프랑스 '앙굴렘 국제만화살롱'과 '안시 애니메이션 페스티벌'을 둘러보고

한창완,Han, Chang-Wan 대한출판문화협회 1995 출판저널 Vol.173 No.-

프랑스 '안시'라는 소도시에는 2년마다 전세계 애니메이터들과 만화영화기획자, 만화영화제작업자 등이 한자리에 모이는 거대행사가 열린다. 20회째를 맞은 이번 페스티벌은 1,240여편의 작품이 출품, 상설 견본시장에서 상호계약도 이뤄졌다. 이러한 페스티벌은 곧 출판만화와 애니메이션으로 연계되는 만화산업의 방향성을 제시한다는 점에서 고무적이다.

애니메이션 산업의 대안적 연구 - 아바타 서비스의 소비자 고착화(lock-in) 전략을 중심으로

한창완,Han, Chang-Wan 한국만화애니메이션학회 2002 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.6

This study analyses the avatar service, which is recognized as an alternative strategy of animation industry. The research questions of this study are following: (1) How have the avatar services been developed and what are the present dominant types? (2) Which structural characteristics of e-business environment are needed for the success of avatar services? (3) What is the economic characteristics of avatar business model? To solve these research questions, the basic conditions and the structural characteristics of avatar services have been investigated. In the first place, two forms of avatar service are classified. One is the internet service site whole primary service is to provide chatting service based on avatar service. The other is the portal site in which many kinds of products and services are presented as bundles to meet the needs of internet users. So avatar service is one of bundles which those portal sites are providing with. In this study, the big five internet service sites are selected based on the profits they earned through the sales of avatar service. The result of analysis is that the pricing strategy of those big five sites is very different from those of traditional off-line markets. The pricing mechanism are based on the value which internet users endow with the avatar items, not based on the costs of making the products. Avatar is the representative informative goods. The informative goods have the original cost structures, constant fixed costs and zero marginal costs, so the providers of avatar services make much of the subjective values of consumers. The sayclub, which is the most successful avatar service site and earn the average sales of 3 billing won a month, takes the aggressive strategy of pricing avatar items at highest price in the industry. The avatar service providers which make lots of profits are planning of making differentiate the services, introducing well-known brand items and star-named items. Nevertheless, the fact that the members of the sayclub are not decreasing means that the network effect of the site is so strongly manifest. Moreover, the costs the members have paid for the avatar items are so big not as to switch from one site to the other site, it can be very costly. These switching costs are endemic in high-technology industries and digital contents industries. It can be so large that switching suppliers is virtually unthinkable, a situation known as 'lock-in'. When switching costs are substantial, competition can be intense to attract new customers, since, one they are locked in, they can be a substantial source of profit. The consumers of avatar items have switching costs if they subscribe for the new avatar service site. The switching costs can be subscription costs as well as the costs of giving up the items they already paid for. One common example of switching costs involves specialized supplies, as with inkjet printer cartridges. In this example, the switching cost is the purchase of a new printer. The market is competitive ex ante, but since cartridges are incompatible, it is monopolized dx post. So the providers of printer/cartridges set pricing printer so cheap and cartridges expensive. On the contrary, since the avatar service can be successful with the strong network effect, the providers of avatar services have to compete aggressively for new customers. So they allow the subscription at a low price(almost marginal cost) in the early market. The network effect can be maximized when the members are sufficiently growing. The providers which have the monopoly power with sufficient subscribers. begin to raise the prices over the lifetime of the product and make profits.

만화수용자 분석을 위한 연구방법론

한창완,Han, Chang-Wan 한국만화애니메이션학회 2005 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.9

