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H.264/AVC용 영상압축을 위한 CAVLC 인코더 구현
정덕영,최덕영,조창석,손승일,Jung Duck Young,Choi Dug Young,Jo Chang-Seok,Sonh Seung Il 한국정보통신학회 2005 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.9 No.7
Variable length code is an integral component of many international standards on image and video compression currently. Context-based Adaptive Variable Length Coding(CAVLC) is adopted by the emerging JVT(also called H.264, and AVC in MPEG-4). In this paper, we design an architecture for CAVLC encoder, including a coeff_token encoder, level encoder, total_zeros encoder and run_before encoder. The designed CAVLC encoder can encode one syntax element in one clock cycle. As a result of implementation by Vertex-1000e of Xilinx, its operation frequency is 68MHz. Therefore, it is very suitable for video applications that require high throughput. 가변 길이 부호는 오늘날 이미지 및 비디오에 관한 많은 국제 표준의 통합된 요소이다. 문맥 기반의 가변 길이 코팅(CAVLC)는 오늘날 주목받고 있는 JVT에서 채용되었다. 본 논문에서는 coeff_token 인코더, level 인코더, total_zero 인코더 및 run_before 인코더를 포함하는 CALVC 인코더 아키텍처를 설계한다. 설계된 CAVLC 인코더는 매 사이클마다 하나의 신택스 요소를 부호화할 수 있다. 자일링스 버텍스 1000e를 사용하여 구현한 결과 68MHz로 동작하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 논문의 CAVLC 인코더는 고속의 쓰루풋을 요하는 비디오 응용에 아주 적합할 것으로 사료된다.
R.F. Magnetron Sputtering으로 다양한 Interlayer 층위에 형성시킨 PZT 박막의 미세구조와 강유전 특성
박철호,최덕영,손영국,Park, Chul-Ho,Choi, Duck-Young,Son, Young-Guk 한국세라믹학회 2002 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.39 No.8
R. F. magnetron sputtering법을 이용하여 Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si 기판 위에 $Pb_{1.1}Zr_{0.53}Ti_{0.47}O_3$ target을 사용하여 박막을 제조하였다. Interlayer(PbO, $TiO_2$, PbO/$TiO_2$)층을 삽입함으로써 박막의 결정성을 향상시켰고, 박막의 기판온도도 상당히 낮출 수 있었다. 순수한 PZT에 비하여 interlayer를 삽입한 PZT는 높은 유전상수과 낮은 유전손실 및 높은 누설전류를 가지는 우수한 전기적 특성을 나타내었다. 이러한 PZT 박막과 interlayer 층은 증착온도에서 서로 반응하여 하나의 고용체를 이루지 않고, 각각 독립적인 층으로 존재함을 XPS 분석을 통해 확인하였다. 여러 interlayer중 특히 PbO/$TiO_2$는 우수한 유전특성(${\varepsilon}_r$=414.94, tan${\delta}$=0.0241, Pr=22${\mu}C/cm^2$)을 나타내었고 가장 효과적인 seed로써의 역할을 하였다. The PZT thin films werre deposited on Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$/Si substrate by R. F. magnetron sputtering with $Pb_{1.1}Zr_{0.53}Ti_{0.47}O_3$ target. When interlayers(PbO, $TiO_2$, PbO/$TiO_2$) were inserted between PZT and Pt, the crystallization of the PZT thin films was considerably improved and the processing temperature was lowered. Compared to the pure PZT thin films, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and polarization properties of PZT thin films with interlayers were considerably improved. From XPS depth profile analysis, it was confirmed that PZT thin films and interlayers existed independently. In particular, PZT thin films deposited on interlayer(PbO/$TiO_2$) showed the best dielectric property (${\varepsilon}_r$=414.94, tan${\delta}$=0.0241, Pr=22${\mu}C/cm^2$).
뇌실염이 합병된 수두증환자에서 피하터널 조루술 - 증례보고 -
황성남,조재영,박승원,김영백,최덕영,Hwang, Sung-Nam,Cho, Jae-Young,Park, Seung-Won,Kim, Young-Baeg,Choi, Duck-Young 대한신경외과학회 2001 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.30 No.7
Thirty nine-year-old man who required urgent shunt operation due to rapidly deteriorating visual acuity suffered from ventriculitis after aneurysmal operation. Daily dose of 20mg of vancomycin and amikyn were given intraventricularly via external ventricular catheter after failure of various kinds of systemic antibiotics. The exit of the catheter was made on the upper chest wall to prevent superinfection. External ventricular drainage could finally be switched to ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and he was discharged with clinical improvement.
