[시] 노력형 여름은 지나가고 외 2편

이기인(李起仁) 새얼문화재단 2022 황해문화 Vol.117 No.-

줄기가 자라는 시간 외 2편

이기인(李起仁) 고요아침 2007 열린시학 Vol.12 No.1

八大山人作品体现出孤独感的艺术语言表现研究

이기 한국동양예술학회 2019 동양예술 Vol.43 No.-

필로티 건축 양식이 가진 미의식의 인지 신경 과학적 해석

이기,조택연 한국디자인문화학회 2022 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.28 No.3

Piloti-style is an important architectural style that has long existed in various cultures. It is worth noting that such Pilot-style architecture exists in all cultures in different geographical environments. The reason why this architectural style has appeared extensively is due to its sense of beauty and functionality. Although the architectural design is free from the constraints of functionality due to the changes in the construction environment, Pilot-style architecture still remains alive in modern architecture. Various types of research have been conducted on the preferences of Piloti-type buildings. Currently, most of the research on the aesthetic consciousness of Piloti-type buildings mainly concentrates on the traditional aesthetic perspective based on the humanistic foundation. The purpose of this paper is to use cognitive neuroscience to analyze the structure of the aesthetic consciousness of the Piloti-type style through the following process. First of all, the functions of Pilotitype buildings were studied to find their architectural features. Secondly, the common preferences of humankind related to Piloti-type buildings were illustrated from the perspective of evolutionary aesthetics, and the habitat theory and prospect shelter theory among them were analyzed to confirm the aesthetic consciousness of Piloti-style buildings. After that, the aesthetic effects of the upper living space and the overhead part of Piloti-type buildings were classified and analyzed to find differences. And the differences were found by analyzing the brain activation areas on the ground and in the air. The brain areas that were activated by reinforcement in the air included inferior temporal lobe (ITL) and posterior parietal lobe (PTL). These areas have been proven in the research that can be used for object recognition. Such enhancement and activation of object recognition illustrated that the surroundings can be encoded faster in the upper space of Piloti-type buildings, and related conclusions were also drawn in behavioral experiments. After studying the integrated definition of evolutionary aesthetics and hedonic values, this research held that it was a source of beauty in the upper space of Piloti-type buildings. While the high-contrast form of upper space and lower overhead structure of Piloti-type buildings was more sensitive and easier to get attention from the perception of retinal cells and neurons in the occipital cortex. Such attention increased the focus on the upper space of Piloti-type buildings and reinforced the liking for Piloti-type buildings after the expectations for ideal shelter were satisfied under intense attention. This study explored the source of beauty for Piloti-type buildings in light of cognitive neuroscience and explained the reason why Piloti-type buildings emerged extensively in different cultural contexts. 필로티는 오래전부터 다양한 문화에 존재해온 보편적 건축 양식이다. 각기 다른 지리적 환경의 문화권이필로티 양식을 가졌다는 점은 주목할 만하다. 이 건축양식이 폭넓게 나타난 이유는 심미성과 기능성을 함께 갖추고 있기 때문이다. 현대의 건축 환경의 발전은기능성의 굴레에서 벗어났지만, 필로티 양식은 여전히생명력을 유지하고 있다. 이러한 필로티 양식이 가진호감에 대한 연구가 다양한 방식으로 진행되고 있다. 필로티 양식이 가진 미의식에 대한 기존 연구는 대부분 인문학 기반의 미학에 머물고 있다. 본 연구는 인지 신경과학을 도구로 필로티 양식이가진 미의식의 구조를 다음 과정으로 분석하고자 한다. 첫째 필로티 양식의 기능성을 분석하여 건축적 특징을 분류해 정리한다. 둘째, 이렇게 정리되 구조를진화미학 관점에서 보편적 호감을 설명한다. 이를 위해 Habitat Theory와 Prospect Refuge Theory를 사용해 분석한다. 즉 Mirror Neuron 기반의 Embodied Simulation 반응을 통해, 외부에서 관찰한 필로티 건축의 미의식이 내부에서 느끼는 미의식에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 필로티 건축의 주거 공간과 필로티 부분의 미의식 사이 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 필로티의 지표와 상층부에 대한 뇌 활성화를 분석한 결과, 상층부에서 더 강렬하게 활성화된 뇌영역은 아래쪽 측두엽(ITL)과 뒤족 두정엽(PTL)임을알게 되었다. 물체 인식의 강한 활성화는 필로티 건축의 상층부에서 주변 환경을 더 빠르게 인지할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 또한 진화미학과 괘감의 가치(Hedonic Value)를 결합한 연구에서, 이를 필로티 건축의 상부공간에 대한 미의식의 원천으로 보고 있다. 필로티 건축의 상층 공간과 하층 필로티 구조의 높은 대조적 형태는 시각 피질(Occipital cortex)에서 망막세포와 뉴런의 지각에 더 민감하고 주의를 끌기 쉽다. 이러한 집중력은 필로티 건축 상부공간에 대한주목성을 높이고, 이를 이상적 대피소로 여기는 기대가 충족되면서 필로티 건축에 대한 호감도가 강화되었다. 본 연구는 인지 신경과학에 기초하여 필로티 양식에 대한 호감의 근원을 탐구하였으며, 이를 통해 여러문화권에서 나타나는 필로티 양식을 신경학적 구조를해석하였다

