올림픽 운동과 올림픽 시스템에 대한 규범적 고찰

한희원(Hee Won Han) 중앙법학회 2010 中央法學 Vol.12 No.1

Nowadays. the Olympic Games is a international humankind festival crossing the whole world and a major international sport event of summer and winter sport games in which thousands of athletes compete in a wide variety of events. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th century forced the IOC to adapt the Games to the world`s changing social circumstances and one of peculiar phenomena of world culture. Actually, modern Olympism was conceived by Pierre de Coubertin, on whose initiative the International Athletic Congress of Paris was held in June 1894. For that purpose the International Olympic Committee (IOC) constituted itself on 23 June 1894. Olympic Movement is organized under the basis of Olympism from the beginning. As the Olympic Charter illustrating, Olympism is a philosophy of life. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles. Therefore the Olympic Movement is the concerted, organised, universal and permanent action, carried out under the supreme authority of the IOC. The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practised in accordance with Olympism and its values. The three main constituents of the Olympic Movement are the International Olympic Committee, the International Sports Federations and the National Olympic Committee. Among them IOC took the status of supremacy. With the legal authority, the mission of the IOC is to promote Olympism throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement. Actually the practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practising sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. Considering these all legal issues based on the Olympic Charter, this paper exams Olympic Movement and Olympic System from the perspective of international legal framework of sport and hoping that this paper would serve as the basic documents for the development of sports law and legislative materials.

대학생의 학업정서가 진로결정 자기효능감을 매개로 진로결정수준에 미치는 영향

한희원(Han Hee Won),문경숙(Moon Kyoung Suk) 한국열린교육학회 2015 열린교육연구 Vol.23 No.4

본 연구는 대학생의 학업정서와 진로결정수준 두 변인 간의 관계에서 진로결정 자기효능감의 매개 역할을 살펴보고자 시도되었다. 본 연구에서 상정한 가설을 검증하기 위하여 465명의 대학생에게 설문조사를 실시하였다. 기본적인 기술통계 외에 AMOS를 이용하여 구조방정식모형을 검증하였고, 매개효과에 대한 검증은 Bootstrapping방법을 사용하였다. 주요결과는 첫째, 수업상황에서 즐거움, 희망, 수치심, 지루함은 진로결정 자기효능감에, 즐거움, 자부심, 지루함은 진로결정수준에 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 학습상황에서 즐거움, 희망, 불안, 절망감, 지루함은 진로결정 자기효능감에, 지루함은 진로결정수준에 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 수업상황에서 즐거움, 희망, 수치심, 지루함이 진로결정 자기효능감을 매개로 진로결정수준에 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 학습상황에서 즐거움, 희망, 수치심, 절망감, 지루함이 진로결정 자기효능감을 매개로 진로결정수준에 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 학업정서, 진로결정 자기효능감, 진로결정수준 변인간의 관계를 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 학업정서의 교육적 중요성에 대하여 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 한 논의와 추후연구를 위한 제언을 수록하였다. The goal of this study was to investigate the mediating role of career decision self-efficacy in the relationship between academic emotion and career decision status. For this study, 465 college students were collected from local universities. Amos was used to test the structural equation modeling and bootstrapping method mediating effect. The main results are as follows. First, enjoy, hope, shame and boredom had significant effect on career decision self-efficacy. Second, enjoy, hope, anxiety, hopelessness and boredom in self-learning situation had significant effect on career decision self-efficacy and boredom in self-learning situation had significant effect on career decision status. Third, enjoy, hope, shame and boredom in classroom-learning situation had significant effect on career decision status through the mediating variable of career decision self-efficacy. Fourth, enjoy, hope, shame, hopelessness and boredom in self-learning situation had significant effect on career decision status through the mediating variable of career decision self-efficacy. The relationships among academic emotion, career decision self-efficacy, and career decision status were proved by this study and especially, the educational importance of academic emotion was revealed. Further discussions and implications based on this study were presented.

