Microfill, Hybrid 복합레진 연마 후 표면조도와 광반사율에 관한 연구

문은재,권혁춘 大韓齒科保存學會 1994 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.19 No.2

LUXURY CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR OF CHINESE YOUNG ADULTS – A COMPARISON BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS & YOUNG CONSUMERS FROM MAINLAND CHINA

Anne-Flore Maman Larraufie,Lu Wang,Nathalie Veg-Sala 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

The Chinese market has played an important role for the luxury industry in the past years, with double-digit yearly growth (except for last year). Luxury brands have tried to design strategies to meet the local requirements, be it in terms of retail formats or communication strategies. However, Chinese luxury consumers are evolving in terms of consumption habits and materialistic value: observations from the field show that there is less and less emphasis on logo display among certain consumers (Dubois & Laurent, 1994; Lin & Wang, 2010). Such changes might affect also young consumers, which already stand for a great share of luxury consumers (Source: Red Luxury,2012). Besides, past studies on Chinese consumers’ attitudes toward luxury and values behind luxury consumption have often relied on student-samples, acknowledging the potential limitation to their results due to a potential lack of representativeness of the population interviewed. Few studies have provided analyses of the causes of the values and behaviours of young Chinese customers towards luxury product consumption, focused on them as ‘young people’ (Wang et al., 2012; Xue & Wang, 2012). Besides, most of those that tried to do so relied upon student samples of Chinese students studying abroad (in the USA or Europe) (Chen & Kim, 2013). This paper attempts to investigate the contemporary young Chinese consumers’ behaviour towards luxury consumption, segmenting them into two groups : the international student group and mainland Chinese young consumer group. A quantitative survey collected data from 104 respondents within a month where the snowball sampling method was applied to broadcast both online and offline questionnaires. Qualitative data was analyzed through lexical analyzis, while quantitative data was analyzed with the help of SPSS (Levene-test and T-tests). This study mainly focuses on four features: Chinese culture, materialism, young Chinese generation culture and buying motivation. The results of the study mainly indicate that there have been some changes between generations. One such change is that Chinese youths are more individualistic than what was found in previous studies, and another change is that young Chinese consumers hold different points of view towards the values of luxury consumption. As far as differences between international students and local young people from Mainland China are concerned, we found the following differences: • Finding 1: International students purchase luxury products to fit-in with their friends & because they want others to view them as a member of the upper class & as a successful person more than their local fellows. • Finding 2: International students’ income is more able to support them purchase luxury products than for young locals, and they are more inclined to save money to buy luxury products that their local fellows. • Finding 3: Mainland Chinese young people usually go luxury shopping with their parents more than international students do and claim they will still purchase luxury products even if prices increase more than them as well. • Find 4: Purchasing luxury products make local young people happier than international students, and they care more about the style (as opposed to price) of luxury products than these lasts.  We believe such findings will help luxury companies refine their strategies for the coming generations and help researchers notice on which dimensions of luxury consumption using expatriated Chinese students might have an impact and lead towards biased results.

REFERENDUM ET PARTICIPATION EN FRANCE

Anne LEVADE 明知大學校 國際人權敎育硏究센터 2003 國際人權敎育硏究 Vol.5 No.

High Production of Recombinant Norwegian Salmonid Alphavirus E1 and E2 Proteins in Escherichia coli by Fusion to Secretion Signal Sequences and Removal of Hydrophobic Domains

Anne Tondervik,Simone Balzer,Tone Haugen,Håvard Sletta,Marit Rode,Karine Lindmo,Trond E. Ellingsen,Trygve Brautaset 한국생물공학회 2013 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.18 No.4

The Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (NSAV)infects farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, causes pancreas disease and leads to economic losses and fish health issues for the aquaculture. Vaccines are available,but recurring infection outbreaks at Norwegian fish farms have led to endeavours in finding solutions for increased prevention. The NSAV E1 and E2 envelope proteins are potential targets for production of recombinant subunit vaccines and for generation of antibodies for diagnostics. Efficient expression of target proteins is necessary for these applications, and here we present a new strategy for expressing this kinds of viral proteins. We show that 5'-terminal fusion of signal sequences OmpA and CSP to the e1 and e2 genes and removal of the C-terminal hydrophobic interaction and transmembrane domains of E1 and E2 leads to significantly increased expression levels. Recombinant Escherichia coli strains for high-level production of E1 and E2 harbouring these modifications were established using the inducible XylS/Pm expression cassette. Furthermore,reduction of temperature to 16oC after induction leads to 4-fold increase in production for E1, and under high-celldensity cultivations we obtained production levels up to 2.3 g/L. We also show that these proteins can be purified from inclusion bodies by affinity chromatography. This demonstrates the present approach as promising for large scale production of such viral proteins.