황성남,박승원,김영백,최덕영,김미경,강신광,Hwang, Sung-Nam,Park, Seung-Won,Kim, Young-Baeg,Choi, Duck-Young,Kim, Mi-Kyung,Khang, Shin-Kwang 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.8
We have recently experienced a third ventricular tumor from a 63-year old woman who presented with paraparesis, voiding difficulty and general weakness. Histopathologic study of the tumor was compatible with recently reported and newly termed chordoid glioma. Clinical behavior of the reported tumors were mostly benign but because of its very close proximity to the hypothalamus, some of the subtotally removed tumors recurred or some of the patients died of postoperative complications. The presenting patient regained normal leg power after removal of the tumor followed by ventriculoperitoneal shunt and discharged on her own feet.
여상준,박승원,김영백,황성남,최덕영,석종식,정동규,민병국,Yeo, Sang-Jun,Park, Seung-Won,Kim, Young-Baeg,Hwang, Sung-Nam,Choi, Duck-Young,Suk, Jong-Sik,Chung, Dong-Kue,Min, Byung-Kook 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.11
Objectives : Transpedicular screw fixation has become an important method for internal fixation in variety of disorders. However, acceleration of degeneration at the adjacent segment in any follow. The goal of this study is to review the change of motion ranges of vertebral joints adjacent to fused level in lumbar spine. Methods : This study consists of 22 patients with degenerative spinal instability. Treatment of spinal instability includes posterior fusion with transpedicular screw fixation or transpedicular screw fixation with posterior lumbar interbody fusion. The flexion-extension angle(FEA) was measured from dynamic views of lumbar spine taken both at preoperative and post operative period. Results : The FEA of upper vertebral joint adjacent(FEA-u) to a fused L4-5 level was increased(p=0.010). The FEA-u was increased in case of L5-S1 fusion(p=0.025). The change of FEA-u in case of L5-S1 fusion was greater than that in L4-5 fusion(p=0.013). Conclusion : After L4-5 fusion, there seems to be more meaningful increase in FEA of L3-4 than that of L5-S1. The reason may be due to the damage of L3-4 facet joints during the operation, the other possible explanation may be the anatomical stability of L5-S1 vertebral joint. The change of FEA-u of L5-S1 fusion is increased more than that of L4-5 fusion. Because there are compensations in the adjacent vertebrae both above and below the fused L4-5, the compensatory motion in FEA-u of L5-S1 fusion was greater than that of the L4-5 fusion.
후방경유 요추 융합수술시 척추후관절낭 손상의 운동역학적 영향
박승원,김영백,황성남,최덕영,권정택,민병국,석종식,Park, Seung Won,Kim, Young Baeg,Hwang, Sung Nam,Choi, Duck Young,Kwon, Jeong Taik,Min, Byung Kook,Suk, Jong Sik 대한신경외과학회 2001 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.30 No.3
Objectives : Although posterior lumbar fusion operations had been reported to accelerate spinal degeneration, there have been only a few studies for their biomechanical effects. We have studied the change of motion range at the vertebral joint one level above the fusion(UVJ) in pedicle screw fixation group(PSF)(n=13) where facet capsule was destroyed and in posterior lumbar interbody fusion group(PLIF)(n=8) where it was spared. Patients and Methods : The patients were divided into early(3 to 6 months) and late(over 12 months) according to postoperative follow-up period. The flexion, extension and flexion-extension angles(FA, EA, FEA) were measured at the UVJ with pre-operative, early and late post-operative films. Results : Mean age and male to female ratio were $52.7{\pm}9.3$ and 1 : 3.2. Mean follow-up periods were $144.1{\pm}30.0$ and $528.8{\pm}160.3$ days in early and late groups, respectively. The FEA and FA in the late PSF($11.8{\pm}3.1$, $8.5{\pm}2.9$) were significantly greater than pre-operative angles($7.8{\pm}3.9$, $5.1{\pm}3.7$)(p<0.01, p<0.05). All angles in the PLIF showed no significant changes with time. The FEA and FA in the late PSF($11.8{\pm}3.1$, $8.5{\pm}2.9$) were significantly greater than those of the late PLIF($7.6{\pm}2.3$, $3.4{\pm}2.0$)(p<0.01, p<0.001). All angles at early follow-up period were similar between PSF and PLIF. The EA showed no significant change in relation with follow-up period or fusion method. Conclusion : As a result, the facet capsule injury in pedicle screw fixation seems to be related with increased flexion angle or degeneration of the adjacent joint above the fused vertebra in the late phase.