새로운 환경에 따른 북한인권법의 제정과 탈북자의 난민성에 대한 고찰

한희원(Han, Hee-Won) 한국법학회 2013 법학연구 Vol.50 No.-

그동안 고착상태에 있는 북한인권법 제정논의에 새로운 환경변화가 생겼다. 2013년 UN은 북한 인권 문제를 조사할 북한인권조사기구(COI)를 발족했다. 대한민국은 2013년 7월 1일부터 새로운 독립된 난민법을 시행한다. 그동안 대한민국의 역대 정권은 그 정책방향에 따라서 북한당국과의 대화라는 이름으로 북한주민의 인권참상을 외면하고 방조했다. 그 결과 미국은 2004년 북한인권법을 제정했지만, 우리는 논의만 무성한 채 아직도 북한인권법을 제정하지 못하고 있다. 그러는 사이에 중국 북동부의 탈북자들은 중국 현지에서 또 다른 인권유린의 대(大) 참상을 겪고 있다. 중국은 탈북자들을 일괄하여 경제적 곤궁자로 개념 짓고는 북한에 강제 송환하는 정책으로 일관하고 있다. 이에 본고는 이념과 정치를 떠나서 북한인권법의 필요성과 당위성을 법규범에 입각하여 고찰해 본다. 또한 중국 당국의 탈북자에 대한 강제북송 조치의 인권법적 문제점을 분석하고, 북한 이탈주민의 신분을 법리적으로 고찰해 보았다. 그리고 세계관할권에 입각한 민사배상의 가능성을 살펴보았다. 2013년 벽두부터 북한은 핵무기로 세계를 위협하지만, 수잔 솔티 여사의 지적처럼 북한에 대한 가장 강력한 무기와 해법은 인권, 즉 자유라고 할 것이다. Until now, North Korea is considered as the most oppressive regime on the Earth. It is well known that the North Korean government has no due process system over the imprisoning. As one of the international community’s response to the human rights abuses by the North Korea, the Congress of U.S. legislated a law named the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004(NKHRA). Approximately there are around 100,000-300,000 North Korean defectors in China. Their life is so miserable and someone says that it is another human rights disaster. However, China refuses to grant refugee status to North Korean defectors and considers them illegal economic migrants. The Chinese authorities arrest and deport hundreds of defectors back into North Korea. Under the circumstances, issues arise what is the legal status of North Korean defectors and are there any legal grounds to the treatment of the Chinese government to North Korean defectors? From all these points of view, this paper examines the development of humanitarian intervention law, and review the normative justification of the North Korean Human Rights Act of the U.S. The aim of this work is to enhance and emphasis the necessity of the right enactment of the North Korean Human Rights Act in the Republic of Korea. For this purpose, this paper firstly analyzes the legal grounds of NKHRA and normative effectiveness of humanitarian intervention law under the United Nations system which regards sovereign states is undoubtedly the main key factor in international relations. And then, for the reasonable solution of North Korea refugee issues, this paper urges the position changes of the Chinese government by introducing humanitarian intervention law theory and by accepting legal opinions of the international community such as Tarik M. Radwan. On this paper, I once more make an assertion that the North Korean Human Rights Act has its legitimacy and effectiveness for the reasonable solution against horrible North Korea human rights situation and it’s improvement.

