed. We observed a maximum memory window of about 1.8 V, with a stored electron density of 4.2 x 1012 cm-2 in the gold nanoparticle layers, when the devices consist of three polyelectrolyte/gold nanoparticle layers. The reported approach offers new opportunities to prepare nanostructured polyelectrolyte/gold nanoparticle-based memory devices with tailored performance.</P>
Lee, Frank,Jamison, David E.,Hurley, Robert W.,Cohen, Steven P. The Korean Pain Society 2014 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.27 No.1
As our population ages and the rate of spine surgery continues to rise, the use epidural lysis of adhesions (LOA) has emerged as a popular treatment to treat spinal stenosis and failed back surgery syndrome. There is moderate evidence that percutaneous LOA is more effective than conventional ESI for both failed back surgery syndrome, spinal stenosis, and lumbar radiculopathy. For cervical HNP, cervical stenosis and mechanical pain not associated with nerve root involvement, the evidence is anecdotal. The benefits of LOA stem from a combination of factors to include the high volumes administered and the use of hypertonic saline. Hyaluronidase has been shown in most, but not all studies to improve treatment outcomes. Although infrequent, complications are more likely to occur after epidural LOA than after conventional epidural steroid injections.
Conditional Labor Productivity Convergence in Canada
Frank C. Lee 서울대학교 경제연구소 1997 Seoul journal of economics Vol.10 No.1
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of labor productivity growth at the provincial level in Canada over the 1966-92 period. The model considers differences in the initial level of labor productivity, human capital characteristics, private and public investments, and industry mix as explanatory variables in determining productivity growth. The main results are the following. The rate of human capital accumulation (its effect becomes more significant once the effects of inter-provincial migration are accounted for) and public investment (excluding government investment on non-residential construction) are positively correlated with productivity growth while the initial level of productivity and government consumption are negatively correlated with productivity growth. On the other hand, private investment is not significantly correlated with provincial productivity growth reflecting the high degree of private capital mobility between regions in Canada. Relatively slow convergence we observe in Canada appears, in part, to be due to differences in the industry mix across provinces.