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Systematic Genetic Nomenclature for Type VII Secretion Systems
Bitter, Wilbert,Houben, Edith N. G.,Bottai, Daria,Brodin, Priscille,Brown, Eric J.,Cox, Jeffery S.,Derbyshire, Keith,Fortune, Sarah M.,Gao, Lian-Yong,Liu, Jun,Gey van Pittius, Nicolaas C.,Pym, Alexand Public Library of Science 2009 PLoS pathogens Vol.5 No.10
Imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer on EAST
Shi, Yuejiang,Wang, Fudi,Wan, Baonian,Bitter, Manfred,Lee, Sanggon,Bak, Jungyo,Hill, Kennith,Fu, Jia,Li, Yingying,Zhang, Wei,Ti, Ang,Ling, Bili Published jointly by The Institute of Physics and 2010 Plasma physics and controlled fusion Vol.52 No.8
<P>A high-resolution imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is described for implementation on the EAST tokamak to provide spatially and temporally resolved data on the ion temperature, electron temperature and poloidal plasma rotation. These data are derived from observations of the satellite spectra of helium-like argon, Ar XVII, which is the dominant charge state for electron temperatures in the range from 0.4 to 3.0 keV and which is accessible to EAST. Employing a novel design, which is based on the imaging properties of spherically bent crystals, the spectrometers will provide spectrally and spatially resolved images of the plasma for all experimental conditions, which include ohmically heated discharges as well as plasmas with rf and neutral-beam heating. The experimental setup and initial experimental results are presented.</P>
Alternative optical concept for electron cyclotron emission imaging.
Liu, J X,Milbourne, T,Bitter, M,Delgado-Aparicio, L,Dominguez, A,Efthimion, P C,Hill, K W,Kramer, G J,Kung, C,Kubota, S,Kasparek, W,Lu, J,Pablant, N A,Park, H,Tobias, B American Institute of Physics 2014 Review of scientific instruments Vol.85 No.11
<P>The implementation of advanced electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) systems on tokamak experiments has revolutionized the diagnosis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activities and improved our understanding of instabilities, which lead to disruptions. It is therefore desirable to have an ECEI system on the ITER tokamak. However, the large size of optical components in presently used ECEI systems have, up to now, precluded the implementation of an ECEI system on ITER. This paper describes a new optical ECEI concept that employs a single spherical mirror as the only optical component and exploits the astigmatism of such a mirror to produce an image with one-dimensional spatial resolution on the detector. Since this alternative approach would only require a thin slit as the viewing port to the plasma, it would make the implementation of an ECEI system on ITER feasible. The results obtained from proof-of-principle experiments with a 125 GHz microwave system are presented.</P>
Xinhua Goerner-Hu,Elinor L. Scott,Thorsten Seeger,Oliver Schneider,Johannes H. Bitter 한국생물공학회 2020 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.25 No.5
The vast amount of feathers generated (> 1 Mtons/a in Europe) in the poultry industry is an opportunity of upcycling by-product materials and improving sustainable practices. Feathers are potentially interesting materials as feed protein ingredients due to their high protein (> 85 wt%) and cystine content (> 7 wt%). However, due to their challenging recalcitrant nature, they have to be processed to make feather protein suitably digestible. The objective was to investigate the effects of temperature (120oC-160oC) and time (10, 30, and 60 min) in thermal pressure hydrolysis of feathers on availability for enzymatic hydrolysis (AEH) and cystine conservation. AEH is defined as degree of degradation of processed feather protein by two digestive enzymes pepsin and pancreatin (Boisen). The present study identified and assessed four temperature stages that take place during feather processing. The four temperature stages are 120oC-135oC, 140oC-155oC, > 160oC, and the coolingdown phase. The second stage has the greatest influence on AEH. As well as temperature, hydrolysis time is also an essential parameter that had a major impact in the second stage (140oC-155oC). Both temperature and time influence negatively cystine content and stability. The present study demonstrates for the first time the importance of four reaction stages during feather hydrolysis and the impact of four stages on AEH of the obtained products.
Fudi Wang,Yuejiang Shi,Wei Zhang,Jia Fu,Yingying Li,Bao Nian Wan,이상곤,Manfred Bitter,Kenneth Hill 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.4
A new high-resolution tangential imaging X-ray crystal spectrometer (TXCS) is described for implementation on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to provide spatially and temporally resolved data on the toroidal plasma rotation velocity and on the ion and the electron temperature. These data are derived from observations of the satellite spectra of heliumlike argon (Ar XVII). The TXCS will provide data for all experimental conditions, which include ohmically heated discharges as well as plasmas with radio-frequency (RF) waves and neutral-beam heating. The latest experimental results show that lower hybrid waves (LHW) induce a co-current change in a toroidal rotation of up to 45 km/s in the <i>L</i>-mode plasma core region. A modification of the toroidal rotation develops on the extended plasma region and a long time scale (≥1 s). The experimental setup and the initial experimental results are presented.