이 논문은 한국만화시장의 현황분석을 전제로, 국내 만화수용자 연구의 필요성을 제기하고, 만화수용자연구의 차별적인 연구방법론 제시를 통해 국내만화시장의 대안을 제시하는 연구이다. 기존 조사 연구되었던 만화수용자 연구성과를 토대로 변화하는 만화수용자의 현황을 체계적으로 분석할 수 있는 연구의 틀을 문화연구의 수용자론에 근거하여 제시한다. 그리고, 그러한 이론적 연구를 통해 급변하고 있는 만화의 패러다임의 변화에 맞춘 수용자의 환경분석과 수용행태분석의 틀을 마련하자는 것이다. 현재 국내 만화수용자는 이미 만화에 대한 적극적인 소비행위를 시도하고 있으며, 보다 다양한 시장접근방식을 통해 만화상품의 정보와 만화를 통해 시도할 수 있는 개인적 사회참여를 의도하고 있다. 그러한 수용자의 기호와 수용행태를 분석하는 것이 만화기획에 필요한 사전단계이며, 연구방법론이 필요한 이유이다. This study analyzes current situation of Korean comics market, emphasizes the necessity of studying comics audience. Presenting the differentiated methodology for comics study, the alternative solution for Korean comics market is given. The theoretical foundation is based on the cultural approach for audience studies. This study aims to find out the changing environment of taking comics contents and using behavior of it. Most audience of comics make use of them in various ways and try to use them in new experimental method. To analyze the tastes and using behavior of comics audience is necessary for preplanning of comics production.

춘천 애니메이션박물관의 기획전시 및 연구조사 기능 활성화를 위한 전략연구

한창완(Han Changwan) 한국예술경영학회 2004 예술경영연구 Vol.5 No.-

The Animation Museum is responsible for serving domestic animation culture and industries through the effective management and maximization of its specialized functions. Moreover, it should play a role of central engines to be an advanced model for the future. This study, by analysing the conditions of current situations of the Animation Museum, examines the key functions and strategies of the Animation Museum. The research questions are as follows: 1. How should the specialized functions of the Animation Museum be developed and realized to revitalize the domestic animation industry? 2. What are the effective strategies to realize the proposed functions considering the characteristics of Chunchon city? To solve these questions, established research results and the related data are analyzied in the first place. Then, some alternatives to cope with new industrial environments of animation are proposed. Based on the understanding the specific concepts and industrial trends of animation, new strategies to realize the specialized functions are suggested. In conclusion, five principal functions were proposed including the areas of ‘exhibition’, ‘curatorial research’, ‘policy research’, ‘publication’ and ‘forum’. Exhibition is the most essential one since it can lead the social discourse by setting the agenda. ‘Curatorial research’ function should have an important role to promote arts culture and arts industry, making the best use of ‘policy research’. The academic performance of curatorial function could serve as the foundation to accomplish policy research. The outcomes of ‘curatorial research’ and ‘policy research’ should be published. Also the function as a ‘forum’ should be expanded to keep ‘publication’ up. This study presented the goals and necessities of Animation Museum based on the characteristics of animation and industry. Then, it proposed historical forms and specialized major functions of animation museum. Finally the concrete alternatives to operate and reinforce those functions are suggested.

프로게이머의 게임시장 기능연구

한창완(Chang-Wan Han) 한국애니메이션학회 2008 애니메이션연구 Vol.4 No.2

본 연구에서는 게임 상품의 잠재수요를 확대재생하는 데 기여하는 프로게이머의 기능적 역할과 프로게이머의 스타시스템이 작동하는 방식을 살펴보고, 게임 산업의 자본투자확대에 e스포츠의 활성화가 어떤 역할을 하는지 알아본다. 또한 대기업의 사적 자본과 달리 정부나 지방자치단체에서 제공하는 공적 자본의 e-스포츠에 대한 투자 방식의 문제점을 고찰해본다. 결론적으로 e-스포츠 산업은 크게 ‘게임대회’와 게임채널을 소유한 ‘게임 방송국’, 그리고 프로게이머가 소속된 ‘프로게임단’으로 구성되어 있으며, 이 세가지 요소가 e-스포츠산업을 확대 재생산하는 중요한 기능을 담당한다. 이 요소들은 밀접한 상호작용을 통해 프로게이머의 스타시스템을 가동시키면서 e-스포츠의 시장성을 배가시킨다. This study examines the functional roles of professional garmers in the game industry which help to enlarge the potential demands of game product. It also studies the operating ways of professional garners’ star system and finds out how to revitalize e-sports to raise capital investment. In addition,. it investigates the problems of way of investment for e-sports which have been provided by government sectors. The results shows that e-sports industry is consisted of ‘game league’, game broadcasting company with game TV channel, and professional game team. These three factors take charge of important function of enlarging the scale of e-sports industry and also increase the market power in connection with star system.