국민보호와 공공안전을 위한 테러방지법에 대한 소고

한희원(Han Heewon) 한국법학회 2016 법학연구 Vol.64 No.-

전 세계를 경악으로 몰아넣었던 2001년 9/11 테러공격으로 촉발되어 입법이 논의되기 시작한 테러방지법이 2016.3.3.일 법률 제14071호로 ‘국민보호와 공공안전을 위한 테러방지법’이라는 이름으로 제정되었다. 법의 제정은 여의치 않았다. 전 세계적으로 유래가 없는 최장시간의 필리버스터링을 수차례 갱신하면서 극렬한 반대 속에서 표결로 제정되었다. 과연 법은 어떤 내용을 담았기에 온 나라를, 아니 전 세계를 떠들썩하게 한 것인지에 대한 법규범적 성찰은 부족해 보인다. 명백한 것은 2016년 현재에도 테러리즘은 기승을 부리며 세계 평화와 안전을 위협한다는 점과 대한민국은 테러청정국가가 아니라는 사실이다. 또한 이웃나라 중국이 제정한 강력한 반테러법은 그 영향이 대한민국에게도 직접 미친다는 사실이다. 테러방지법에서 문제될 독소조항이 있다면 철저한 검증을 통해서 제대로 된 법이 되도록 지속적으로 견제와 감독을 다하여야 하는 것은 국가의 책무이기도 하다. 그러나 핵심은 제정된 법이 현재 수준의 테러리즘에 대처하기에 부족함이 없도록 하는 것에 있다. 그럴 경우에만 테러방지법이 정치적 흥정이나 정권교체와 무관하게 그 순수성을 유지하면서 민주성과 투명성을 확보할 수 있게 될 것이기 때문이다. 이에 본고는 ‘국민보호와 공공안전을 위한 테러방지법’을 법규범적으로 검토하여 향후 대테러 정보수사업무의 민주성과 개방성을 확보하기 위한 법 정책적 그리고 실무적 내용을 살펴보고자 한다. Today, there is no safe and exceptional area in the world from a terror threats. Terrorism is universal threats and real national security circumstance. For that reasons, counter-terrorism incorporates the practice, military tactics, techniques, and strategy that government, military, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies use to combat or prevent terrorism. Owing to a rapid and diverse method of communication, we are in the middle of a struggle against a deadly terrorist ideology. However one of the primary difficulties of implementing effective counter-terrorist measures is the waning of civil liberties and individual privacy that such measures often entail, both for citizens and for those detained by states attempting to combat terror. Sometimes, measures designed to tighten security have been seen as abuses of power or even violations of human rights. Examples of these measures can include prolonged, incommunicado detention without judicial review; risk of subjecting to torture during the transfer, return and extradition of people between or within countries. However non the less these controversy, some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. Preemptive attacks include capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach. Anyway, the Republic of Korea finally legislated the Counterterrorism Act for protection of nation and public safety. According to the legislation, this paper examines that Counterterrorism Act mainly focusing to the concept of terror and the obligation and power of relative authorities. For that purpose this study mainly dealt with the concept of terror from the view of universal standard and core requirements of terrorism. At any rate, despite of all hot debates about the various legality and human rights issues derived from the intelligence and law enforcement service combating terrorism, the national security should be secured for more bigger freedom and human rights.

국가안보 패러다임의 변화와 정보 · 수사 융합에 대한 법규범적 연구

한희원(Han, Hee Won) 한국법학회 2017 법학연구 Vol.66 No.-

1991년 냉전 종식 이후 국가안보 성격과 패러다임은 크게 변했다. 현대국가의 국가안보 패러다임은 전쟁(warfighting)에서 범죄와의 전투(crimefighting)로 묘사된다. 국가정보는 주권국가 국가안보 정책에의 서비스 자료이다. 그러므로 국가안보의 성격이나 방향의 변화에 따라 서 정보의 방향성이나 조직체계도 변모하게 된다. 오늘날 정보기구는 국가안보를 위협하는 수준의 범죄와의 전투도 주된 임무로 부여받았다. 물론 우리의 경우에는 북한과의 전쟁도 현실이고 전쟁에 대한 예지력 발휘와 대응은 정보기구의 가장 중요한 임무이다. 결론적으로 냉전시대와는 비교할 수 없는 다양한 안보위협세력의 등장과 세계의 글로벌화는 정보와 수사의 밀접한 융합을 요청한다. 그럴 경우에만 변모된 안보위협세력으로부터 주권국가의 안전을 수호할 수 있기 때문이다. 본고는 이를 법치적 관점에서 천착한다. Nowadays, not only traditional national security crimes but also so called supra-national security threats like terrorism, international organized crime, cyber security threats, weapons of mass destruction proliferation pose realistic and direct threats to the national security. The end of the Cold War was not a end of intelligence consume. On the contrary it has changed the nature of the threats to our national security profoundly. Transnational phenomena such as terrorism, narcotics trafficking, alien smuggling, and the smuggling of nuclear material have been recognized to have profound security implications for many sovereign states. These so-called new security threats issues have been placed under the broad label of supranational security threats which demand collaboration between intelligence and law enforcement. Those issues have changed not only the policy discourse but it also has changed the exercise of public power of sovereign states. However a growing gap between traditional security concepts and paradigms and the contemporary practice of security policy and public power has brought many absurd and unreasonable results. Most of them are increasingly defining their security interests more in terms of crimefighting than in terms of warfighting, and more in terms of deterring law evasions and fusion between law enforcement and intelligence and than in terms of deterring military invasions. From all those point of views, in this thesis, I examine how the coercive apparatus of the state has been reconfigured and redeployed, especially after the cold war period. Specifically, I trace the growing fusion between law enforcement and national security missions, institutions, strategies, and technologies in U.S.A. This thesis explores the consequences of these changes for the traditional agenda of security studies, and argue that these changes reflect both a militarization of policing and a domestication of soldiering too. This Article examines four categories of national security crimes treason, espionage, sabotage, and terrorism and the applicable statutes available to combat these threats. For effective investigation against national security crimes, combination with other information is essential, such as that of policy community, national intelligence: which forewarns threats to national security; provides support and protection to our forces; strengthens our efforts against terrorism and spies. This article contains details of the other country’s experiences and intelligence reform effort for the practical lessons to us.

