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( Atmawi Darwis ),( Apri Heri Iswanto ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.4
Bamboo culm comprises internodes and nodes and is tapered from the bottom to the top. Anatomically, bamboo culm comprises vascular bundles and parenchymal base tissue. The gross anatomical structure of a transverse section of any culm internode is determined by the shape, size, arrangement, and number of vascular bundles. The purpose of this research was to examine the morphology of culm and the distribution and shape of vascular bundles in Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Bamboo culms were harvested from the base. Test samples were obtained from a central 2-cm long segment of each internode across the entire length of the culm. Results showed an uneven spread of vascular bundles in the internode cross-section. Transitioning from the outer to the inner layer of the internode, the number of vascular bundles per unit area decreased and their shape was variable. The size of vascular bundles in the middle layer of the internode was greater than that of those in the outer and inner layers. The shape of vascular bundles was circular in the outer layer, which gradually transformed into vertical oval toward the middle layer and horizontal oval toward the inner layer. Vascular bundles were of type III and IV in the bottom of the culm and type III in the middle to the top of the culm.
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Atmawi Darwis,Anne HADIYANE,Endah SULISTYAWATI,Ihak Sumardi 한국목재공학회 2023 목재공학 Vol.51 No.4
Bamboo culm is in the form of a tube/pipe, composed of internodes which are bounded by a partition/diaphragm (node). Anatomically, bamboo is composed of vascular bundles and parenchyma ground tissue. One of the constituents of vascular bundles is fibers that are grouped to form a fiber sheath. The anatomical structure of the nodes and internodes is thought to influence the strength of bamboo strips, including tensile strength. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of vascular bundles (distribution and fiber percentage) and their effects on the density and tensile strength of Gigantochloa apus bamboo strips with and without nodes. The bamboo culms were divided into three parts (outer, middle, and inner) along the radial direction. The results showed that the distribution of vascular bundles and percentage of fiber sheaths decreased significantly from the outer to the inner layer. This also had a significantly decreased density and tensile strength. Furthermore, the number of vascular bundles (in the transverse plane) was greater in the internodes than in the nodes. Anatomically, the orientation of the vascular bundles at irregular nodes is observed in the radial and tangential planes, where the direction is not only in the axial direction, but also in the radial and tangential directions. This caused the tensile strength of the G. apus bamboo strips to be lower at the nodes than at the internodes.
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Yusrida Darwis,Ravi Sheshala,Nurzalina Khan,Mallikarjun Chitneni 대한약학회 2011 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.34 No.11
The aim of this study was to formulate cost effective taste-masked orally disintegrating tablets of ondansetron, a bitter drug using different superdisintegrants by a wet granulation technique. Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) as a diluent and disintegrant in addition to aspartame as a sweetener were used in all formulations. The prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content, water content, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The tablets’ hardness was maintained in the range of 2-3 kg and friability was <1% for all batches. All tablet formulations disintegrated rapidly in vitro within 5.83 to 33.0 sec. The optimized formulation containing 15% Polyplasdone XL-10 released more than 90% of drug within 5 min and the release was comparable to that of a commercial product. In human volunteers, optimized formulation was found to have a pleasant taste and mouth feel and they disintegrated in the oral cavity within 12 sec. The stability results were also satisfactory. A pharmacokinetic study with the optimized formulation was performed in comparison with a reference (Zofer MD 8^®) and they were found to be bioequivalent. In conclusion, a cost effective ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet was successfully prepared with acceptable hardness, desirable taste and rapid disintegration in the oral cavity.
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Quality Enhancement of Falcataria-Wood through Impregnation
( Ihak Sumardi ),( Atmawi Darwis ),( Sahriyanti Saad ),( Muhammad Navis Rofii ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.5
The purpose of this research is to determine the efficiency of impregnation usingphenol formaldehyde resin to enhance Falcataria wood’s stability and better mechanical properties. Impregnation process was carried out after moisture content stabilized at 12% on samples with a dimension of 20 mm × 20 mm × 300 mm at various concentrations and pressure time. Dimensional stability was evaluated by thickness swelling (TS) and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) and the young’s modulus was conducted according to BS 573. The mechanical properties and dimensional stability of impregnated wood were evaluated. Dimensional stability and mechanical properties of Falcataria wood were successfully increased after impregnation. PF impregnation can improve the mechanical properties and the density from 0.26 g/cm<sup>3</sup> to 0.30 g/cm<sup>3</sup> even with only 10% of weight percent grain. Dimensional stability increases with increasing resin concentration and time pressure. The highest increase in mechanical properties was found at a higher concentration of PF. The penetration of PF into the wood’s cell darkens the color of impregnated wood.
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The Effects of Shareholders' Rights, Disclosures, and Transparency on Firm Value
SUMATRIANI, Sumatriani,PAGULUNG, Gagaring,SAID, Darwis,PONTOH, Grace T.,JAMALUDDIN, Jamaluddin Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.3
This study investigates the effect of shareholders' rights, disclosure, and transparency on firm value. This study also investigates whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) is pure moderation or quasi moderation in the effect of shareholders' rights, disclosure, and transparency on firm value. This study's novelty is building a model framework to increase firm value and the role of CSR in increasing firm value. This study used secondary data provided by Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand Stock Exchanges. The sample of this study is 142 companies with four years of observations from 2012-2015. Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q. While shareholder's rights, disclosure, and transparency are measured using the ASEAN scorecard. The analysis method used in this study is a fixed effect model using a panel data approach. The result of this study shows that shareholders' rights have a significant positive effect on firm value. However, disclosure and transparency do not affect firm value significantly. In comparison, the CSR disclosure has a moderation effect on the relationship between shareholders' rights and firm value. The CSR disclosure does not have a moderation effect on the relationship between disclosure and transparency and firm value.
