Optical properties of aerosol mixtures derived from sun‐sky radiometry during SAMUM‐2

TOLEDANO, C.,WIEGNER, M.,GROß, S.,FREUDENTHALER, V.,GASTEIGER, J.,MÜ,LLER, D.,MÜ,LLER, T.,SCHLADITZ, A.,WEINZIERL, B.,TORRES, B.,O'NEILL, N. T. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorolog Vol.63 No.4

<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The SAMUM‐2 experiment took place in the Cape Verde islands in January–February 2008. The colocated ground‐based and airborne instruments allow the study of desert dust optical and microphysical properties in a closure experiment. The Meteorological Institute of the University of Munich deployed one sun‐sky photometer and two tropospheric lidar systems. A travelling AERONET‐Cimel sun‐sky radiometer was also deployed. During the measurement period the aerosol scenario over Cape Verde mostly consisted of a dust layer below 2 km and a smoke‐dust layer above 2–4 km a.s.l. The Saharan dust arrived at the site from the NE, whereas the smoke originated in the African equatorial region. This paper describes the main results of the Sun photometer observations, supported by lidar information. An analysis of the variations in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the range 340–1550 nm, the Ångström exponent, volume size distributions and single scattering albedo is presented. The aerosol mixtures are analysed by means of the fine mode fraction of the AOD provided by the sun‐sky inversion data and the Spectral Deconvolution Algorithm. The mean AOD (500 nm) was 0.31, with associated low Ångström exponent of 0.46. Several types of events were detected within the data set, with prevalence of dust or mixtures as characterized by the Ångström exponents of extinction and absorption and the fine mode fraction. Aerosol properties derived from sunphotometry were compared to in situ measurements of size distribution, effective radius and single scattering albedo.</P>

DOUBLE CLUTCH TRANSMISSION (DCT) SUB-SYSTEMS INCLUDING MULTIPLEXED LINEAR ACTUATION TECHNOLOGY AND DRY CLUTCHES FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND LOW COST

J.C.Wheals,A.Turner,K.Ramsay,A.O Neill,J.Bennet,H. Fang,G.Davis 한국자동차공학회 2006 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

The paper addresses the challenges of higher efficiency and lower cost than the current DCT from VW (DQ250) fitted with twin wet clutches and hydraulic control. Responsible for the design and supply of the Bugatti Veyron 7-DCT and controller. Ricardo now present some aspects of their ongoing R&D applied to the other end of the market for controlled ratio transmissions with powershift capability. The practical DCT concept is targeted at B/C class with engines up to 200 Nm with very different targets. The shan layout, meshes, and synchronization are standard: the rest of the transmission is targeted at high efficiency which is derived from two main areas: Dry clutches using a novel failsafe latching mechanism and Electrical Linear Actuators used for the clutches and shift-rails to eliminate hydraulics. Cost is reduced as a result of these mentioned devices, and the following features: Mechanical multiplexing of the linear actuators to control the entire transmission using three or potentially just two primary actuators and lubrication using carefully designed active splash channels which eliminate the need for a pump. Regarding what the driver notices, simulation and rig data suggests the combination of a friction material and the accuracy and frequency response of the linear actuation device will provide shin quality approaching that of a wet clutch system with hydraulics. Fuel economy simulation results are presented using rig-validated sub-system models to identify the magnitude of the savings from each of the design features leading to an overall improvement of 9% versus a conventional b\hydraulic DCT. Finally, the concept is shown packaged for a small EU car and a robust prediction is made of system cost.

Effect of Xylanase on Performance and Apparent Metabolisable Energy in Starter Broilers Fed Diets Containing One Maize Variety Harvested in Different Regions of China

O'Neill, H.V. Masey,Liu, N.,Wang, J.P.,Diallo, A.,Hill, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.4

The objective of this study was to investigate the variability in broiler performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal digestible energy (IDE) between five different maize samples fed with and without xylanase at 16,000 U/kg. Various in vitro characterisations were conducted to determine if any could predict performance or AME. Samples of the maize were harvested in five diverse regions and fed individually in a mash diet as follows (g/kg): test maize 608.3; soya bean meal (SBM) 324.1; poultry fat 25.2; salt 4.6; met 2.6; lys 1.6; thr 0.5; limestone 9.7, dical 18.4; vit/min 5.0; CP 210 and ME (kcal/kg) 3,085. The diets were fed to 720 broilers with 6 replicates, each containing 12 birds per treatment, from 0 to 18 d of age. Maize samples were analysed for starch, protein, crude fibre, fat, protein solubility index (PSI) and vitreousness using near infra red reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). They were also assayed using an in vitro starch digestibility method. The results showed that there was no effect of harvest region on the feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the broilers over the 18 d period (p = 0.959, 0.926, 0.819 respectively). There was an improvement in all parameters with the addition of xylanase (FI p = 0.011; BWG and FCR p<0.001). There was a significant positive effect of xylanase on IDE, AME, IDE Intake (IDEI) and AME intake (AMEI) (p<0.0001 in all cases). Although there was no significant effect of maize source, there was a strong trend towards variability in IDE (p = 0.066) and AME (p = 0.058). There were no significant correlations (p<0.05) between any proximate or physiochemical values and any performance or AME values. This may suggest that none of those selected were suitable predictors for performance or AME. The broilers performed well according to the breed guidelines, with slightly increased FI, increased BWG and similar FCR prior to the addition of xylanase. When FCR and BWG were analysed with FI as a covariate, xylanase addition remained significant suggesting that the improvement in BWG and FCR was driven by an increase in digestibility and nutrient availability.