비전형적 MRI 소견을 가진 뇌하수체농양 1례 - 증례보고 -
박상우,황성남,박승원,김영백,최덕영,Park, Sang Woo,Hwang, Sung Nam,Park, Seung Won,Kim, Young Baeg,Choi, Duck Young 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.7
A sixty-three year old woman presented with sudden onset of dystonic twitching of the extremities and repeatedly downgrading of consciousness in the midnight. She had no history of medical illness in the past but had been suffered from fatigue recently before the onset of the attack. At admission she was neurologically free including neuro-ophthalmologic examination. MRI showed a high signal T1WI mass in the sella protruding into the suprasellar cistern. Hormonal study revealed low value of T3, T4, LH and FSH. Under the impression of pituitary apoplexy she underwent operation via transcranial route. When the protruding diaphragma sellae was opened, milkish pus spilled out. The thick capsule was biopsied and pus was sent for the study. The results of Gram staining and culture were both negative but pathologic report of the specimen was high infiltration of lymphocytes with few polymorphs.
전방 접근법으로 제거한 제2흉추 척삭종 - 증 례 보 고 -
이종원,김영백,박승원,황성남,최덕영,Lee, Jong-Won,Kim, Young-Baeg,Park, Seung-Won,Hwang, Sung-Nam,Choi, Duck-Young 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.4
Chordomas are rare central nervous system tumors that are found predominantly in the sacrococcygeal(50%) and basiosphenoidal region(35%). Most of the remainder are related to the vertebral bodies and only 1 to 2% of them are known to occur in the thoracic vertebrae. A 15-year-old girl was admitted because of paraparesis. Three months prior to admission, she underwent a lumbar laminectomy at other hospital for the treatment of herniated lumbar disc but paraparesis became rather aggravated after the operation. At admission, MRI showed a low signal T1WI, high signal T2WI mass compressing the cord at T2 vertebral body. The tumor was subtotally removed via costotransversectomy but as the tumor was proven to be a chordoma, a second stage operation via anterior route was followed. At second operation, T2 corpectomy and T1-T3 plate fixation with autogeneous ileac bone graft was performed. Shortly after the operation, preoperative paraparesis disappeared completely and no evidence of tumor recurrence was noticed both clinically and radiologically for next 2 years. Spine surgery at cervicothoracic junction may be technically demanding due to anatomical complexity and hindering large vessels. The authers reviewed this case with special emphasis on the surgical procedure in this region.
연수와 경수에 발생한 수내 신경초종 - 증 례 보 고 -
이종원,박승원,김영백,황성남,최덕영,Lee, Jong-Won,Park, Seung-Won,Kim, Young-Baeg,Hwang, Sung-Nam,Choi, Duck-Young 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.9
Spinal schwannomas are usually extramedullary intradural tumors and their intramedullary localizations are thought to be extremely rare. A 60-year-old woman complaining spastic quadriparesis, voiding difficulty and dyspnea was admitted. Her cervical MRI revealed an intramedullary mass in the cervicomedullary junction with multiple cyst which extended from lower cervical to C3 spinal cord. The mass showed a low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI with an wall enhancement. The patient underwent a suboccipital craniectomy and C1-2 laminectomy and the cystic tumor was totally removed through a midline myelotomy. The tumor was proved as an intramedullary schwannoma by pathologic examination. The Intramedullary presence of a tumor arising from the cells of the nerve sheath is unusual, because the central nervous system fibers do not contain the Schwann cell. There have been several hypotheses, but none has been accepted universally. This rare tumor is considered as a curable benign neoplasm, and an accurate intraoperative diagnosis and surgically total removal are essential.