온도체에서 생산된 돈육과 연육제품의 특성에 관한 연구

최양일,송계원 ( Yang Il Choi,Kai Won Song ) 한국축산학회 1982 한국축산학회지 Vol.24 No.1

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of boning time on the qualities of porcine muscle and to investigate the utilization of hot-boned porcine muscle in comminuted meat products. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Normal pH and temperature declines in pork muscle were obtained on each holding period. Different muscle temperature did not appear to significantly affect the rate of postmortem pH decline. 2. Chemical compositions (moisture, crude, protein, crude fat and ash) of raw meat revealed no significant differences between hot-and cold-boned muscles for any holding periods. 3. The extractable salt-soluble protein contents of hot-boned muscle were found to be 58.7, 41.7 and 7.6% greater than those of cold-boned muscle for 1, 3 and 5 hr holding periods, respectively. 4. The water-holding capacity values of hot-boned muscle were found to be 11.3, 3.7 and 0.9% greater than those of cold-boned muscle for 1, 3 and 5 hr holding periods, respectively. 5. The emulsifying capacity values of hot-boned muscle were found to be 45.9, 20.1 and 4.0% greater than those of cold-boned muscle for 1, 3 and 5 hr holding periods, respectively. Stability (total volume and gel water) of prepared emulsions of hot-boned muscle was higher than that of cold-boned muscle for all holding periods, but the stability of fat in emulsions was higher with cold-boned muscle. 6. Chemical compositions (moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash) of frankfurter sausages revealed no significant differences between hot and conventionally processed frankfurter sausages for any holding periods. 7. Relatively darker colored sausages were produced by hot boning for the 3 and 5 hr holding periods, but the cold boning produced darker colored sausages in the 1 hr holding period. The color values judged by the panelists were similar to the results of the Hunterlab color difference values. 8. When textures of the sausages were measured by the Warner-Bratzler shear and Texture Profile Analysis tests, the hot boning treatment appeared to increase the texture of frankfurter sausages by making them firmer and springier. 9. In panel test, the texture scores of the hot processed frankfurter sausages were higher than those of the conventionally processed frankfurter sausages for all holding periods. On the other hand, the acceptability scores were not different between hot and conventionally processed frankfurter sausages for any holding periods. 10. Considering the overall results, if the hot-boned procine halves were held for 3 hr postmortem-the hot boning treatment appeared to produce raw meats and frankfurter sausages of good quality.

오골계 증탕액 급여가 흰쥐의 혈중 호르몬, Cytokine 및 특이항체에 미치는 영향

채현석,안종남,유영모,함준상,이종문,윤상기,최양일,Chae Hyun-Seok,Ahn Chong-Nam,Yoo Young-Mo,Ham Jun-Sang,Lee Jong-Moon,Yoon Sang-Ki,Choi Yang-Il 한국축산식품학회 2004 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.24 No.3