디지털만화의 융합화가 갖는 만화장르의 사회문화적 대안성 연구

한창완(Chang-Wan Han) 한국애니메이션학회 2011 애니메이션연구 Vol.7 No.4

만화는 인류문명의 근현대사를 가로지르며 실제 사회변동과정에 참여했던 문화적인 성과에 비해 저평가되고 있으며, 그러한 저평가의 연장선에서 만화의 사회적 저급한 패러다임이 출발하였음을 전제하는 것이 본 연구의 출발점이다. 만화문화는 역사적 키치(Kitsch)속성을 전제적 동력으로 가치를 확대해 왔으나 아방가르드한 예술적 가치의 승화를 위한 노력의 부족으로 저급한 문화로 대중의 평가를 받았으며 그 추세는 더욱 강화되고 있다. 또한 만화 문화는 현재 비판성과 실험성의 부족으로 인해, 기타 사회적 기재와 새롭게 융합된 미디어 장르들의 대안성을 추월하지 못하고 있으며 이러한 미디어 장르들을 추월하기 위해 만화의 사회구조적 대안성을 다양하게 제시할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 다음과 같이 연구문제를 설정한다. 첫째, 만화문화의 예술성과 대중성을 확보하기 위한 대안성은 어떠한 사회적 융합기재를 통해 구현되어야 하는가? 둘째, 진화하는 디지털플랫폼에 적합화된 디지털만화의 융합전략은 장르적 대안성을 극대화하기 위하여 어떠한 메커니즘의 연계전략이 필요한가? 등이다. 디지털만화를 중심으로 한 만화장르의 대안성을 위해 만화문화의 환경변화에 대한 분석으로 학습만화와 웹툰(Webtoon), 브랜드카툰(Brand Cartoon), 게임프롤로그 만화(game prologue comics)등의 기존 한국만화의 대안성으로 제시된 장르들을 분석하였다. 현재의 만화는 만화의 기능과 만화연구, 새로운 미디어에 어울리는 더욱 발전된 대안성이 필요하며, 이에 대해 장르대안성, 스타시스템 대안성, 고급문화로서의 대안성이 제시되었다. Cartoons have been under appreciated as compared with contributiveness to the fruits of cultural development in social change through modern history of human civilization. And this study is based upon the premise that social low-grade paradigm of cartoon started as an extension of this devaluation. The culture of cartoon has been expanded its value with historic Kitsch as prerequisite power, but it has been under appreciated low-grade culture by the public due to deficiency of effort for the sublimation of artistic value of Avant garde and its trend continues increasing. Also, the culture of cartoon cannot overtake alternatives of genres of media which are blended with other social capabilities afresh owing to lack of criticism and experimental mind. Therefore, various social structural alternatives of cartoon need to be proposed to catch up with these genres of media. This study established subjects for inquiry as follow. First, With what kind of social material should an alternative be embodied to secure both artistry and popularity of the culture of cartoon? Second, what kind of strategy of mechanism does digital cartoon which has been optimized to the advanced digital-platform need to maximize a genre alternative? For a better alternative of a genre of cartoon with digital cartoon as the center, this study has analyzed genres which were proposed as alternatives for the existing Korean cartoons just like educational cartoon, Webtoon, Brand Cartoon, and game prologue comics to analyze environmental change of the culture of cartoon. Now, cartoon is needed more advanced alternatives that can harmonize with the function of cartoon, the study of cartoon and new media, so this study suggested alternatives as genres, star-system, and high culture.

주제별 논단 : 연구논문 ; 재보험계약상 사고처리협조조항

한창완 ( Changwan Han ) 한국금융법학회 2015 金融法硏究 Vol.12 No.1

Traditionally, a reinsurance contract was considered to be an honorable agreement based on mutual trust and confidence between a reinsured company and a reinsurer. However, as the number of reinsurers and reinsured companies has dramatically increased, and the number of claims has significantly risen, the nature and structure of the reinsurance relationship has changed and disputes between reinsurance-contract parties have multiplied accordingly. Reinsurers often insist that they are not obligated to indemnify the cedent companies because these companies have breached their duties, as derived from claims clauses the reinsurance contracts. There have been few reinsurance cases between reinsurers and reinsured companies before Korean courts so far, but, in light of the changing nature of the relationship between reinsurance parties, many relevant future disputes may be resolved by courts instead of by mutual consent. Therefore, it is now useful to examine what claims clauses of reinsurance contract mean; how they interact with other reinsurance clauses or principles, such as follow-the-settlement or follow-the-fortune clauses; and how the breach of claims clauses affects reinsurers’liabilities. Because the legal principles of reinsurance have been developed by English and American scholars and courts, we should carefully examine those countries’reinsurance customs and principles and apply those findings to a reinsurance contract that would be governed by the law of Korea, if possible.