대학생의 전공만족도가 진로결정 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

한희원(Han, Hee-Won),문경숙(Moon, Kyoung-Suk) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2017 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.17 No.18

본 연구는 대학생들의 전공만족도가 그들의 학업정서 및 진로결정 자기효능감과 어떠한 관련성이 있는지를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 더 나아가 학생들이 경험하는 학업정서가 전공만족도와 진로결정 자기효능감 간의 관계에서 매개적인 역할을 하는지를 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 5개의 4년제 대학에 재학 중인 464명의 학생들을 대상으로 전공만족도, 학업정서, 진로결정 자기효능감을 측정 하고 변인들 간의 특성과 구조적 관계를 탐구하였다. 구조모형의 경로계수를 확인한 결과 전공만족도는 진로결정 자기효능감에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 학업정서는 긍정적, 부정적 학업정서 모두 직접적으로 진로결정 자기효능감에 정적, 부적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 전공만족도와 진로결정 자기효능감의 관계에서 학업정서의 매개효과를 부트스트랩((Bootstrapping) 방법을 사용하여 검증하였다. 그 결과 간접효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났으며 이는 전공만족도와 진로결정 자기효능감 간의 관계에서 학업 정서가 매개효과가 있음을 의미한다. 본 연구 결과로 전공만족도가 학업정서를 예측 할 수 있는 주요 변인이라는 것과 이후 진로결정에 영향을 주는 중요한 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다. 학업정서의 매개역할에 대한 중요성 역시 확인되었다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 대학교육에 대한 시사점과 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between undergraduate students’ major satisfaction, academic emotion, and career decision self-efficacy. In addition, this study examined whether major satisfaction was indirectly associated with career decision self-efficacy with the mediator of academic emotion. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, 464 students were collected from five universities. The path coefficients of the structure model revealed that major satisfaction and academic emotion positively or negatively affected the career decision self-efficacy directly. And it was proved mediating role of academic emotion in relation to major satisfaction and career decision self-efficacy using Bootstrapping method. The results showed that major satisfaction major was confirmed to be a key factor in academic emotion and career decision self-efficacy. Academic emotion was an important mediator in the relationship between major satisfaction and career decision self-efficacy. Based on the results of this study, implications for identifying the role of university education are discussed.