본 연구는 흰쥐(S.D, ♂)에 각 처리에 따라 기초사료로 시판사료(T$_1$)를 무제한 급여하면서 시험사료로 한약 증탕액 (T$_2$), 오골계 증탕액(T$_3$), 오골계 교잡종 육에 Flavourzyme을 0.1%첨가하여 가수 분해시킨 후 한약제와 혼합하여 증탕시킨 증탕액(T$_4$)을 35일간 경구 투여한 후 흰쥐의 혈청에 대한 glucose및 hormones과 면역학적 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사 한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 비만하였을 때나 과도한 스트레스를 받았을 때 insulin 함량이 증가한다고 하였으나 효소 처리 오골계 교잡종 증탕액을 급여한 처리구에서 체중 증가가 일반사료를 급여한 처리구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하였어도 insulin 함량이 일반사료 급여구보다 증가하지 않은 것으로 나타나 바람직한 생리현상을 나타냈다. Aldosterone은 스테로이드 계통의 호르몬으로 물의 생리적 밸런스와 혈압조절에 관여하는데 일반사료 급여구에 비해 한약 증탕액, 오골계 증탕액,효소 처리 오골계 증탕액 급여 구에서 낮은 함량을 나타내 고농도 단백 식이의 급여에도 불구하고 aldosterone수치의 저하로 혈압 저하의 효과를 나타 낸 것은 한약을 첨가시켜 고압으로 처리시킨 증탕액의 효과와 가수분해 효소에 의한 소화가 용이하도록 처리한 결과로 사료된다 Cortisol은 스트레스 측정에 감도가 높은 호르몬으로 알려져 있는데 일반사료급여구가 0.67 nmol/L인 반면 증탕액을 급여한 구에서는 0.40∼0.49 nmol/L으로 cortisol 농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈는데 이는 aldosterone에서와 같이 한약제와 동물성 단백질을 섭취함에 따른 효과로 사료된다. 흰쥐에 증탕액 급여가 면역반응에 미치는 영향에서 IL-4, IFN-v 및 anti-BSA IgG의 역가는 일반사료를 급여한 처리구에 비해 오골계 증탕액 및 효소 처리 오골계 교잡종 증탕액 급여구에서 spleen과 serum두에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었는데 앞에서 언급했던 바와 같이 한약(십전대보탕)의 효과와 소화시키기 쉬운 고농도의 단백질 가수분해 물질의 다량 섭취에 의해 면역 활성이 증가되었을 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to investigate feeding effects of the high pressure boiled extracts (HPBE) of the Ogol chicken with herbs on glucose, hormones and immunological response (cytokine, specific antibody) of serum in the rat which fed either with normal feed (T$_1$), normal feed + herb HPBE (T$_2$), normal feed + Ogol chicken HPBE (T$_3$), normal feed + mixture of cross-bred Ogol chicken HPBE (T$_4$) hydrolyzed with Flavourzyme 0.1% for 35 days. During experimental period, there was a weak trend to have a higher glucose content for the T$_4$ group with 102.27${\pm}$5.95 mg/dL, but it was not significantly higher than other treatments. For insulin level, T$_1$ group showed numerically a slightly higher level with 6.79${\pm}$4.64 ${\mu}$IU/mL, but the difference was not significant in statistic term due likely to a large variation in comparison with other treatments. The treatments did not significantly alter testosterone level in rat plasma with 1.09, 1.46, 0.98, 1.13 ng/mL in T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$ and T$_4$, respectively. T$_4$ treatment increased the aldosterone level to a significantly (p<0.05) higher level (273.33 ng/dL) than other treatments. The extract treated rat showed a tendency in the cortisol level of lower levels than the control group, particularly, it was significantly (p<0.05) lower in T$_3$ group than other groups. T$_3$ and T$_4$ groups showed higher levels for interlukin-4 (IL-4) and anti-BSA IgG in immune cells and plasma. T$_2$, T$_3$ and T$_4$ treatments showed a slightly higher levels in v-interferon (INF-r) than the control, with a greater effect for T4 treatments. These results suggested that HPBE of the cross-bred Ogol chicken hydrolyzed with Flavourzyme increased immunological activity and decreased the concentration of cortisol and aldosterone hormones.

소금과 인산염이 우육 혼화물의 단백질 추출성에 미치는 영향

최양일 ( Yang Il Choi ) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.1

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of salt and phosphate on pH and protein extraction of beef muscle homogenate and their effects on separation of salt-soluble proteins by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Beef muscle homogenate was prepared with 12 different levels of salt(4 levels of NaC1;0, 1, 3 or 5%) and phosphate (3 levels of sodium tripolyphosphate; 0, 0.1 or 0.2%). As the percent salt or phosphate increased, the pH and salt-soluble protein solubility increased linearly. Four protein peaks with approximate retention times (RT) of 5.8, 7.7, 10.5 and 13.3 min were observed in salt-soluble protein fraction by HPLC, and these proteins were calculated to approximate molecular weights of 1.5million, 500,000, 52,000 and 15,000 daltons, respectively. Salt or phosphate addition decreased linearly area of protein peak with 5.8 min RT (actomyosin likely) and increased linearly area of protein peak with 7.7 min RT (myosin likely). Among 12 salt and phosphate combinations, 3% salt-0.2% phosphate and 5% salt-0.2% phosphate showed relatively higher pH, salt-soluble protein solubility and protein peak area of 7.7 min RT, and their results were comparable.

