Effects of aerosol on evaporation, freezing and precipitation in a multiple cloud system

Lee, Seoung Soo,Kim, Byung-Gon,Yum, Seong Soo,Seo, Kyong-Hwan,Jung, Chang-Hoon,Um, Jun Shik,Li, Zhanqing,Hong, JinKyu,Chang, Ki-Ho,Jeong, Jin-Yim Springer-Verlag 2017 Climate dynamics Vol.48 No.3

<P>Aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation account for a large portion of uncertainties in the prediction of the future course of global hydrologic circulations and climate. As a process of a better understanding of interactions between aerosol, clouds and precipitation, simulations are performed for a mixed-phase convective multiple-cloud system over the tropics. Studies on single-cloud systems have shown that aerosol-induced increases in freezing, associated increases in parcel buoyancy and thus the intensity of clouds (or updrafts) are a main mechanism which controls aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in convective clouds. However, in the multiple-cloud system that plays much more important roles in global hydrologic circulations and thus climate than single-cloud systems, aerosol effects on condensation play the most important role in aerosol-induced changes in the intensity of clouds and the effects on freezing play a negligible role in those changes. Aerosol-induced enhancement in evaporation intensifies gust fronts and increases the number of subsequently developing clouds, which leads to the substantial increases in condensation and associated intensity of convection. Although aerosol-induced enhancement in freezing takes part in the increases in condensation by inducing stronger convergence around cloud bottom, the increases in condensation are similar to one order of magnitude larger than those in freezing. It is found that while aerosol-induced increases in freezing create intermittent extremely heavy precipitation, aerosol-induced increases in evaporation enhance light and medium precipitation in the multiple-cloud system here. This increase in light and medium precipitation makes it possible that cumulative precipitation increases with increasing aerosol concentration, although the increase is small. It is interesting that the altitude of the maximum of the time- and domain-averaged hydrometeor mass densities is quite robust to increases in aerosol concentration. This is because locations of gust fronts and homogeneous freezing do not vary significantly with changing aerosol concentration and this outweighs aerosol effects on hydrometeor size.</P>

관광교통의 지역관광 영향분석모형 연구

홍창식,이장춘 한국관광정책학회 2002 觀光政策學硏究 Vol.8 No.3

This study pointed to the lack of theory study on tourism transportation that is necessary to movement of tourist, the lack of method of environment and analysis on regional tourism such as Kyoungbu Express Railway(KTX) and local tourism strategys shortcomings that is prepare for opening of KTX as a national HUB traffic network. In this study analyzed Tourism transportation theory and Express Rail theory and it used the Cost-Benefit theory as a theory of tourism traffic effects on regional tourism. As a result of theory study, research model that is transformed from the cost-benefit analysis that was used on Ph. D. Lee, Chang-Choons study and WTO's report is made clear up. In the aspect of maximize of benefits and minimize of costs, it suggested regional tourism development that explains regional tourism strategy. (regional tourism market, company, resources and products, transportation system and tourism environment) This study is worth knowledge as follows. First, it suggested theological base for tourism related studies by establishing theological system about tourism transportation and KTX. Second, this study used the cost-benefit analysis when it analyzed the effects of national SOC business on tourism, so it could suggest the reasonable approach method to study this kind of studies in the future.

農村地域 活性化를 위한 觀光開發에 관한 연구

홍창식 한국관광정책학회 2001 觀光政策學硏究 Vol.7 No.3

The rural region in Korea is greatly effected by the trend of tourism in globalization and localization. It is directly exposed to the international tourism competition in the progress of globalization. Therefore, we have to find how to active the rural region, which has poor agricultural competition power and living conditions, regional tourism development. The advent of the era of local government provides us with a good opportunity to tourism development in the rural region. The regional development planning of rural tourism has to be established on the basis of creative thought and professionalized knowledge. The planning of rural tourism development has to be established in accordance with the characteristic feature of each region. Because rural areas differ more from each other than urban ones do. The basic principle of rural tourism development ; 1. sustainable rural tourism development, 2. community based tourism development, 3. localization, globalization & internationalization, 4. urban-rural & rural-rural interchange.

S-Bioallethrin의 독성에 미치는 N-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide의 영향

홍사욱,장준식 한국환경독성학회 1993 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.8 No.1

In order to investigate the toxicities of S-bioallethrin (S-biol) and its combination treatment with N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK-264), the acute and subacute toxicity, and enzyme activity test were performed. LD_(50) levels of S-biol and MGK-264 in rats are 640 mg/kg and 3,280 mg/kg respectively. However, when rats were treated with the mixture of S-biol and MGK-264 (1 : 5 ratio), the LD5o was decreased to 545 mg/kg. In serological analysis, ALT and LDH were increased in animals treated with the mixture. Also glucose level was significantly increased after 5 weeks in animals treated with both S-biol and the mixture. Other biochemical parameters such as cytochrome P -450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the liver and kidney were shown to be not significantly changed. Levels of total ATPase and Mg^(2+) ATPase were significantly decreased in the liver of animals treated with the mixture after 4-5 weeks. In addition, S-biol can alone decrease total ATPase activity. Total ATPase activity was also significantly decreased in the kidney after 5 week treatment with the mixture. Similarily, glucose-6-phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in animals treated with the mixture. When either S-biol or MGK-264 was administered cholinesterase and carboxyesterase activities were slightly decreased but they were significantly decreased when the mixture was administered.