Aesthetic Interpretation and Exploration of Aesthetic Education Concept from the Perspective of Neuroaesthetics

이기,류신,유욱 한국전시산업융합연구원 2023 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.41 No.3

Aesthetic education, a vital aspect of the educational system, fosters holistic and comprehensive development in students. Nevertheless, the current implementation of aesthetic education frequently takes on a form dominated by “intellectual education”, causing a shift from “aesthetic education” towards “education for beauty”. Furthermore, a trend towards homogenization between aesthetic education and specialized arts education is emerging. These issues impede the advancement of aesthetic education and obstruct the realization of its primary objective: promoting students' comprehensive development. To address these concerns, in this study, both the philosophical and scientific concepts of aesthetics was employed to interpret the structure and notion of aesthetic appreciation. The research aimed to explore innovative methods for aesthetic education. Accordingly, the study attempted to incorporate contemporary neuroaesthetics perspectives and the Vienna Aesthetic Model, elucidating the origin of beauty as grounded in the “thing-self” logic. The research underscores the crucial role of memory in the aesthetic process, analyzing memory's two characteristics-individual differences and self-relevance, based on relevant experimental results. Building on this foundation, the study ultimately proposes two aesthetic education methods: the perception of beauty through memory dimensions and the creation of beauty through memory dimensions. Specifically, the research combines situational implementation with memory representation in educational practice, delving into aesthetic education methodologies from the underlying levels of consciousness and logic. This approach guides aesthetic education towards the true essence of beauty, offering theoretical references for the advancement of aesthetic education.

A Study on the Effects of Architectural Education Using Geometric Shapes on Aesthetic awareness - Focused on Neuroscience -

이기,조택연 한국디자인트렌드학회 2023 한국디자인포럼 Vol.28 No.2

Background Several studies have shown that architects and consumers have different preferences in appreciating the same architectural forms. Such differences in aesthetic awareness exist in other works of art but appear to be more pronounced in architectural forms because, unlike art forms with relatively small audiences, architecture is a product of mass aesthetic awareness consumption. These differences can have a more serious impact on the appreciators of architectural forms. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the reasons for such differences. Methods This study first reanalyzes data from a survey of architects and consumers on architectural aesthetic preferences and identifies aesthetic differences between these two groups, primarily in the functionalist style of architecture. Second, the analysis of the educational system revealed that the geometric language of form, which has had a continuous influence on functionalism, may be one of the reasons for the differences in aesthetic awareness. Third, the ventral visual (HSF) pathway of the brain for stylistic processing was analyzed, and it was found that both the neostriatum associated with visual habits and the ventral striatum associated with reward mechanisms play a role in the stylistic process. Therefore, this study argues that the familiarity with the language of geometric shapes developed in the education of architects is one of the reasons for the differences in architectural aesthetics. Fourth, to establish this claim, a questionnaire experiment was conducted, and a correlation analysis of the results proved a significant correlation between familiarity with the language of geometric shapes and architectural aesthetic outcomes. Result Based on the above analysis, one of the reasons for the difference between architects' and consumers' aesthetic awareness of functionalist architectural forms is the variability in familiarity with the language of geometric shape design in the educational process. Conclusion This study argues that the geometric familiarity brought about through stylistic education affects the visual aesthetic awareness of architects. This geometry-based design education is not through recognition of the beautiful structures found but rather develops into a style that can be perceived as beautiful in its stylistic value. But this sense of beauty is perceptually differentiated by differences in people's experiences. Consumers form visual memories from everyday visual experiences and architects' visual memories from geometric modeling education. As a result of this learning, the architect's sense of beauty has a tendency to fail to meet the consumer's general sense of beauty.