정보보안(保安)의 규제 혁신에 대한 고찰 -산업기술의유출방지및보호에관한법률을 중심으로-

한희원 ( Hee Won Han ) 법조협회 2009 法曹 Vol.58 No.4

Regulation is a sort of legal restrictions imposing sanctions(such as a fine) promulgated by government authority. Regulation mandated by a government attempts to produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur, produce or prevent out comes in different places to what might otherwise occur. Notwithstanding, Regulation is a sort of legal restriction, it is are justified using a variety of reasons. Regulatory Reform concerns improvements to the quality of government regulation, that is, reforming regulations that raise unnecessary obstacles to competition, innovation and growth, while ensuring that regulations efficiently serve important social objectives. The OECD has engaged in the research on regulatory reform since 1998 in the belief that inefficient regulations lower the economic growth of its member countries. In the past, Korea`s regulatory structure was known to be excessively complex and inefficient. A comprehensive system for reviewing existing regulations were introduced. However, the OECD notes that Korea`s regulatory reform is only on its track. From this point of views, this article examines thoroughly intelligence security as one of special administrative regulations and the epoch-making real regulatory reform or deregulation. Generally speaking, intelligence security, a form of defensive counterintelligence which is starting by looking for places in one`s own organization that could easily be exploited by foreign intelligence services is not sufficient for the protector of a trade secrets of a company. Regardless of its bona fides, sometimes it can function by mistake as a sever regulation. From this point of view, this article tests the legal character of intelligence security through the study of the 1998 decision of U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs who had concluded that secrecy is a form of regulation. Therefore, this article is concerned whether the existing “the Act on Prevention and Protection Industrial Technology” is against the constitution or not, because of the excessive restrictions on the private sector by government power with the name of intelligence security. Finally, as an landmark big improvement in regulatory reform, this article recommends that Korea government should amend the Framework Act on Administrative Regulations and Act on Prevention and Protection Industrial Technology with the eliminating or mitigating the strict restriction regarding industrial secrets of a private economy body by amending the exception clause of intelligence security as one of exception of administrative regulations.

인공지능(AI) 치명적자율무기(LAWs)의 법적·윤리적 쟁점에 대한 기초연구

한희원(Han, Hee-Won) 중앙법학회 2018 中央法學 Vol.20 No.1

오늘날 인공지능(AI)의 기술은 눈부시게 발전하고 있다. 그 결과 인공지능(AI)를 장착한 치명적자율무기(Lethal Autonomous Weapons: LAWs), 일명 살인로봇을 군사무기로 하는 새로운 형태의 군비경쟁이 진행되고 있다. LAWs는 인간의 개입 없이 시스템 스스로가 목표물을 선택하고 공격하도록 설계된 자율무기이다. LAWs는 육지, 하늘, 바다, 수중 그리고 우주에서도 작동될 수 있는 인류의 신형병기이다. 명백하게 LAWs는 어떤 방향으로든지 지구의 미래를 새롭게 형성할 것으로 보인다. 그런데 LAWs는 냉전시대처럼 경쟁하는 두 나라 사이의 경주가 아니다. 그것은 천천히 변화하는 법적·제도적 규범과 급속한 과학기술 발전 사이에 놓여 있는 법적·윤리적 쟁점이다. 이에 본고는 현행 국제 규범 체계와 도덕 체계에서 치명적 자율무기의 사용이 국제인도법(International Humanitarian Law: IHL)의 법적 요청을 충족할 수 있는지, 특히 전쟁이나 무력분쟁에 있어서의 차별금지의 원칙(principles of discrimination), 비례성의 원칙(proportionality) 그리고 예방 조치의 원칙(precautions in attack)을 충족시킬 수 있는 지에 대한 적법성과 그 윤리성을 개관한다. The enormous advances made in the field of artificial intelligence over the past years have led to mounting fears and debates on the future warfare. Especially lethal autonomous weapons(LAWs) which can select both the target and means of attack autonomously without decision of human being are in the center of the debate. The current research and future deployment of lethal autonomous weapon systems(LAWs) is actively under running throughout the military, nongovernmental, and international communities. This discussion is mainly focused on the military advantage to be gained from current and future systems, the risks and potential benefits inherent and the ethics of their use. Ongoing discussions at different multilateral fora on the definition of ‘Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems(LAWS) are focused on a preemptive ban on LAWs on one hand and the justification of the dual use of technology on the other. Those who advocate for a pre-emptive and thorough ban on LAWs argue that such weapon systems are not able to comply with the fundamental principles of proportionality, distinction and precaution which is the main principle of the International Humanitarian Law(IHL). The issue of accountability and criminal responsibility of individuals and States for serious violations of IHL and IHRL in the use of LAWs is also matter of fundamental importance too. Considering the dual use of robot technology and already existing degree of autonomy in current warfare, what is essential is to engage in meaningful deliberations to arrive at common understandings on compliance of LAWs with the principles of IHL and IHRL ahead of their deployment in future conflicts. Like previous technological revolutions, artificial intelligence surely poses new challenges for international humanitarian law, particularly regarding accountability and the legal regulations governing the use of force. From all those point of vies, this thesis suggests and emphases to rethink its pros and cons and make a agreed rules through United Nation System.