소금과 인산염이 혼합 돈육의 기능적 특성과 유화형 소시지의 미세조직에 미치는 영향

최양일 ( Yang Il Choi ) 한국축산학회 1987 한국축산학회지 Vol.29 No.7

This study was carried out to determine the effects of salt and phosphate on functional properties of preblended pork and their effects on microstructure of frankfurters. No salt treatment had (P$lt;0.05) lower functional properties and processing yield than low salt (1.5%) and phosphate (0.5%) or high salt (3%) treatment. Low salt and phosphate treatment seemed to have similar functional properties and processing yield when compared to high salt treatment. Scanning electron micrograpahs revealed that there was little extraction of salt-soluble proteins from muscles in the microstructure of no salt frankfurters. Although frankfurters with low salt and phosphate had a more coarse and less dense protein matrix than high salt frankfurters, its uniform protein matrix resulted in high processing yield. Salt level could be reduced from 3% to 1.5% in frankfurters without any functionality or processing problems, if phosphate (0.5%) was combined to low salt (1.5%). Since low magnification (x 100) was used to compare the protein matrix of microstructure of frankfurters, more research needed to investigate the microstructure of frankfurters at higher magnification.

산사의 항산화 활성과 돈육 떡갈비로의 적용

이재준,이정선,최양일,이현주,Lee, Jae-Joon,Lee, Jung-Sun,Choi, Yang-Il,Lee, Hyun-Joo 한국축산식품학회 2013 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.33 No.4

본 연구는 산사 분말이 기능성식품의 식재료로서의 이용 가능성에 관한 연구의 일환으로 산사의 항산화효과와 돈육 떡갈비 재료 중 육류 일부를 산사 분말로 대체하여 저장성 증진 효능을 지닌 기능성 떡갈비의 개발 가능성을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 산사 분말의 pH는 3.67이였으며, 명도(L), 적색도(a) 및 황색도(b)는 각각 66.70, 8.93 및 3.02의 값을 나타내었다. 총 polyphenol과 총 flavonoid 함량은 산사 에탄올 추출물 농도 1,000 ppm에서 각각 127.00 mg/g와 54.05 mg/g로 나타났다. 산사 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH radical 소거능은 82.26%로 합성항산화제인 BHT 및 BHA와는 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 품질특성을 살펴본 결과, 대조구 떡갈비(N), 산사 분말을 0.5%, 1.0% 및 2.0% 첨가된 떡갈비(S1, S2, S3), 총 4종류 떡갈비의 조지방과 조단백질 함량은 산사 분말 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 감소하였으나(p<0.05), 조회분은 증가하였다(p<0.05). 보수력과 가열감량은 산사 분말 첨가 수준이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 물리적 조직감을 측정한 결과 경도와 씹힙성은 2% 산사 분말 첨가 떡갈비 구(S3)에서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 관능검사를 조사한 결과는 육색의 경우에만 산사 분말 첨가구에서 높은 선호도를 나타내었다. 저장특성을 살펴본 결과 저장기간이 경과하면서 pH가 전반적으로 서서히 감소하여 유의적인 변화를 보였다(p<0.05). 지질산패도를 측정한 결과는 모든 처리구가 저장기간에 따라 TBA 값이 증가하는 경향이었으나(p<0.05), 2% 산사 분말 첨가 떡갈비구(S3)에서 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 총미생물의 수는 1%와 2% 산사 분말 첨가 떡갈비구(S2, S3)가 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. VBN 함량은 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였지만(p<0.05), 1%와 2% 산사 분말 첨가 떡갈비구(S2, S3)가 대조구에 비하여 낮았다. 명도와 황색도는 산사 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록, 저장 기간이 증가할수록 유의하게 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 적색도는 저장 기간 상관없이 2% 산사 분말 첨가 떡갈비구(S3)가 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과 2% 산사 건조 분말이 육제품에 사용할 경우 기능성을 향상시킬 뿐만 아니라 육색이나 관능특성을 향상시키는 것으로 사료된다. This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effect of Sansa (Crataegi fructus) extract in vitro, and to evaluate the functional effects of Sansa powder addition on the quality properties and storage characteristics of Tteokgalbi. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of Sansa extract were found to be 127.00 mg/g and 54.05 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Sansa extract was high and it was similar to the BHA and BHT. The Tteokgalbi was prepared by 0% (N), 0.1% (S1), 1% (S2), and 2% (S3) of the Sansa Powder. Addition of Sansa powder decreased the protein and lipid contents, but the ash content was significantly increased (p<0.05). Increasing the amount of Sansa powder in the pork Tteokgalbi tended to increase the water holding capacity (WHC) values and the cooking loss (p<0.05). The addition of Sansa powder increased the hardness and chewiness values, but did not affect the cohesiveness and springiness values. In the sensory evaluation, the S3 Tteokgalbi had the best score in color. Values of pH, total microbial counts, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values decreased significantly added Sansa powder relative to the normal (p<0.05). The S3 Tteokgalbi was significantly (p<0.05) more effective for delaying lipid peroxidation than the other groups. Sansa powder addition increased the L (lightness) and a (redness) values. Therefore, the results demonstrate that adding the Sansa powder to the pork Tteokgalbi tended to improve antioxidative and antimicrobial effects during the chilled storage period.