농촌 건축 디자인에서 지역문화의 미의식 가치 연구

이기,조택연 한국디자인리서치학회 2022 한국디자인리서치 Vol.7 No.3

Regional culture default has become a problem to be resolved in the study regarding the status quo of rural renewal architecture in China. It is widely known that regional culture plays a crucial part in terms of people’s wellbeing. For the moment, most of the studies on regional culture were made from the perspectives of humanities and sociology. Being fully aware of this problem, the values of regional culture were studied from a neuroaesthetic point of view. Firstly, the significance of memories in aesthetic perception model was confirmed in this study starting with the aesthetic perception model itself. Secondly, the related studies regarding autobiographical memory were analyzed. Positive emotions come from positive memories. Therefore, activating autobiographical memory is a resultful approach to obtain positive emotions compared with other approaches. As shown in the studies applying FRMI technology that positive autobiographical memory can activate the striatum in a prominent manner. Such activation of striatum means the activation of the brain reward mechanism. Therefore, the positive autobiographical memory is of great significance for arousing the aesthetic consciousness. At last, related elaborations were made on autobiographical memory and regional culture in this study. On account of the formation of autobiographical memory is greatly affected by regional culture. As a result, the perceptual results triggered by the architecture with regional culture are under the influence of the brain reward mechanism activated by the autobiographical memory. This was considered the source of aesthetic perception for the architecture with regional culture in this study. The aesthetic perception generated by the architecture with regional culture was expounded in this paper by means of the neuroaesthetic analysis method on the basis of autobiographical memory. Hoping to provide supportive evidence for the values of regional culture in architectural design. 중국 농촌 건축 재생 활동에 관한 연구에서 지역 문화의 부족이 지적되고 있다. 지역 문화는 삶의 질을 높이는 데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이는 건축 재생 활동에 사용되는 지역 문화 연구 대부분이 인문학과 사회학적 시각에 편중되어 있기 때문으로 보인다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 인식하고, 신경 미학 관점에서 지역문화의 가치를 연구하였다. 첫째, 미의식의 지각패턴에서 출발하여 미의식으로 기억되는 과정의 중요성에 집중하였다. 둘째, 자서전적 기억(Autobiographical memory)에 관한 선행 연구를 분석하였다. 기억에 관한 연구는 긍정적 추억이 긍정적인 정서를 가질 수 있게 함을 보여준다. 이런 긍정적인 정서를 얻는 신경 과정에 자서전적 기억의 활성화가 효과적이다. FRMI를 사용한 연구에서 긍정적 자서전적 기억이 선조체(Striatum)에서 유의미한 활성화를 일어나게 하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 선조체는 활성화는 뇌 보상 메커니즘(mechanism)를 대표한다. 따라서 보다 적극적인 자서전적 기억은 미적 감성을 불러일으키는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 자서전적 기억과 지역 문화의 영향에 대해 논의 한다. 자서전적 기억의 형성이 지역적 문화에 의해 큰 영향을 받기 때문이다. 즉 지역문화를 가진 건축에서 촉발된 지각의 결과는 자서전적 기억으로 활성화되는 두뇌 보상 메커니즘(mechanism)의 영향을 받는다. 이를 지역적 문화를 가진 건축적 미의식의 원천 중 하나로 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 지역문화에 의해 발생한 자서전적 기억을 기초로 건축 미의식을 신경 미학의 분석으로 설명한다. 이 연구가 건축 디자인에 있어 지역문화의 가치를 제공하는 근거가 되기를 기대한다.