열산화된 알루미늄이 첨가된 Tin black filter를 가지는 메탄센서

권오식,황숙이,심창현,임채근,방영일,김봉철,허증수,류기홍,이덕동 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 2002 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.13 No.1

AE에 의한 용사코팅 부식재의 박리해석

김귀식,손창환,홍용의,현창해 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2003 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.14 No.2

This paper is to investigate the adhesiveness between substrate and coating layer and the effect of corrosion by acoustic emission method in tensile loading. The used powders are Zn and Al. There are coated on brass alloy substrate, respectively. AE signals of Zn and A1 coating layer increase drastically in strain 2%. but that of Zn specimen have more than that of Al specimen. When the specimens axecuted under 3.5% NaCl solution for 500 hours, the salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through pore of the coating layer. Corrosion production formed on the surface of substrate. The adhesiveness between coating layers is weaken by the polarization and corrosion itself. The AE events, count and energy of corroded coating specimens decreased in comparison with specimens without corrosion. Especially Zn specimen deoreased more than Al specimen in strain 2%.

음향방출 신호처리에 의한 플라즈마용사코팅 피막부식재의 파손해석

김귀식,박경석,홍용의,현창해 제주대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.1

This paper was to investigate of a adhesiveness of the plasma sprayed coating materials did a salt spray by acoustic emission method in tensile loading. The powders used for the coating were nickel aluminum composite powder Ni-4.5wt.%Al and titanium dioxide powder TiO2. These powders were coated on a carbon steel S45C by plasma spray method. The salt solution was a 5% NaCl and the salt spray times were 2, 5 and 10 hours respectively. The salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through pore of the coating layer built in the process of plasma spay. Corrosion productions formed on the surface of substrate. The adhesiveness between the substrate and the coating layer is weaken by corrosion and the exfoliation initiated chiefly at the corrosion surface of the substrate. The AE events and energy of the corroded coating specimens decreased as the salt spray times increased. The AE amplitudes increased at strain range of 6%-11%.

AE에 의한 플라즈마 용사코팅 염수분무 부식재의 인장해석

김귀식,박경석,홍용의,현창해 제주대학교 공과대학 첨단기술연구소 2001 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.2

Thermal spray coating is formed by a process in which melted particles flying with high speed towards substrate, then crash and spread on the substrate surface cooled and solidified in a very short time. Stacking of the particles makes coating. This paper was to investigate the adhesiveness of the plasma sprayed coating materials conducted 5% NaCl salt spray by acoustic emission method in tensile loadings. The powders used for the coating were nickel aluminum composite powder Ni-4.5wt.%Al and titanium dioxide powder TiO_2. The salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through pore of the coating layer built in the process of plasma spray. Corrosion productions formed on the surface of substrate. The adhesiveness between the substrate and the coating layer is weaken by corrosion and the exfoliation initiated chiefly at the corrosion surface of the substrate. The AE events and energy of the corroded coating specimens decreased as the salt spray times increase.

음향방출 신호처리에 의한 플라즈마용사코팅 피막부식재의 파손해석

김귀식,박경석,홍용의,현창해 濟州大學校 産業技術硏究所 2001 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.12 No.1

This paper was to investigate of a adhesiveness of the plasma sprayed coating materials did a salt spray by acoustic emission method in tensile loading. The powders used for the coating were nickel aluminum composite powder Ni-4.5wt.%Al and titanium dioxide powder T_(i)O_(2). These powders were coated on a carbon steel S45C by plasma spray method. The salt solution was a 5% NaCl and the salt spray times were 2. 5 and 10 hours respectively. The salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through pore of the coating layer built in the process of plasma spay. Corrosion productions formed on the surface of substrate. The adhesiveness between the substrate and the coating layer is weaken by corrosion and the exfoliation initiated chiefly at the corrosion surface of the substrate. The AE events and energy of the corroded coating specimens decreased as the salt spray times increased. The AE amplitudes increased at strain range of 6%-11%.

고정식 교정 환자에서 전동치솔 효과에 관한 연구

박창헌,이기헌,황현식,홍석진 전남대학교 치의학연구소 2002 구강과학 Vol.14 No.4

Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances frequently have increased levels of plaque accumulation leading to the possibility of gingivitis or enamel decalcification. Although many methods may be helpful in reducing dental plaque formation, optimal mechanical removal of plaque is tile most important factor during orthodontic treatment. The porpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of'an electric toothbrush, with a specially designed orthodontic brush head. compared with a manual toothbrush in controlling plaque and gingivitis for patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Oral hygiene status was measured in thirty four patients, using a plaquc index, a gingival index and a bleeding index. before and four weeks after attachment of fixed orthodontic appliances. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, the electric and the manual toothbrush groups. Oral hygiene instruction was given according to the type of toothbrush used. The Braun Oral-B D9511 with Braun Oral-B Ortho OD 15-1 brush head was used as the electric toothbrush while the Butler G.U. M 124 was given as the manual toothbrush. After 4 weeks and 8 weeks, oral hygiene status was measured again. Through the comparison berween the electric and the manual toothbrush grpups. following results were obtained. 1. All oral hygiene indices showed increasing tendency after 4weeks of fixed orthodontic appliances. 2. All indices presented decreasing tendency four and eight weeks after oral hygiene instruction. 3. In case of gingival index and bleeding index. decreasing tendency did not show a statistically significant difference between the electric and the manual toothbrush groups. 4. The decreasing tendency of plaque index presented statistically significant difference between the two groups. showing that the electric toothbrush was more effective in terms of oral hygiene. These findings suggest that an electric toothbrush is useful to the orthodontic patients with fixed appliances.