China`s Pragmatic Posture toward the Korean Peninsula

( Banning Garrett ),( Bonnie Glaser ) 한국국방연구원 1997 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.9 No.2

Most Chinese officials and experts approach analysis of the Korean peninsula from a pragmatic, national-interest perspective with little regard for ideological or historical ties to North Korea. They have become increasingly concerned about the deteriorating economic situation and the possibility of political struggle in the North. The Chinese nevertheless maintain that the North Koreans can endure extreme hardship and predict that the regime will muddle through, at least for the next few years. Chinese experts are convinced that a major conflict on the Korean peninsula is highly unlikely. The primary basis for this judgment is China`s assessment of the balance of power on the peninsula. The Chinese judge that North Korea would not commit suicide by attacking the South when neither Russia nor China would support it and the adversary has overall superiority. Nor do they expect South Korea and the United States to attack the North. The Chinese also are optimistic that the process of reunification will be gradual and peaceful based on a soft landing in the North and accommodation between Pyongyang and Seoul. In the long run, most Chinese experts forecast, Korea will be reunified under the dominance of the South as the inevitable consequence of South Korea`s advantages in comprehensive national power, especially in economic and political strength. Some Chinese hardliners may prefer that China press for removal of US forces from Korea after reunification, but the Chinese government probably will not want to risk tension over the issue in its bilateral relations with the new Korean state or with the United States if a unified Korea decides to maintain the alliance and requests continued stationing of some American forces on the peninsula. Nor will Beijing want to risk exacerbating fears in the region of Chinese hegemonism by seeking to pressure the Koreans to ask the US to leave. Moreover, some Chinese experts may argue in favor of tacit approval of continued presence of US forces in Korea as a stabilizer vis-a-vis the Korean-Japanese animosity that could escalate after reunification. Beijing does not appear to have a long-term strategy to achieve strategic goals on the Korean peninsula beyond preserving amicable ties with the North and further developing relations with the South, especially economic. China`s Korea policy appears to be concentrated on short-term, tactical issues and Beijing`s posture seems primarily defensive. The Chinese seem more concerned about protecting their national interests and maintaining their influence on the peninsula in the face of potentially dramatic changes than they are about positioning themselves to gain dominance in post-reunification Korea. They do not expect to be able to supplant the United States as the outside power with the greatest influence on a united Korea and are content, at least for now, to let the US take the initiative in trying to manage the volatile situation on the peninsula. Beijing is unlikely to adopt a more proactive approach toward the situation in Korea unless forced to do so by events or changing circumstances. In the meantime, it can be expected to continue to take steps to ensure the economic survival of North Korea. China is not likely to engage in heroic efforts to save a moribund regime, however, especially if it begins a process of political self-annihilation.

The "New World Order," American Power and Northeast Asia

( Banning N Garrett ) 한국국방연구원 1991 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.3 No.2

The catch phrase "new world order" is currently being used both as an empirical description of an emerging world situation and as a normative vision of possibilities for shaping the international environ-ment in the post-Cold War era. Descriptively, the new world order refers to: 1) the underlying, long-term economic, technological, po-litical and military trends that have been reshaping international relations; 2) the dramatic changes in the world situation, especially the end of the Cold War and the bipolar division of the world system that dominated international politics and strategy for four decades, and the unprecedented multilateral cooperation-including between the US and the Soviet Union-that have replaced the East-West confrontation; and 3) the shape of the evolving international system, particularly the evolving balance and structure of power. Normatively, the "new world order" refers to means and ends of this post-Cold War era that have been advocated in visions promoted by the United States, the Soviet Union, China and other nations, purportedly aimed at creating a more peaceful, stable and prosperous world order. Many key elements of President Bush`s global vision of the new world order apply to Northeast Asia in the post-Cold War era. These include: (1) continuing US leadership and commitment to maintain the regional as well as global balance of power; (2) deterrence of military threats such as that posed to South Korea by the North as well as militarily responding to aggression; (3) continuing US-Soviet cooperation to resolve outstanding conflicts such as the confronta-tion on the Korean peninsula; (4) promotion of democratic values and open market economies, not only in the Soviet Union, North Korea and China, but also in South Korea; (5) multilateral diplomatic efforts to resolve regional disputes and to enhance regional security and economic cooperation; and (6) development of programs to increase incentives for participation in a more orderly international regime and for respect of the rule of international law. The major global economic and technological trends that helped produce the crisis of socialism and the end of the Cold War have created unprecedented opportunities for the United States to con- tribute to the establishment of a new global and regional order. The end of bipolarity and the transformation of Soviet-American relations away from confrontation towards a "new partnership" have removed the Soviet Union as a political-ideological obstacle to the pursuit of American objectives in Northeast Asia. The challenge for the United States is to capitalize on its enhanced international position and the global trends that have led to the end of the Cold War to help rid Northeast Asia of the remnants of the old order. At the same time, the US should cooperate closely with Japan and South Korea as well as the Soviet Union and China to find common ground in our visions of the new world order for the region.