WOMEN'S GLOBAL NETWORKING USING ICTs

Anne S. Walker Asian pacific women's information network center 2003 APWIN Vol.5 No.-

In the past 25 years, international, regional and national women's media networks have worked together to build what has become a truly global women's movement. With a strong background ofleadership and linkages often built around the early work of more traditional international membership organizations such as the World YWCA and Associated Country Women of the World, women have set up and expanded networks ofcommunication and information that stretch into the farthest reaches ofthe world. The advent of new information technologies such as electronic networking via computers, websites, fax broadcasting, and other forms of telecommunications, has introduced a new dimension into all ofthis. These new tools and techniques for women's empowerment are expansions ofwhat has already been put in place by women worldwide. One example of a global women's network is the IWTC network. The International Women's Tribune Centre (IWTC) is an international nongovernmental organization established in 1976 following the UN International Women's Year World Conference in Mexico City. With a philosophical commitment to empowering people and building communities, IWTC provides communication, information, education, and organizing support services to women's organizations and community groups working to improve the lives of women, particularly low-income women, in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Another women's global communications strategy emerged from discussions between women's information and media networks participating in the first Preparatory Committee for the UN Beijing Plus Five Special Session in 2000. These networks formed the Womennction 2000 Coalition and worked solidly to implement a communications strategy that made it possible for women community activists in every world region to participate in the Beijing Plus Five review and appraisal process. Women's media networks worldwide have continued working to get gender issues and concerns onto the agenda ofthe World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). So much is dependent on the ability to inform and communicate with each other and with the world at large. We ask for nothing less than gender equality at every level of decisionmaking and implementation as the world becomes increasingly dependent on not only access to information but the ability and resources to produce and disseminate information.

Production and Supply of High-Quality, Save Vgetables in the Tropics: A Case Study in Indonesia

Anne Elings,Eefje den Belder,Laksminiwati Prabaningrum,Sudarwohadi Sastriswojo,Tonny Moekasan,Impron,Silke Hemming 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

OPTIMAL RIB STIFFENING FOR NOISE REDUCTION OF CONSTANT SPEED GEARBOXES

Anne Shen,Robert B. Randall 한국소음진동공학회 2008 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.7

Recension

( Anne Marie Widlund Fantini ) 한국통역번역학회 2005 FORUM Vol.3 No.1

Challenge Test Results in Patients With Suspected Penicillin Allergy, but No Specific IgE

Anne Holm,Holger Mosbech 대한천식알레르기학회 2011 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.3 No.2

Purpose: Patients with a history of allergic reaction to penicillin, but with no detectable specific IgE, are common and pose a dilemma. Challenge tests are considered to be the diagnostic gold standard. The aim of this study was to identify subgroups of patients with very low risk for reactions who could be safely tested using a more rapid and simple procedure. Methods: A total of 580 consecutively referred adult patients with a history of non-serious cutaneous allergic reactions to penicillin, but with no IgE, were challenged with therapeutic doses of penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin),penicillin G (benzylpenicillin), or both. Results: Only 14 of 580 patients had a positive challenge test. In 11 of the 14, a reaction to challenge occurred within 2 hours, and none were anaphylactic. The year of the original reaction was known for 555 patients; a positive challenge was seen in only 0.4% of those with an original reaction >15 years before challenge, but in 4.6% of those with a more recent original reaction (P=0.001). Onset of a reaction within the first day of the original exposure was a predictive factor for a positive challenge (P=0.001) in patients challenged within 15 years of the original reaction. Conclusions: Among suspected penicillin-allergic patients with non-severe skin reactions and no detectable specific IgE, the subgroup of patients who originally reacted more than 15 years previously had very low risk for reacting to a challenge. The risk was higher in patients with a more recent original reaction, especially if the symptoms had occurred within the first day of exposure.