염지제 종류와 혼합에 따른 기계발골 계육의 가공 특성과 저장성

강수용,박기수,최양일,이상화,어중혁,Kang, Soo-Yong,Park, Ki-Soo,Choi, Yang-Il,Lee, Sang-Hwa,Auh, Joong-Hyuck 한국축산식품학회 2009 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study was conducted to determine the preblending effect of curing agents on the characteristics of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM), including the pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), and stability under refrigeration conditions. MDCM was preblended with different curing agents [NaCl, 0.75 or 1.5%; sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 0.25 or 0.5%; ascorbic acid, 250 or 500 ppm; sodium nitrite, 75 or 150 ppm] and were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ overnight. The preblending of NaCl was found to have improved the WHC and emulsion stability; STPP was found to have improved the pH, WHC, and emulsion stability; and ascorbic acid or sodium nitrite did not affect the pH, WHC, and emulsion stability. The addition of ascorbic acid or sodium nitrite, however, decreased the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of the preblended MDCM through the antioxidizing properties. The mixing effects of different curing agents on MDCM were also evaluated with nine different conditions. Among the treatments, the mixture of NaCl and STPP improved the WHC and emulsion stability due to the increased solubility of salt-soluble protein in the preblended MDCM. The mixture of NaCl, STPP, and ascorbic acid increased the pH, WHC, and emulsion stability, but the mixture of NaCl, STPP, ascorbic acid, and sodium nitrite improved the WHC, emulsion stability, and redness of the surface color with improved storage stability due to the decreased VBN and TBA values. As a result, the mixture of 1.5% NaCl, 0.5% STPP, 500 ppm ascorbic acid, and 75 ppm sodium nitrite showed the best properties as curing agents for MDCM preblending.

복합생균제와 항생제 급여가 육계의 생산성 및 육질에 미치는 영향

박성현,최정석,정동순,어중혁,최양일,Park, Sung-Hyun,Choi, Jung-Suk,Jung, Dong-Soon,Auh, Joong-Hyuck,Choi, Yang-Il 한국축산식품학회 2010 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.30 No.3

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of feeding complex probiotics (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Streptomyces griseus, $1.5{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/kg) and antibiotics (oxytetracycline (OTC), 110 ppm) on growth performance and meat quality characteristics of broiler chicks. In the experiment 1, 0.3% complex probiotics feeding level was chosen to be proper addition level due to better average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC) and dressing percent (DP) results among 3 levels (0.1, 0.3 or 0.5%). In the experiment 2, 5 treatments (T1, no probiotics + no antibiotics; T2, probiotics 0.3% + no antibiotics; T3, probiotics 0.3% + antibiotics 50%; T4, probiotics 0.3% + antibiotics 100%; T5, no probiotics + antibiotics 100%) were investigated. In the growth performance of broilers, T5 (antibiotics 100% only) showed the highest (p<0.05) ADG and FC values while T1 (control) showed the worst growth performance. However, T3 (probiotics 0.3% + antibiotics 50%) showed higher ADG (p<0.05), FC (p<0.05) and DP (p>0.05) values compared to control. In the breast and leg meat quality, T3 showed similar pH, proximate composition, cooking loss and meat color values except shear force value compared to T5. Addition of 0.3% probiotics with 50% antibiotics (T3) tended to lower the blood cholesterol levels of broiler chicks and Escherichia coli or Salmonella counts in cecum microflora of broiler chicks compared to T5. In the residual antibiotics analysis, T3 contained 0.04 ppm of residual antibiotics in the breast meat while T4 or T5 contained 0.1 ppm of residual antibiotics and addition of 0.3% probiotics with 50% antibiotics in broiler diets could lower the residual antibiotics level to 40% in the meat. As a result, 0.3% probiotics addition with 50% antibiotics in the broiler diets could be recommended for the production of high quality broiler meat.

