Process Design Alternatives for Producing Ultra-high-purity Electronic-Grade Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Acetate

Hussain, Arif,Chaniago, Yus Donald,Riaz, Amjad,Lee, Moonyong American Chemical Society 2019 INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH - Vol.58 No.6

<P>Ultra-high-purity propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) is required as a solvent to meet the stringent requirements of the electronic-grade semiconductor industry. Here, a comparative study of two process intensification configurations-a coupling reaction and separation in the transesterification route for PGMEA production-is presented. Reactive distillation (RD), despite being technically feasible for the transesterification reaction, poses severe challenges owing to its operational/design limitations. For instance, the homogeneous catalyst sodium methoxide is insoluble in the reaction mixture and deposited on the reactive packing surface of the RD column. An intensified configuration of the side-reactor column (SRC) configuration is analyzed as an alternative to mitigate the operational limitations of RD. An economic evaluation is conducted for both configurations, showing that the SRC configuration can match the performance of an RD column with only a 5% increase in total annual cost.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Significance of operating pressure on process intensification in a distillation with side-reactor configuration

Hussain, Arif,Chaniago, Yus Donald,Riaz, Amjad,Lee, Moonyong Elsevier 2019 Separation and purification technology Vol.213 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Distillation with side-reactor (SRC) has already established its potential for understanding the energetic and economic performances of chemical processes. This study assesses the impact of operating pressure on reaction performances and overall economics in the SRC design. In conventional distillation operation, pressure is adjusted such that it permits the use of less expensive cooling water (318 K) in the condenser. However, the pressure of the nonreactive distillation column coupled to a side-reactor should be more carefully managed to obtain the process-intensification potential benefits. In the SRC design, the feed to the side-reactor is withdrawn from the column trays where the reactants are more abundant. Higher column pressure requires a more expensive heat source for the column base and causes temperature rise on the column trays. Depending on the kinetic parameters of the reaction, the pressure of the column can be adjusted to improve the conversion, selectivity, yield, and overall economics of the chemical process in an SRC design. A foremost trade-off between the operating pressure and reactor size/catalyst/heat load is demonstrated through three industrial-chemical processes. The outcome of this study affirmed the importance of understanding the impact, on process intensification, of selecting the appropriate operating pressure during the SRC conceptual design.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The effect of operating pressure on process intensification in SRC design was studied. </LI> <LI> The dependence of side-reactor volume/catalyst weight/heat duty on pressure was studied. </LI> <LI> Three real chemical processes were simulated to analyze the results. </LI> <LI> Optimal design of SRC configurations was obtained by optimizing pressure. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Design trade-offs in a column with side-reactor configuration for improving selectivity in multiple reaction systems

Hussain, Arif,Riaz, Amjad,Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul,Lee, Moonyong Elsevier 2018 Chemical engineering and processing Vol.134 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The configuration of columns with side-reactors (SRC) can effectively enhance the performance of reaction–separation processes, particularly where the operational limitations of conventional multifunctional reactors, such as reactive distillation systems, negate the overall benefits. Industrial manufacturing processes often use multiple reaction schemes that result in both desired and undesired products. The selectivity and yield of the desired product are usually improved by using large reaction vessels or high recycle flow rates of excess reactant. Therefore, in multiunit chemical processes, the foremost design trade-off is between the reaction vessel volume and the recycle flow rate. In this study, we investigate the competition of these parameters in SRC configurations in achieving specific conversion or yield criteria. Two real chemical processes involving side-reactors of non-reactive distillation columns and recycle streams are considered and their optimal design configurations are detailed. The results affirm the importance of this trade-off and its quantitative analysis to obtain the optimal SRC configuration.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Identification of design trade-offs in conceptual design of a side reactor configuration (SRC). </LI> <LI> Larger recycles improve selectivities/yields at the expense of energy cost. </LI> <LI> Large reaction vessels improve selectivities/yields at the expense of capital cost. </LI> <LI> Optimal design of SRC configuration requires consideration of both capital and energy cost. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Design method for the feasibility and technical evaluation of side-reactor column configurations