Pour une typologie iconique de l'écriture : l'imaginaire lettré

Anne-Marie Christin 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2013 人文科學 Vol.99 No.-

이 논문은 문자에 관한 연구 중 마지막 단계이다. 이 연구의 첫 단계는 70년대에 시작되었는데 19-20세기 문학 작품 속에서 ‘보이는 것(le visible)’이 언어만큼의 비중을 차지할 수 있다는 점을 발견한 것이 그 출발점이었다. 이어 메소포타미아, 이집트, 중국 등의 표의문자체계에 관한 연구를 참조한 결과, 형상(figure)과함께 바탕(support)이 쓰여진 것(l'écrit)의 읽기에서 중요한 역할을 한다는 결론을얻게 되었다. 문자 연구의 둘째 단계에서는 서양의 ‘아트(art)’ 개념과 서양의 문자체계인 라틴 알파벳 사이의 연관성을 탐구하였다. 일찍이 르네상스 때 알베르티는 회화 훈련 방법을 알파벳 학습 방법에서 찾았고 현대 인류학자들은 문자문화의 아트 개념에 근거하여 ‘원시 아트’ 개념을 만들어냈다. 이런 태도 뒤에는 공통적으로 라틴 알파벳이 있었다. 즉, 시각적 기원을 거의 잃어버리고 모음, 자음 등의 ‘원소(l'élément)’들로 분리되어 말(言)의 전사(轉寫)라는 기능만을 담당한 서양 알파벳이 서양의 이미지 세계에도 지대한 영향을 끼쳤다는 것이다. 이러한 발견은 그동안 알파벳 문명 속에만 갇혀 있던 시각을 넓히게 한다. 이론가들과는 달리 판화제작자들은 알파벳의 시각적 잠재성을 발견하고 다양한 시도를 하기도 하였는데이런 시도를 포함하여 서양 알파벳의 시각적 가치들을 정확하게 평가하기 위해서는 다른 문자들과 서양 알파벳을 함께 놓고 연구할 필요가 있었다. 그리하여 문자의 도상적 유형론이라는 문자 연구의 마지막 단계에 이르게 되었다. 이미 1972년에 『언어학 백과사전』에서 츠베탕 토도로프가 문자 유형론을 구상했지만 그의 이론은 문자의 시각적 측면보다 언어적 원칙을 내세우는 한계를지녔다. 문자 유형론은 도상적 측면에 근거해야 하며 ‘읽기’에 근거해야 한다. ‘읽히는 것(le lisible)’은 ‘보이는 것(le visible)’과 깊은 관련이 있지만 즉각적으로 무언가가 계시되는 대신 기억을 참조하고 이리저리 탐구하여 의미를 재구성 혹은생성하는 ‘여정(parcours)’의 지능(intelligence)이 개입된다는 점이 다르다. 또, 선사인의 새김(l'inscription)에서 중요했던 것은 새겨져 있는 형상보다 그 새김의 바탕이 속해 있는 장소에 대한 의미 부여였다. 그들은 집단의 정체성을 표명하고 획득된 영도를 상징하기 위해 특별한 장소를 택해 무언가를 새겼던 것이다. 실제로그들이 새긴 형상은 연속적이지 않고 대개 짐승의 일부만 재현하였는데 그것이나중에 문자의 탄생으로 이어진다. 제 1세대의 문자는 조각난 동물 재현 형상들을 새롭게 조합하여 신들이나 고귀한 인물들의 이름을 표현하는 데에서 시작되었다. 이 경험은 언어적 표현과 같은 하나의 표현 양식에서 도상적 표현과 같은 다른 표현 양식으로의 전이가 가능하다는 점을 일깨워 주었으며 다양한 기원의 의미들이 하나의 형상에 축적됨으로써 그 형상이 기호의 역할을 하게 되었다. 수백 년을 지나는 동안 최초의 문자는 이집트, 메소포타미아, 중국 등에서 각 지역의 지배적인 소통 방식과 결합하면서 형상, 바탕, 그래피즘 등 문자의 이미지적 측면을 부각시키게 된다. 제 2세대 문자는 제 1세대와 단절되면서도 연결되는데, 이제 문자가 이미지 및구어와 동등한 자격으로 문화적 환경과 기억을 이루는 사회에서 탄생했다는 점이 제 2세대 문자의 특징이다. 일종의 메타 표기법인 제 2세대 문자는 특정한 사회‧문화적, 언 ...