스테비아와 숯이 급여된 비육돈의 육질 및 저장특성

이재준,박성현,정동순,최양일,최정석,Lee, Jae-Joon,Park, Sung-Hyun,Jung, Dong-Soon,Choi, Yang-Il,Choi, Jung-Soek 한국축산식품학회 2011 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.31 No.2

본 실험은 스테비아와 숯의 급여가 돼지의 육질 및 저장특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 시험구는 일반기초사료 급여구(T1)를 대조구로 하여, 스테비아 0.3%(T2)와 0.6% 급여구(T3), 숯 0.3%(T4)와 0.6% 급여구(T5), 스테비아 0.3%와 숯 0.3% 홉합급여구(T6) 및 스테비아 0.6%와 숯 0.6% 혼합급여구(T7)로 하여 등심육의 제반 육질특성을 조사하였다. 일반성분은 T6에서 단백질과 지방의 함량이 다른 처리구들보다 높은 수준이었다. pH에서는 T4처리구에서 높은 수준을 나타내었으며, 보수력에서는 T6처리구에서 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 육즙손실은 T5처리구에서 높은 육즙손실량을 나타내었으며, 가열감량에서는 T1과 T6처리구에서 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 그외 전단력에서는 T2처리구에서 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 육색에서는 T2와 T6에서 다른 처리구들보다 낮은 명도값을 나타내었으며, T1, T5, T6처리구에서 높은 적색도를 나타내었고, T3처리구와 T5처리구에서 높은 황색도를 나타내었다. 근육 내 콜레스테롤 함량에서는 T7처리구에서 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 주관적 판정과 관능검사에서는 T6 처리구에서 우수한 성적을 나타내었다. 저장특성의 처리구별 비교에서는 TBA가는 T4처리구가 0 일에 높은 수준을 나타냈으며, 7일에서는 T3처리구가 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 한편 VBN 함량과 총미생물수에서는 냉장저장 기간 동안 각 처리구 모두 가식범위의 수준이었다. 이상의 결과에서 스테비아 0.3%+숯 0.3%의 혼합처리구(T6)가 대조구와 다른 처리구와 비교 시 육질특성이 우수하며 저장특성에서도 우수한 수준을 나타내는 것으로 사료되었다. This study was conducted to determine the effects of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and charcoal supplementation on meat quality traits in finishing pigs. A total of 420 pigs (LYD) were randomly allocated into seven treatments with three replications. The dietary treatments were T1 (control, basal diet), T2 (basal diet+0.3% stevia), T3 (basal diet+0.6% stevia), T4 (basal diet+0.3% charcoal), T5 (basal diet+0.6% charcoal), T6 (basal diet+0.3% stevia+0.3% charcoal), and T7 (basal diet+0.6% stevia+0.6% charcoal). Pigs were slaughtered conventionally on each marketing day and chilled overnigth. At 24 h postmortem, the Longissimus muscle from left side between the 6th and 14th rib was removed for the meat quality traits. The T6 group showed a higher pH, water holding capacity (p<0.05), and lower drip loss (p<0.05) than those in the T1 group. The T6 group showed lower (p<0.05) $L^*$ (lightness) and $b^*$ (yellowness) values and higher $a^*$ (redness) color value than those in the T1 group, resulting in a redder surface meat color. In the subjective evaluation, marbling and color scores improved in the T6 group compared to those in the other treatments. In the panel test, the T6 group tended to have higher tenderness and juiciness scores than those in the T1 group. In the storage characteristics, all treatments showed similar 2-thiobarbituric acid and volatile basic nitrogen values as well as total microbial counts during 7 d of cold storage. As a result, dietary supplementation with 0.3% stevia and 0.3% charcoal showed the highest meat quality traits and storage characteristics in finishing pigs.

절식시간이 닭고기 품질에 미치는 영향

최정석 ( Jung Suck Choi ),박기수 ( Ki Soo Park ),이재익 ( Jae Ik Lee ),어중혁 ( Joong Hyuck Auh ),최양일 ( