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우리나라 공공하수처리시설의 방류수 수질 관리체계 개선방안 고찰 -미국, 일본, 유럽의 공공하수처리시설 방류수 수질 관리제도를 중심으로-
정동환 ( Dong Hwan Jeong ),최인철 ( In Cheol Choi ),조양석 ( Yang Seok Cho ),정현미 ( Hyen Mi Chung ),권오상 ( Oh Sang Kwon ),유순주 ( Soon Ju Yu ),염익태 ( Ck Tae Yeom ),손대희 ( Dae Gee Son ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2014 환경영향평가 Vol.23 No.4
In recent years, Ministry of Environment (MOE) has been implementing a phased strengthening of the effluent standards for sewage treatment plants. In this regard, a comprehensive system should be developed to help check the appropriateness of such standards by specifying the grounds for standard-setting and investigating the current operation of sewage treatment plants clearly. It is necessary to establish a new standard-setting system for the effluent that is in a closer connection with the environmental criteria and rating systems. In the United States, the federal government provides guidelines on the least provisions and requirements for the Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). Local governments set the same or stricter guidelines that reflect the characteristics of each state. In Japan, the sewage treatment plants are subject to both the effluent standards and the discharge acceptable limits to pubic waters under the sewerage law. Specific requirements and limits are set in accordance with local government regulations. The European Union imposes sewage treatment plants with different provisions for effluent standards, depending on the sensitivity of public waters to eutrophication. The effluent standards for sewage treatment plants are classified by pollutant loads discharged to receiving waters. MOE also needs to introduce systems for setting new parameter standards on a POTW effluent by applying statistical means and treatment efficiencies or optimal treatment techniques, as seen in the cases of the US National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) or the EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC).
최인철(Choi, In-Cheol) 한국조형디자인학회 1998 조형디자인연구 Vol.1 No.-
The main problem of current ceramic tourist folk-craft Goods in Kyungju area is lack of local character in the products. To solve this problem, it is needed to make it characterized, and increase locality in products through symbolizing the local character. 1. This study explores the problems of manufacturing shops and products through the examination of the present conditions. 2. The purpose of this study is to present some suggestions for how to apply the local characteristic materials to the development of product design by finding out them from folk and cultural legacies.
통계기법을 이용한 공공하수처리시설의 운영실태 평가방법 연구
최인철 ( In Cheol Choi ),안태웅 ( Tae Ung Ahn ),유순주 ( Soon Ju Yu ),정현미 ( Hyen Mi Chung ),권오상 ( Oh Sang Kwon ),김원기 ( Won Ky Kim ),염익태 ( Ick Tae Yeom ),손대희 ( Dae Hee Son ) 한국물환경학회 2014 한국물환경학회지 Vol.30 No.5
Korea has been trying to manage water quality of rivers and lakes in many ways. Ministry of Environment is making continuous efforts of operation control improvement such as strengthening effluent standards in sewage treatment plants and expanding Tele-Monitoring System (TMS). However, evaluation method for operations of sewage treatment plants and establishment system of effluent standards are inadequate. The objective of this study is to evaluate for operations of sewage treatment plants using statistics technique such as frequency analysis, percentile, normal distribution analysis. We used the effluent data (BOD, COD, SS) collected at 299 plants in 2012. The values were very low by comparison with standards. The Data followed a normal distribution. We think that distribution characteristics are closely related with effluent standards, especially T-P and BOD. Statistics technique attempted in this study can be used to evaluate for operations of sewage treatment plants and assess the appropriateness of effluent standards based on TBEL(Technology-based effluent limitation). And, this technique can be used to figure out the overall level of plants, the status of each plant and the favorable treatment process for each item (BOD, COD etc.). Data acquired through this method can be used to improve facilities and operation techniques and decide on a sewerage policy.