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Effect of Several Exterior Adhesive Types on Dimensional Stability of Bamboo Oriented Particleboard
Iswanto, Apri Heri,Munthe, Rensus,Darwis, Atmawi,Azhar, Irawati,Susilowati, Arida,Prabuningrum, Dita Sari,Fatriasari, Widya Materials Research Society of Korea 2019 한국재료학회지 Vol.29 No.5
The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of adhesive types on dimensional stability of bamboo-oriented particleboard. The materials used in this research are bamboo tali(Gigantochloa apus J.A & J.H. Schult. Kurz), UF/MDI(8, 10, 12 % level), and MF, MDI, and PF at 7 % level. Particle and adhesive are mixed using a blending machine; then, mat forming and hot pressing processes are performed using adhesive-suitable temperature and time references. MDI resin is set at $160^{\circ}C$ temperature for 5 minutes. PF resin and MF resin are pressed at $170^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, and $140^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, respectively, while UF/MDI sets at temperature of $140^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The results show that particleboard using PF resin produces the lowest thickness swelling value. The particleboard using UF/MDI resin also produces good response for thickness swelling value. Interesting things happen in that UF/MDI adhesive produces a thickness swelling value better than that of MDI resin. FTIR analysis on particleboard bonded by UF/MDI resin combination shows the presence of carbonyl group C=O vibration on multi substitution of urea at wave number of around $1,700cm^{-1}$.
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( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Fazilla Oktaviani Tarigan ),( Arida Susilowati ),( Atmawi Darwis ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.5
Raru is a lesser-known plant species originating from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Information on the characteristics is still limited, especially its chemical component. Therefore, this study aims to examine the chemical composition information of Cotylelobium lanceolatum, Cotylelobium melanoxylon, and Vatica pauciflora woods based on their axial log positions (bottom, middle, and top). The wood chemical analysis was performed in terms of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method. Furthermore, the analysis measured holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, alcohol benzene extractive content, the extractive substance in hot and water, and solubility in NaOH 1%. The results indicated that the species and their log axial positions affected different chemical components, which included α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of C. lanceolatum amounting to 41.88%, 19.39%, and 28.68% respectively. Meanwhile, for C. Melanoxylon, they were 42.01%, 21.11%, and 24.76% respectively; and for V. pauciflora wood, they were 42.95%, 23.24%, and 30.11% respectively. The average values of the extractive contents including the solubility in 1: 2 ethanol benzene, NaOH, and hot water for C. lanceolatum, C. melanoxylon, and V. pauciflora wood were (10.58%, 27.62%, 8.13%), (14.54%, 28.22%, 7.82%), and (10.95%, 28.60%, 7.57%) respectively. The wood species had a significant effect on chemical components including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and extractive solubility in cold water. Furthermore, the axial log position had a significant effect on all the parameters of the chemical composition of the wood being tested.
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Mun Fei Yam,Elsnoussi Ali Hussin Mohamed,Lee Fung Ang,Li Pei,Yusrida Darwis,Roziahanim Mahmud,Mohd. Zaini Asmawi,Rusliza Basir,Mariam Ahmad,유혜현,김동현,정혜진 사단법인약침학회 2012 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.5 No.4
Orthosiphon stamineus extracts contain three flavonoids (3’-hydroxy-5, 6, 7, 4’-tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin) as bioactive substances. Previous reported high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) methods for the determination of these flavonoids have several disadvantages, including unsatisfactory separation times and not being well validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) standard guidelines. A rapid, specific reversed-phase HPLC method with isocratic elution of acetonitrile: isopropyl alcohol: 20 mM phosphate buffer (NaH2-PO4) (30:15:55, v/v) (pH 3.5) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/minute, a column temperature of 25_C, and ultraviolet (UV) detection at 340 nm was developed. The method was validated and applied for quantification of different types of O stamineus extracts and fractions. The method allowed simultaneous determination of 3’-hydroxy-5,6,7,4’- tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin in the concentration range of 0.03052 e250 mg/ml. The limits of detection and quantification, respectively, were 0.0076 and 0.061 mg/ml for 3’-hydroxy-5,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, 0.0153 and 0.122 mg/ml for sinensetin and 0.0305 and 0.122 mg/ml for eupatorin. The percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) values for intraday were 0.048e0.368, 0.025e0.135, and 0.05e0.476 for 3’-hydroxy-5,6,7,4’-tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin, respectively, and those for intraday precision were 0.333e1.688, 0.722e1.055, and 0.548e1.819, respectively. The accuracy for intraday were 91.25%e103.38%, 94.32%e109.56%, and 92.85%e109.70% for 30-hydroxy-5,6,7,40-tetramethoxyflavone, sinensetin, and eupatorin, respectively, and those for interday accuracy were 97.49%e103.92%, 103.58% e104.57%, and 103.9%e105.33%, respectively. The method was found to be simple, accurate and precise and is recommended for routine quality control analysis of O stamineus extract containing the three flavonoids as the principle components in the extract.
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