Multicarbohydrase Enzymes for Non-ruminants

Masey O'Neill, H.V.,Smith, J.A.,Bedford, M.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.2

The first purpose of this review is to outline some of the background information necessary to understand the mechanisms of action of fibre-degrading enzymes in non-ruminants. Secondly, the well-known and understood mechanisms are described, i) eliminating the nutrient encapsulating effect of the cell wall and ii) ameliorating viscosity problems associated with certain Non Starch Polysaccharides, particularly arabinoxylans and ${\beta}$-glucans. A third, indirect mechanism is then discussed: the activity of such enzymes in producing prebiotic oligosaccharides and promoting beneficial cecal fermentation. The literature contains a wealth of information on various non starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme (NSPase) preparations and this review aims to conclude by discussing this body of work, with reference to the above mechanisms. It is suggested that the way in which multi- versus single-component products are compared is often flawed and that some continuity should be employed in methods and terminology.

Novel Cytotoxic Labdane Diterpenoids from Neouvaria acuminatissima

Lee, Ik Soo,Ma, Xianjian,Chai, Hee Byung,Madulid, Domingo A,Lamont, R . Brian,O'Neill, Melanie J .,Besterman, Jeffrey M .,Farnsworth, Norman R .,Soejarto, D . Doel,Cordell, Geoffrey A .,Pezzute, John 전남대학교 약품개발연구소 1996 약품개발연구지 Vol.4 No.1

Acuminolide (1), a cytotoxic labdane diterpene with a new type of carbon skeleton, was isolated from the stem irk of Neouvaria acuminatissima, together with its congeners 17-O-acetylacuminolide (2), and an inactive derivative, spiroacuminolide (3), Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods, as well as X-ray cystallography. Isolation, structure elucidation and bioassay results are described.

Utilization of Vertebroplasty/ Kyphoplasty in the Management of Compression Fractures: National Trends and Predictors of Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty

Brannan E. O’Neill,Jamila A. Godil,Spencer Smith,Ali I. Rae,Christina H. Wright,James M. Wright,Donald A. Ross,Josiah N. Orina,Jesse J. Liu,Clifford Lin,Travis C. Philipp,Jonathan Kark,Jung U. Yoo,Won 대한척추신경외과학회 2023 Neurospine Vol.20 No.4

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the utilization of kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty procedures in the management of compression fractures. With the growing elderly population and the associated increase in rates of osteoporosis, vertebral compression fractures have become a daily encounter for spine surgeons. However, there remains a lack of consensus on the optimal management of this patient population. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 91 million longitudinally followed patients from 2016 to 2019 was performed using the PearlDiver Patient Claims Database. Patients with compression fractures were identified using International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision codes, and a subset of patients who received kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty were identified using Common Procedural Terminology codes. Baseline demographic and clinical data between groups were acquired. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty. Results: A total of 348,457 patients with compression fractures were identified with 9.2% of patients receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty as their initial treatment. Of these patients, 43.5% underwent additional kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty 30 days after initial intervention. Patients receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty were significantly older (72.2 vs. 67.9, p < 0.05), female, obese, had active smoking status and had higher Elixhauser Comorbidity Index scores. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that female sex, smoking status, and obesity were the 3 strongest predictors of receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty (odds ratio, 1.27, 1.24, and 1.14, respectively). The annual rate of kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty did not change significantly (range, 8%–11%). Conclusion: The majority of vertebral compression fractures are managed nonoperatively. However, certain patient factors such as smoking status, obesity, female sex, older age, osteoporosis, and greater comorbidities are predictors of undergoing kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty.

Mechanics behind Breast Cancer Prevention - Focus on Obesity, Exercise and Dietary Fat

Alegre, Melissa Marie,Knowles, McKay Hovis,Robison, Richard A.,O'Neill, Kim Leslie Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.4

Cancer prevention is rapidly emerging as a major strategy to reduce cancer mortality. In the field of breast cancer, significant strides have recently been made in the understanding of underlying preventive mechanisms. Currently, three major strategies have been linked to an increase in breast cancer risk: obesity, lack of physical exercise, and high levels of saturated dietary fat. As a result, prevention strategies for breast cancer are usually centered on these lifestyle factors. Unfortunately, there remains controversy regarding epidemiological studies that seek to determine the benefit of these lifestyle changes. We have identified crucial mechanisms that may help clarify these conflicting studies. For example, recent reports with olive oil have demonstrated that it may influence crucial transcription factors and reduce breast tumor aggressiveness by targeting HER2. Similarly, physical exercise reduces sex hormone levels, which may help protect against breast cancer. Obesity promotes tumor cell growth and cell survival through upregulation of leptin and insulin-like growth factors. This review seeks to discuss these underlying mechanisms, and more behind the three major prevention strategies, as a means of understanding how breast cancer can be prevented.

Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials

Coleman, J. N.,Lotya, M.,O'Neill, A.,Bergin, S. D.,King, P. J.,Khan, U.,Young, K.,Gaucher, A.,De, S.,Smith, R. J.,Shvets, I. V.,Arora, S. K.,Stanton, G.,Kim, H.-Y.,Lee, K.,Kim, G. T.,Duesberg, G. S.,H American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2011 Science Vol.331 No.6017

<P>If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties.</P>