일본식 가와이 코드의 한·일 캐릭터 분석연구

한창완 ( Han Chang-wan ),이선영 ( Lee Seon-young ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2011 한국디자인포럼 Vol.30 No.-

캐릭터 산업은 다양한 영역을 아우르며 큰 확장력을 갖고 있기 때문에 고부가가치 산업으로 각광받고 있다. 특히 일본의 경우 국가적 트렌드로 가와이 문화를 앞세워 가와이 코드 캐릭터를 제작하였고 이는 성인이 되어도 캐릭터 상품을 즐기는 매니아적인 소비성향으로 이어져 캐릭터 산업의 소비영역을 확장시키며 지속적인 소비 사이클을 형성하고 있다. 가와이는 `귀엽다`는 뜻의 일본어이지만 일본의 정서가 담겨져 있는 말이며 가와이 캐릭터 역시 단순히 귀여운 캐릭터로만 정의 할 수는 없다. 가와이 코드를 지닌 캐릭터는 미니멀리즘 표현양식을 통해 의인화 되었으며 스토리를 갖고 있다. 또한 가와이라는 일본적 정서가 나타나면서도 무국적성을 지닌 캐릭터를 통해 세계시장에서 통용되는 코드를 형성하고 있다. 본 연구는 가와이 코드 캐릭터 미학을 분석하고 현재 주목받고 있는 국내 캐릭터 뽀로로와 뿌까, 마시마로의 사례에 적용하여 캐릭터 발전을 위한 전략적 대안을 모색해 본다. character industry is being spotlighted as a higher value- added industry because of its capability to be broadened to encompass diverse fields. Especially in Japan, Kawai character code has been produced as a national trend and when these children grow up, they unceasingly enjoy character product. It`s associated with the propensity to consume like mania to enlarge the field of consumption and also create the cycle of continuous consumption. The Japanese word, `Kawai` means cute, but it involves Japanese sentiments. So Kawai character cannot be defined simply as cute character. The characters of Kawai code have been personified by minimalism and have their episodes. Moreover, `Kawai`, a Japanese sentiment is expressed but also the character which hasn`t any specific nationality has been developed to succeed in the global market. This study analyzes the esthetics of Kawai code character and then apply several cases of korean characters like Ppororo, Ppuka and Mashimaro to seek a strategic solution for developing character.