Does China Have a Strategy? Modern China or Dystopia: Alternate Futures?

Robert A. Manning,Banning Garrett 신아시아연구소(구 신아세아질서연구회) 2013 신아세아 Vol.20 No.2

PART Ⅲ. THE SDI AND NORTHEAST ASIA ; CHAPTER 6. THE SDI AND CHINA'S NATIONAL INTERESTS

Bonnie S Glaser,Banning N Garrett 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 1987 THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE Vol.- No.-

Perceived ease of use and usefulness of sustainability labels on apparel products: application of the technology acceptance model

마윤진,감해진,Jennifer Banning 한국의류학회 2017 Fashion and Textiles Vol.4 No.1

This study explores consumers’ perceptions of sustainability labels on apparel products and examines sustainability labels as an effective means of determining consumers’ purchase intentions, using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as the foundation. Data were collected via self-administered web-based surveys from 903 randomly selected shoppers throughout the United States (U.S.). Findings validated that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitudes, and purchase intention were associated with consumers’ use of sustainability labels. Within those four variables, sustainability label users exhibited significantly higher scores than non-label users, though the path relationships among those variables were not different between the two groups. This study is one of the first to use TAM to understand how consumers perceive and use sustainability labels for apparel products. Through this application, label reading behaviour is viewed similarly to how consumers use new informational sources for their decision making process. The findings provide practical implications for business marketers and managers of sustainability apparel products. As this study focused on sustainability labels and apparel product shopping among U.S. consumers, it may be limited to apply findings to other product categories and may be limited to consumers outside the U.S.

SDI 와 중공의 국가이익

보니글래저 ( Bonnie S Glaser ),배닝가레트 ( Banning N Garrett ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 1987 SDI와 아시아의 안보 Vol.- No.-

Stent Thrombosis and Bleeding Complications After Implantation of Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stents in an Unselected Worldwide Population

e-SELECT Investigators,Urban, P.,Abizaid, A.,Banning, A.,Bartorelli, A.L.,Baux, A.C.,Dzavik, V.,Ellis, S.,Gao, R.,Holmes, D.,Jeong, M.H.,Legrand, V.,Neumann, F.J.,Nyakern, M.,Spaulding, C.,Worthley, S Elsevier Biomedical 2011 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY - Vol.57 No.13

Objectives: The aim of this study was to ascertain the 1-year incidence of stent thrombosis (ST) and major bleeding (MB) in a large, unselected population treated with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES). Background: Stent thrombosis and MB are major potential complications of drug-eluting stent implantation. Their relative incidence and predisposing factors among large populations treated worldwide are unclear. Methods: The SES were implanted in 15,147 patients who were entered in a multinational registry. We analyzed the incidence of: 1) definite and probable ST as defined by the Academic Research Consortium; and 2) MB, with the STEEPLE (Safety and efficacy of Enoxaparin in PCI) definition, together with their relation to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and to 1-year clinical outcomes. Results: The mean age of the sample was 62 +/- 11 years, 30.4% were diabetic, 10% had a Charlson comorbidity index ≥3, and 44% presented with acute coronary syndrome or myocardial infarction. At 1 year, the reported compliance with DAPT as recommended by the European Society of Cardiology guidelines was 86.3%. Adverse event rates were: ST 1.0%, MB 1.0%, mortality 1.7%, myocardial infarction 1.9%, and target lesion revascularization 2.3%. Multivariate analysis identified 9 correlates of ST and 4 correlates of MB. Advanced age and a high Charlson index were associated with an increased risk of both ST and MB. After ST, the 7-day and 1-year all-cause mortality was 30% and 35%, respectively, versus 1.5% and 10% after MB. Only 2 of 13,749 patients (0.015%) experienced both MB and ST during the entire 1-year follow-up period. Conclusions: In this worldwide population treated with ≥1 SES, the reported compliance with DAPT was good, and the incidence of ST and MB was low. Stent thrombosis and MB very rarely occurred in the same patient. (The e-SELECT Registry: a Multicenter Post-Market Surveillance; NCT00438919)

