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MicroRNAs in Human Embryonic and Cancer Stem Cells
Alfons Navarro,Mariano Monzo 연세대학교의과대학 2010 Yonsei medical journal Vol.51 No.5
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate messenger RNAs at the post-transcriptional level. They play an important role in the control of cell physiological functions, and their alterations have been related to cancer,where they can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Recently, they have emerged as key regulators of “stemness”, collaborating in the maintenance of pluripotency, control of self-renewal, and differen-tiation of stem cells. The miRNA pathway has been shown to be crucial in embryonic development and in embryonic stem (ES) cells, as shown by Dicer knockout analysis. Specific patterns of miRNAs have been reported to be expressed only in ES cells and in early phases of embryonic development. Moreover, many cancers present small populations of cells with stem cell characteristics, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are responsible for relapse and treatment failure in many cancer patients,and the comparative analysis of expression patterns between ES cells and tumors can lead to the identification of a miRNA signature to define CSCs. Most of the key miRNAs identified to date in ES cells have been shown to play a role in tumor diagnosis or prognosis, and may well prove to be essential in cancer therapy in the foreseeable future.
Relative Factor Abundance and FDI Factor Intensity in Developed Countries
Alfons Palangkaraya,Andreas Waldkirch 한국국제경제학회 2008 International Economic Journal Vol.22 No.4
This study looks at the link between the patterns of trade revealed comparative advantage and net inward foreign direct investment in five developed countries: the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy. It thus extends earlier work by Maskus and Webster (1995) who analyzed two countries, the United Kingdom and South Korea. Despite assertions in the literature that market access is the primary motive for foreign direct investment flows among developed countries, this study shows that there is a significant role for comparative advantage in determining inflows of foreign direct investment in developed countries, especially in the services industry.
DIBOA BIOSYNTHESIS IN MAIZE : A RESISTANCE MECHANISM AGAINST PATHOGENS AND INSECTS
Alfons Gierl,Monika Frey Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research 1998 Proceedings the 2nd Korean-Germany joint symposium Vol.1998 No.-
An important component of general defence mechanisms of plants are secondary metabolites that are toxic and function as natural pesticides. The cyclic hydroxamic acids DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4- benzoxazin-3-one) play an important role in the chemical defense of cereals against deleterious pests such as insects and pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Five genes that are clustered on chromosome four, are sufficient to encode the enzymes to synthesise DIBOA. The first gene in the pathway, Bxl, encodes an enzyme resembling a trypthophan synthase alpha subunit that catalyses the formation of indole and, thereby establishes the branchpoint that leads to the secondary metabolites Four cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases encoded by Bx2-Bx5 catalyse consecutive hydroxylations to form DIBOA. This pathway can be generalised for grasses, since identical enzyme activities were found in rye. The pathway is relatively short and begins with a metabolite ubiquitous to plants. Therefore DIBOA biosynthesis could be introduced into other plant species to confer improved disease resistance.