웹툰 무료서비스를 통한 만화의 블랙마켓 기능 연구

한창완(Chang-wan Han),전현지(Hyun-ji Jun) 한국애니메이션학회 2011 애니메이션연구 Vol.7 No.1

우리나라 현대 출판만화 시장은 해방 전후 50년대 후반 아동을 수용자층으로 한 단행본이 출간되기 시작하면서 이후 60년대부터 만화의 시장형성이 활성화되기 시작하였다. 현대 한국만화의 시장형성이 되는 이 무렵에 만화는 서점이외의 또 다른 배급-소비시장이 형성되기 시작하는데 그 중심에 ‘만화방’이 있었다. 이는 한국만화시장에 수요 확보를 통한 제품공급의 안정성 유지라는 순기능적 역할을 하였으나, 시장확대의 제한이라는 역기능을 초래하며 현재 한국만화시장의 침체기를 이끌어온 교두보로 분석되고 있다. 2000년대 초반 만화는 인터넷기반의 ‘웹툰’이라는 새로운 만화의 종류가 생성되며 독자층 확보와 출판 이외의 만화생산 방법이라는 긍정적 평가를 받았다. 그리고 이후 출판만화 시장의 생산자들(만화가)이 웹툰 시장으로 진입하면서 시장의 급속한 활성화가 이루어진다. 그러나 생산/공급의 활성화에 비해 시장의 확대는 여전히 제한되고, 이에 대해 웹툰의 무료서비스가 그 원인으로 떠오르며 웹툰 무료서비스는 순기능에서 역기능으로 전환하게 된다. 이에 본 연구는 만화시장의 고질적인 시장 확대제한과 블랙마켓의 연관성을 분석하고 웹툰의 무료 서비스가 만화 블랙마켓이 만화시장에 미치는 영향을 연구할 것이다. 또한 현재까지 그 시장을 유지하여 온 블랙마켓의 순기능과 역기능의 변환 요인과 원인을 분석하여 침체기를 극복할 수 있는 대안을 제시하고자 한다. In Korea, Comic books of which readers were children, were published in postwar Korea in the late 1950s. Since 1960s, Establishment in the market for comics had started to revitalize. In those days, another the distribution - consumption market except bookstores was begun to develop, and there was ‘ManWha-bang’ in the center. Though this carried out the right function which could keep stability supply products through securing demand in the Korean market for comics, It was caused adverse effects which limited to expand the markets. Moreover, it has been analyzed the bridgehead which led to the recession of Korean markets for comics. In the early 2000s, comics were valuated positively because of new sort of comics, the webtoon based on internet, securing demand and another way to publish comics except press. Since that, Lots of artists had entered to the market for webtoon and the market had been revitalized rapidly. Meanwhile, It has been still limited to expand the market even though increasing production and supply. We could find out the reason might be free-service in webtoon, and finally this lost the right function and turned into the adverse effect. In this paper, the chronic limitation to expand the market for comics in the relation with the black market will be analyzed and then it will be studied how free-service in webtoon in the black market effect on the market for comics. Besides, the solution will be shown about factors and reasons of changes between the right and adverse effects in the black market which has got a hold on the market, so it can overcome the recession.

선박으로부터의 오염방지를 위한 국제협약상 의무준수 - 미국의 사례를 중심으로 -

한창완 ( Han Changwan ) 한국환경법학회 2016 環境法 硏究 Vol.38 No.2

국제사회는 해양생태계를 파괴하고 해양 및 수산 관련 산업에 심각한 손상을 야기하는 유류와 기타 오염물질이 해상에 무차별적으로 유출되는 것을 방지하기위하여 선박이 준수하여야 할 구조적ㆍ기술적 조건과 배출기준을 강화하여 왔다. 그 노력의 결실 중 하나가 해양오염방지협약의 체결이다. 다른 다자간 국제협약과 마찬가지로 해양오염방지협약 역시 그 효율적인 이행과 준수를 보장하기 위한 방법들을 정하고 있다. 나아가 미국은 자국의 해양환경 오염을 방지하기 위하여 해양오염방지협약의 실효성을 높이기 위한 적극적인 행정조치들, 예컨대 관할권이 없는공해에서의 오염물질 배출행위를 사실상 규제하기 위하여 선박에 비치되어 있는 유류기록부 등 각종 기록부의 허위기재를 문제삼아 해당 선박 또는 그 선주를 제재하는 등의 조치를 취하여 왔다. 우리나라 역시 적극적으로 항만국 통제 조치를취하기 위하여 노력하고 있으나, 이에 그치지 않고 해양환경 보호를 위하여 미국이취하는 바와 같은 적극적인 권한 행사를 고려하고 이를 위하여 필요한 자원(인력,재정 등)을 보강하고, 선박의 협약 위반행위를 신고하는 내부자 등에 대한 경제적보상제도의 적극적 활용을 고려하여 볼 수도 있겠다. The International community has constantly tried to improve the structural and technological requirements of seagoing vessels and prevent the discharge standard of oil and other waste into the ocean so as to preclude the degradation of the ocean environment and the substantial negative impact it can have on relevant industries. Such efforts have led to the creation of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Like other multilateral environmental agreements, MARPOL 73/8 has its own compliance mechanism to ensure its effective implementation and compliance. The United States has introduced unique compliance measures of MARPOL 73/78 for the purpose of preventing the pollution of its ocean environment by ships. For instance, the U.S. has consistently inspected the oil record books of vessels to find evidence of illegal oil discharge, and it has punished those vessels falsifying their record books. Although South Korea has increasingly used the port state control measures, inspecting foreign vessels to verify their compliance with international agreements such as MARPOL 73/78, I believe that the country needs to consider the introduction of more affirmative actions such as those that have been adopted by the United States. In this regard, South Korea may need to reinforce financial and personnel resources for that purpose.