Identifying tween fashion consumers’ profile concerning fashion innovativeness, opinion leadership, internet use for apparel shopping, interest in online co‑design involvement, and brand commitment

Renee Baker,Ui‑Jeen Yu,Hae Jin Gam,Jennifer Banning 한국의류학회 2019 Fashion and Textiles Vol.6 No.1

This study identifies tween fashion consumers’ profiles in relation to fashion change agent (FCA) characteristics, such as fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership, and examines how the tweens’ FCA characteristics influence their Internet innovativeness, interest in online co-design involvement, and brand commitment. A survey was conducted with tween-aged girls in the Midwest region of the U.S., who were recruited through the snow ball sampling method. A total of 53 responses were acceptable for data analysis including cluster analysis, MANOVA, and multiple regression analyses. Results show the tween consumers were divided into two fashion consumer groups— fashion leaders and fashion followers—significantly different in fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership. This study also found positive effects of tweens’ FCA characteristics on Internet innovativeness, interest in online co-design involvement, and brand commitment. As FCAs with higher fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership influence the adoption and purchase behavior of other tween fashion consumers, marketers and retailers need to develop more fashion innovative, Internet-mediated, interactive, and brand-oriented marketing efforts. While the tween consumers in the children’s wear market has been featured, the prevailing literature on tween consumers’ fashion adoption and consumption is limited, particularly with regards to their FCA characteristics. This study highlights the important role of tween fashion consumers’ FCA characteristics in their online shopping orientation and brand commitment.

자가면역 질환을 동반한 당뇨병성 근육경색 1예

반가영 외 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 2011 中央醫大誌 Vol.36 No.3/4

Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is a rare complication that usually occurs in patients with longstanding microvascular complications of diabetes. The typical clinical presentation of DMI includes a sudden onset of pain, tenderness, and swelling of the lower limbs. DMI can be diagnosed by typical clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment usually includes immobilization of the affected extremity and taking analgesics. A 44 year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis for 10 years, presented with an abrupt and spontaneous onset of severe pain in the left thigh. In order to evaluate the etiology, angio-computed tomography, bone scan, and MRI of the lower extremities were performed. DMI was diagnosed based on the hyper-intense T2 weighted signals on the MRI. The patient was fully recovered with the conservative treatment.

식중독균 항원(Escherichia coli)에 의한 계란항체(IgY)생산성과 항체특성

백반석,배만종 경산대학교 생명자원개발연구소 2000 생명자원과 산업 Vol.4 No.-

식중독 균인 Escherichia coli를 항원으로 하여 산란계에 면역시켜 계란 항체(IgY)의 생산성과 항체의 특성을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 최초 면역후 형청내의 IgG는 1주부터 생성되기 시작하였으나, 난황내의 IgY는 2주부터 생성되기 시작하였다. 이것은 모체인 산란계에서 먼저 항체가 생성된 후 계란의 난황에 이행되어 농축되는 것으로 IgY의 생성과정을 확인하는 결과였다. 또한 혈청 및 난황내의 단백질 함량도 일반 대조군에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 보여 면역단백질의 증가를 뒷받침하였다. 본 실험에서 생산된 IgY는 65℃까지는 다소 안정된 경향을 나타내었으나, 70℃에서는 활성이 급격히 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. pH에 대한 안정성은 비교적 안정하여 pH4에서도 90% 이상의 활성을 유지하였다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 계란을 이용한 항체의 생산은 대량생산이 가능할 뿐만 아니라, 항원에 대한 특이성을 이용한 진단 kit제조, 의약품등 다양한 분야에 응용될 수 있으리라 기대된다. This study was investigated to make industrial base from discussion about production possible of IgY antibody, properties of IgY antibody in egg yolk. Immunoglobulin Y in egg yolk and immungoglobulin G in serum were obtained from hens which were immunized with Escherichia coli(ATCC 11775). The antibody titer were evaluate in serum and egg yolk by ELISA. After the initial immunization, the anti-Escherichia coli IgY antibody level in egg yolk increased from the two week, reaching its peak in the fifth week. On the other hand, the antibody level in the serum began to increase from the first week, reaching its peak in the eighth week. The residual antibody activities of IgY after heating at 60℃ for 30min and at 65℃ for 15min were 92%, 70% respectively, and decreased sharply at 70℃ and little antibody activity was left after heating at 80℃ for 15min. When the IgY preparation was incubated at various pHs ranging from 7 to 2 at 37℃ for 5hr. With result that the antibody acivity was stable from pH 5 to 4 and remained to 99% and 90% respectively.