급성 폐손상 토끼에서 고빈도부분액체환기 시 흡호기대비가 환기 및 산소화에 미치는 영향
송명희 ( Myung Hee Song ),최인철 ( In Cheol Choi ),함경돈 ( Kyung Don Hahm ),정용보 ( Yong Bo Jeong ),최규택 ( Kyu Taek Choi ) 대한마취과학회 2009 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.57 No.2
Background: We examined the effects of varying inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio on gas exchange and hemodynamics during high frequency partial liquid ventilation (HFPLV), a combination of high frequency ventilation (HFV) and partial liquid ventilation (PLV), in a rabbit model of acute lung injury. Methods: Twelve rabbits treated with repeated saline lavage were divided into two groups. In the HFPL group (n=6), 6 ml/kg of perfluorodecaline was administered through the endotracheal tube. Rabbits in this group and in the HFJ group (n=6) were treated with high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) at I:E ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 for 15 minutes, and arterial blood gas, mixed venous blood gas and hemodynamic parameters were measured. Results: We observed no significant respiratory and hemodynamic differences between the two groups. At an I:E ratio of 1:1, the PaO2 was significantly higher, and the shunt rate and PaCO2 were significantly lower in both groups, compared with I:E ratios of 1:2 and 1:3. Cardiac output at the 1:3 I:E ratio was significantly higher than at 1:1. Conclusions: These findings indicate that, in this model, a 1:1 I:E ratio was superior for oxygenation and ventilation than I:E ratios of 1:2 or 1:3, while having no detrimental effects on hemodynamics. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2009;57:203∼9)
개흉술 후 냉각요법과 경막외 Fentanyl 병용요법의 비교
신진우(Jin Woo Shin),최인철(In Cheol Choi),하승일(Seung Ill Ha),심지연(Ji Yeon Sim),이청(Cheong Lee),박승일(Seung Ill Park),윤창섭(Chang Seob Yun) 대한통증학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.14 No.1
N/A Background: Thoracotomy is the operation that produces the most postoperative pain, necessitating the highest requirements for postoperative analgesics. The common methods of treating postthoracotomy pain are the use of thoracic epidural analgesia, intemittent or continuous intercostal nerve blocks, intravenous narcotics and cryoanalgesia. We designed to assess the analgesic effect of epidural analgesia, cryoanalgesia and the combined analgesia in thoracic surgery. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in 59 patients undergoing elective thoracotomy for parenchymal disease. Patients were randomized into three groups: C (cryoanalgesia), CE (cryoanalgesia and thoracic epidural analgesia), E (epidural analgesia). All patients had standard anesthesia with endotracheal intubation using a double lumen endotracheal tube, and one-lung ventilation. Subjective pain relief was assessed on a visual analog scale. Analgesic requirements, complications and the degree of satisfaction were evaluated during the 7 days following surgery. Results: Subjective pain relief was significantly better in Group CE and Group E in comparison with Group C (P < 0.05). Cryoanalgesia provided a better pain score on the 6th and 7th POD than the early postoperative periods. Analgesic requirements were higher in Group C than in the Group CE and Group E during the first POD. The incidence of side effects was similar in Group CE and Group E. Conclusions: If we can reduce the concentration of fentanyl and local anesthetics in combined analgesia of epidural and cryoanalgesia, the disadvantages of each method would be overcome and would be a better method of postthoracotomy pain control.
최인철 ( In Cheol Choi ) 대한마취과학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.51 No.5
Several clinical studies suggest substantial limitations of currently available positive inotropic substances, including beta1-adrenoceptor agonists and phosphodiesterase III inhibitors. Levosimendan, a myofilament calcium sensitizer with inotropic effects, increases myocardial performance without substantial changes in oxygen consumption and with neutral effects on heart rhythm. In addition, levosimendan has vasodilatory effects that are achieved by stimulation of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels. This review article briefly discusses the pharmacology of levosimendan and evaluates current available evidence to assess the safety and efficacy of levosimendan. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2006; 51: 519~27)