Hussain, Arif,Chaniago, Yus Donald,Riaz, Amjad,Lee, Moonyong ELSEVIER 2019 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING Vol.144 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A distillation column with side-reactor column (SRC) configuration is recommended for intensifying the conventional chemical processes in which traditional process intensification (PI) techniques negate the overall economic benefits owing to operational and technical constraints. Existing methods, however, lack systematic approaches to quickly identify whether PI using SRC design is a viable alternative, and therefore requires extensive simulation studies to verify its technical feasibility. This paper presents guidelines that quickly provide insights into the applicability of SRC to a wide range of conventional or reactive distillation (RD) processes. The reported applicability of SRC to three chemical processes clearly demonstrates the reliability of the projected framework. This paper also summarizes basic design parameters to maximize PI benefits from a practical point of view, while considering the applicability of SRC.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Side reactor column (SRC) as process intensification (PI) of reactor and distillation column are studied. </LI> <LI> Guidelines that quickly provide insights into the applicability of SRC to a wide range of reactive distillation (RD). </LI> <LI> Detail on basic design parameters to maximize PI benefits from a practical point of view and the applicability of SRC. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Allergens of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> and the effect of processing on their detection by ELISA

Iqbal, Amjad,Shah, Farooq,Hamayun, Muhammad,Ahmad, Ayaz,Hussain, Anwar,Waqas, Muhammad,Kang, Sang-Mo,Lee, In-Jung Co-Action Publishing 2016 Food & nutrition research Vol.60 No.-

<P>Food allergies are an emerging public health problem in industrialized areas of the world. They represent a considerable health problem in these areas because of the relatively high number of reported cases. Usually, food allergens are proteins or glycoproteins with a molecular mass ranging from 10 to 70 kDa. Among the food allergies, peanut is accounted to be responsible for more than 50% of the food allergy fatalities. Threshold doses for peanut allergenic reactions have been found to range from as low as 100 µg to 1 g of peanut protein, which equal to 400 µg to 4 g peanut meal. Allergens from peanut are mainly seed storage proteins that are composed of conglutin, vicilin, and glycinin families. Several peanut proteins have been identified to induce allergic reactions, particularly Ara h 1–11. This review is mainly focused on different classes of peanut allergens, the effect of thermal and chemical treatment of peanut allergens on the IgY binding and detectability of these allergens by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to provide knowledge for food industry.</P>

Channel Clustering and QoS Level Identification Scheme for Multi-Channel Cognitive Radio Networks

Ali, Amjad,Yaqoob, Ibrar,Ahmed, Ejaz,Imran, Muhammad,Kwak, Kyung Sup,Ahmad, Adnan,Hussain, Syed Asad,Ali, Zulfiqar IEEE 2018 IEEE communications magazine Vol.56 No.4

<P>The increasing popularity of wireless services and devices necessitates high bandwidth requirements; however, spectrum resources are not only limited but also heavily underutilized. Multiple license channels that support the same levels of QoS are desirable to resolve the problems posed by the scarcity and inefficient use of spectrum resources in multi-channel cognitive radio networks (MCRNs). One reason is that multimedia services and applications have distinct, stringent QoS requirements. However, due to a lack of coordination between primary and secondary users, identifying the QoS levels supported over available licensed channels has proven to be problematic and has yet to be attempted. This article presents a novel Bayesian non-parametric channel clustering scheme, which identifies the QoS levels supported over available license channels. The proposed scheme employs the infinite Gaussian mixture model and collapsed Gibbs sampler to identify the QoS levels from the feature space of the bit rate, packet delivery ratio, and packet delay variation of licensed channels. Moreover, the real measurements of wireless data traces and comparisons with baseline clustering schemes are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme.</P>

Governance Innovation and Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from the Automotive Industry in Pakistan

Malik Azhar HUSSAIN,Amjad WAQAR,Saddiq ANAM,Khan HAFEEZULLAH,Zafar ASMA 한국유통과학회 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.4

Corporate governance and innovation have been a hot topic in recent boardroom talks, whether in the trade or manufacturing industries. Governance innovations are highly significant for the survival of the motor vehicle industry like Honda, Nissan, New General Motors, and Toyota. The study chooses the motor vehicle industry which crosses the age of a century and sufficient corroborative support exists with the perspective of distinctive objectives. Using the population of all the automobile companies listed on the Pakistan stock exchange (PSX), we distill automobile companies to evaluate the firm performance using the panel data regression approach. The results show that there is a significant relationship between gender diversity, audit committees, and firm performance. Further, board size also has a positive impact on firm performance. We identify that the governance mechanism of firms found in default of the frequency of audit committee meetings. By considering results, only limited knowledge of finance directors and also very few numbers of female directors are on the board. Empirical findings of this work might be useful for policymakers in attempting to draft a corporate governance framework better able to monitor the financial performance of firms through female directors and also serve as a catalyst for the regulators of electric vehicles.