반투명 표피를 사용한 건축에서 느끼는 미의식의 신경 미학적 연구

이기,조택연 한국디자인리서치학회 2022 한국디자인리서치 Vol.7 No.2

The functional separation of structure and skins in architecture has emerged in Gothic architecture. The Industrial Revolution accelerated the production of metal and glass, which led to the functional separation of structure from the skins becoming a common architectural design style after the 19th century. The architectural skins is liberated from the structure and assumes the role of expressing beauty. In this context, there are some suggestions on the visual design points of architectural skins and architectural structure given from the perspective of neuro-aesthetics in this paper. This study was conducted in accordance with the following procedure. First, The concept and experimental data related to fluency theory and aesthetic A-HA theory are used to determine human susceptibility to transparency. There is a way found to generate good feelings that is semi-translucent architectural skins. Second, Determine the ideal architectural features through the "Prospect and Refuge" model based on the "Embodiment Theory" and the "Dwelling Theory". Third, Analyze the visual role of semi-translucent architectural skins and building structure based on the "Prospect and Refuge" model from the perspective of symbolism. Fourth, Found the effect of expectation on memory representation in perceptual processing through the comparative analysis of aesthetic model. Fifth, Vitruvius's architectural theory regards utilitas(functionality), firmitas(strength), and venustas(aesthetics) as the expected universal values of architecture. Sixth, In terms of memory representation, some suggestions on the visual characteristics of building structures in buildings are proposed with translucent building skins. On this basis, this study puts forward the following suggestions. Buildings with semi-translucent skins are attractive. Semi-translucent building skins should indicate that it is supported by a solid structure. In terms of visual perception, the firmness of the structure on the back of the semi-translucent skins satisfies the universal aesthetic consciousness. The good feelings generated in this automatic cognitive processing process based on unconscious implicit memories can have a positive impact on cognitive outcomes. In terms of visual perception, the stability of the structure projected on the back of the translucent skin satisfies a general aesthetic sense.Therefore, an expression with visual appeal - translucent architectural skins and visually perceived stable building structures are proposed in this study. 건축에서 구조와 표피의 기능적 분리는 이미 고딕 건축에서 일어났다. 산업혁명으로 금속과 유리의 생산이 가속되며 구조와 표피의 기능적 분리는 19세기 이후 건축 설계의 보편적 양식이 되었다. 건축 표피가 구조에서 해방되어 아름다움을 표현하는 역할을 맡게 된 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 맥락에서 신경 미학을 기반으로, 건축 표피와 이에 투영되는 구조가 시각적 디자인 포인트로 제안하기를 희망한다. 본 연구는 우선 유창성 이론과 심미적 A-HA 이론 연구 개념과 데이터를 통해 투명성에 대한 인간의 선호도를 탐구한다. 좋은 느낌을 주는 방법 발견 - 반투명 건물 피부. 두 번째는 “구체화(embodied) 이론”과 “조망과 피신(prospect and refuge)” 모델을 기반으로 이상적인 건축적 특징을 정하는 것이다. 세 번째는 상징성 관점에서 “조망과 피신(prospect and refuge)” 모델을 기반으로 반투명한 건물 외피와 건물 구조의 시각적 역할을 분석한다. 네 번째는 미의식 모델의 비교와 분석을 통해 지각 처리에서 기억 표현에 대한 기대의 영향을 발견하였다. 다섯 번째는 Vitruvius의 건축 이론적인 관점에서 기능성(utilitas), 견고성(firmitas), 심미성(venustas)을 건축이 원하는 가치로 삼고 있다. 여섯 번째는 기억 표현의 관점에서, 반투명 건물 외피를 가진 건물에서 건물 구조의 시각적 특성에 대한 제안이 제공한다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구는 다음과 같이 제안하였다. 반투명의 표피를 가진 건물은 호감을 느끼게 한다. 또한 반투명한 건물 표피는 견고한 구조체가 이를 받치고 있음을 잘 보여줘야 한다. 이러한 무의식적 내재 기억에 기반한 자동 인지 처리 과정에서 발생하는 호감은 인지 결과에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 시각 인지에서 반투명 표피의 배면에 투영되는 구조체의 견고함은 보편적 미의식을 만족시킨다. 따라서 시각적 호감을 얻는 표현인 '반투명한 표피와 이에 비치는 안정된 건축구조'를 제시하고자 한다.

비즈니스 정보-"유럽연합 회원국의 21세기 비즈니스 환경" : 작고도 큰 포르투갈 시장 공략하기

이기 한국외국어대학교 외국학종합연구센터 2004 국제지역정보 Vol.137 No.-

응급실에 내원한 비출혈 환자에서 Rapidrhino 패킹의 효용성

이기일,권문오,양찬주,조인수,이기일 대한응급의학회 2017 대한응급의학회지 Vol.28 No.3

Purpose: Although there are many treatment options for managing epistaxis, little is known about their outcomes in the emergency department (ED). In this study, we evaluated the management of epistaxis, especially comparing the efficacy between Rapidrhino and Merocel . Methods: A retrospective review of patients with epistaxis visiting the ED between January 2010 and June 2016 was performed. Haemostatic properties of packs were initially measured in the ED, and after the removal of packs in the otorhinolaryngology clinic. Subgroup analyses were performed in a similar fashion for patients receiving and not receiving anticoagulants or the antiplatelet. Results: The initial success rates for Rapidrhino and Merocel were both high (90.3%, 86.3%, respectively). Rebleeding rates for Rapidrhino and Merocel were 41.4% and 56.3%, respectively. Overall, there was a significant difference between the two types of packs in recurrence (p=0.032). Particularly, in patients with anticoagulants, the initial success rates of Rapidrhino were higher than that of Merocel (88.6%, 76.2%, respectively, p=0.222). The rebleeding rate of Rapidrhino was much lower than that of Merocel (54.3%, 85.7%, respectively, p=0.016). In the Rapidrhino group, the rebleeding rate varied according to the packing removal date (p=0.001). Conclusion: Rapidrhino and Merocel are equally effective in the initial arrest of epistaxis in the ED. Rapidrhino may be more effective in controlling haemorrage on removal, particularly in patients with anticoagulants. Patients with epistaxis could be treated with Rapidrhino in the ED, which could be removed in the outpatient clinic one day later.