연구논문 : 국가정보 업무의 통제와 감독체계에 대한 비교법적 고찰을 통한 법정책적 함의 연구

한희원 ( Hee Won Han ) 한국법정책학회 2014 법과 정책연구 Vol.14 No.1

2013년 12월 5일 여ㆍ야 합의로 출범한 소위 국가정보원 개혁특위가 국가정보원법 개정안을 도출한 것을 시발로, 향후 국회 정보위원회의 전임화는 그 운영 방향에 따라서는 댓글 사건 이상으로 국가정보 업무를 정쟁의 한 가운데로 몰아넣을 위험성이 제기된다. 2014년 1월 14일 발효된 개정 국정원법에 따라서 모든 국가정보 요소에 대한 국회의 예산심의나 감사원의 예산 결산에 있어서 투명성이 더욱 주장될 것임에 비추어, 일정한 비밀성을 속성으로 하는 국가정보에 대한 정치권의 몰이해와 주도권 다툼으로 자칫 국가안보에 위험성을 초래할 가능성을 배제할 수 없기 때문이다. 심지어는 정쟁화를 회피하려는 국가정보원 등의 자발적인 협조로 정보의 정치화를 가져올 위험성도 예상된다. 명백한 것은 이제 국가정보 업무에 대한 감독과 통제의 문제는 더 이상 남의 나라의 일로 머무를 수는 없게 되었다. 그러나 국가정보 업무에 대한 감독과 통제가 입법부 일방 독주로만 이루어지는 것은 아니다. 행정부 자체 그리고 사법부가 정보업무에 대한 감독과 무관한 고립지대가 결코 아닌 것이다. 따라서 민주국가에서 대표적인 비밀기구인 정보기구의 업무에 대한 통제와 감독은 여당과 야당 그리고 정치권과 행정부의 적당한 정치적 흥정으로 이루어져서는 결코 안 될 일이다. 왜냐하면 민주주의라는 절차와 수단 가치에 앞서서 그 자체로 절대적 존립가치를 가지는 국가안보를 가지고 거래를 해서는 안 될 일이기 때문이다. 통제와 감독의 올바른 모습은 법규범적으로 근거를 가지고 제도화시키는 것에 있다. 그럴 경우에만 정치적 흥정에서 그리고 정권교체와 무관하게 국가정보 업무의 순수성은 유지하면서도 민주성과 투명성을 확보할 수 있게 된다. 이에 본고는 일반적으로 통제와 감독과 친하다고 간주되지 않는 국가정보 업무에 대한 감독과 통제의 문제를 비교법적으로 고찰함으로써 향후 정보업무의 민주성과 개방성을 확보하기 위한 법정책 내용과 방향을 제시하고자 한다. This paper examines a standard model of intelligence oversight system by National Assembly through the lessons from that of U.S.A Congress experience and other countries. Intelligence oversight is the supervision of intelligence agencies, and making them accountable for their actions. Generally speaking, intelligence works was considered as a secret business. For that reason, traditionally it was far from being checked, controled and over seed by any outside player. As the warrior in time of peace, the intelligence capabilities must produce the most efficient and preventive intelligence endlessly. The Locke`s concept of social contract and the idea of general will by Jean Jacqe Rousseau consist the jurisprudential ideology of national security. While the protection of legitimate government secrets is essential, the shield of secrecy should not be used to hide unlawful government activities, or to immunize government officials against accountability for the unlawful breach of human rights. Although the Constitution gives the executive branch preeminence in dealing with intelligence matters, nevertheless provides National Assembly with an important oversight role too. The President has the power to appoint and change heads of intelligence agencies and commissions, which can be used to assess intelligence topics. Under each cabinet position and intelligence agency, the Office of the Inspector General and the advisory body have oversight responsibilities and the National Security Council provides routine oversight and intelligence policy for the intelligence community. On the contrary congress`s most important source of leverage is the power to authorize programs and appropriate funds. There are two main issues in legislative oversight. One is redundancy and the other is secrecy issues. As the 9/11 Commission report stated that redundancy in congressional oversight, through the multiple responsible committees, hindered the oversight process and was not conducive to the goals of real oversight. Members of Congress have TOP SECRET security clearances by itself. Because they were elected by people to office, they do not have to submit to the background check procedures. For that reason, riskiness of leaks of classified information is the main concern. In our case, the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea passed the amending National Intelligence Service Act on 14 January 2004 for the purpose of prohibition of political intervention. And agreed full time intelligence committee. There for at this time, it`s really important to consider and make a deep sense the tension between national security through secrecy and fair oversight by intelligence committee. For that purpose this study dealt with the national security issues and legal tools for appropriate policy measures of the National Intelligence Committee and others by the understanding those of U.S Congress system. This study`s conclusion is that, despite of all hot debates about the various legality and human rights issues, the national security should be secured. For that reason, this paper suggests that one of the most important and immediate step is to understanding the legal ideology of national security and national intelligence.