Some Folded Issues Related to Over-shielded and Unplanned Rooms for Medical Linear Accelerators - A Case Study

Wazir Muhammad,Asad Ullah,Amjad Hussain,Nawab Ali,Khan Alam,Gulzar Khan,Matiullah,뱅수진,이상훈 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.67 No.3

A medical linear accelerator (LINAC) room must be properly shielded to limit the outside radiation exposure to an acceptable safe level defined by individual state and international regulations. However, along with this prime objective, some additional issues are also important. The current case-study was designed to unfold the issues related to over-shielded and unplanned treatment rooms for LINACs. In this connection, an apparently unplanned and over-shielded treatment room of 610 × 610 cm2 in size was compared with a properly designed treatment room of 762 × 762 cm2 in size (i.e., by following the procedures and recommendations of the IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 47 and NCRP 151). Evaluation of the unplanned room indicated that it was over-shielded and that its size was not suitable for total body irradiation (TBI), although the license for such a treatment facility had been acquired for the installed machine. An overall 14.96% reduction in the total shielding volume (i.e., concrete) for an optimally planned room as compared to a non-planned room was estimated. Furthermore, the inner room’s dimensions were increased by 25%, in order to accommodate TBI patients. These results show that planning and design of the treatment rooms are imperative to avoid extra financial burden to the hospitals and to provide enough space for easy and safe handling of the patients. A spacious room is ideal for storing treatment accessories and facilitates TBI treatment.

Endophytic Fungus <i> Aspergillus japonicus</i> Mediates Host Plant Growth under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions

Ismail,Hamayun, Muhammad,Hussain, Anwar,Iqbal, Amjad,Khan, Sumera Afzal,Lee, In-Jung Hindawi 2018 BioMed research international Vol.2018 No.-

<P>We have isolated an endophytic fungus with heat stress alleviation potential from wild plant<I> Euphorbia indica</I> L. The phylogenetic analysis and 18S rDNA sequence homology revealed that the designated isolate was<I> Aspergillus japonicus</I> EuR-26. Analysis of<I> A. japonicus</I> culture filtrate displayed higher concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), flavonoids, and phenolics. Furthermore,<I> A. japonicus</I> association with soybean and sunflower had improved plant biomass and other growth features under high temperature stress (40°C) in comparison to endophyte-free plants. In fact, endophytic association mitigated heat stress by negotiating the activities of abscisic acid, catalase, and ascorbic acid oxidase in both soybean and sunflower. The nutritional quality (phenolic, flavonoids, soluble sugars, proteins, and lipids) of the<I> A. japonicus</I>-associated seedlings has also improved under heat stress in comparison to endophyte-free plants. From the results, it is concluded that<I> A. japonicus </I>can modulate host plants growth under heat stress and can be used as thermal stress alleviator in arid and semiarid regions of the globe (where mean summer temperature exceeds 40°C) to sustain agriculture.</P>

Vibration analysis of FG cylindrical shell: Evaluation of Ritz-polynomial mixed with ring terms

Mohamed A. Khadimallah,Muzamal Hussain,Muhammad Nawaz Naeem,Amjad Qazaq,Abdulaziz Alqahtani,Abdelouahed Tounsi 국제구조공학회 2021 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.27 No.5

Here the Rayleigh - Ritz method has been applied to derive the shell vibration frequency equation. This equation has been formed as an eigenvalue problem form. MATLAB software package has been utilized for extracting shell frequency spectra. Nature of materials used for construction of cylindrical shells also has visible impact on shell vibration characteristics. For isotropic materials, the physical properties are same everywhere, the laminated and functionally graded materials vary from point to point. Here the shell material has been taken as functionally graded material. Moreover, the impact of ring supports around the shell circumferential has been examined for the various positions along the shell axial length. These shells are stiffened by rings in the tangential direction. These ring supports are located at various positions along the axial direction round the shell circumferential direction. These variations have been plotted against the locations of ring supports for three values of exponents of volume fraction law. For three conditions, frequency variations show different behavior with these values of exponent law. The influence of the positions of ring supports for simply supported end conditions is very visible. The frequency first increases and gain maximum value in the midway of the shell length and then lowers down. The comparisons of frequencies have been made for efficiency and robustness for the present numerical procedure.