한국판 건강문해력 측정도구(HLS-EU-Q47) 개발 및 노인 대상 적용

한희원(Han, Hee-Won),박성지(Park, Sung-Ji),강지숙(Kang, Ji Sook),문경숙(Moon, Kyoung-Suk),김지희(Kim, JI HEE),황종남(Hwang, Jongnam),오종묵(Oh, Jongmuk),우희순(Woo, Hee-Soon) 대한신경계작업치료학회 2021 재활치료과학 Vol.10 No.4

목적 : 건강정보에 대한 이해․적용․판단․접근에 기반한 건강문해력의 개념을 다루고 있는HLS-EU-Q47의 한국판을 개발하고, 노인들을 대상으로 본 도구를 적용하여 국내 노인들의 포괄적인건강문해력 수준을 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법 : HLS-EU-Q47의 번안 과정을 거쳐 전문가를 대상으로 내용타당도 검증을 통해 문항을 확정하였다. 이렇게 완성된 Korean–HLS-EU-Q47(K-HLS-EU-Q47)을 지역사회 노인 254명을 대상으로 내적일치도 및 신뢰도 분석과 일반적 변인에 따른 비교 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 노인들을 대상으로한 본 도구의 내적일치도는 Cronbach s α .81∼.91로 높은 수준의 신뢰도를보였다. 일반적 특성에 따른 비교 성별과 연령에 따른 건강문해력의 차이를 보였는데, 남성이 여성에비해 건강문해력이 높았으며 연령이 높아질수록 건강문해력의 저하를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통하여 국내 노인의 포괄적인 건강문해력 수준을 확인하는데 사용할 수 있는K-HLS-EU-Q47을 소개하였으며, 본 연구 결과를 통한 노인들의 건강문해력 수준의 이해를 통하여노인들이 보다 건강한 삶을 유지할 수 있는 방법들의 모색이 활성화되기를 기대하는 바이다. Objective : This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the HLS-EU-Q47 that deals with the concept of health literacy based on the understanding, apply/use, process/appraisal, and access/obtain to health information. The purpose of this study is to confirm the level of comprehensive health literacy of the elderly in Korea using this tool. Methods : After going through the Korean interpretation process of HLS-EU-Q47, the items were confirmed through content validity verification by experts. The completed Korean–HLS-EU-Q47 (K-HLS-EU-Q47) was applied to 254 elderly people in the local community to analyze the degree of internal consistency and reliability. Furthermore, a comparative analysis based on the general variables was conducted. Results : The internal consistency of this tool for the elderly yielded Cronbach s α of .81~.91, indicating a high level of reliability. There was a difference in health literacy according to sex and age based on general characteristics. Men had higher health literacy than women, and with increasing age, health literacy decreased. Conclusion : In this study, the K-HLS-EU-Q47 was developed to assess the comprehensive health literacy level of the elderly in Korea. It is expected that the search for ways to maintain a healthier life for the elderly through understanding the health literacy levels of the elderly using the results of this study will become more active.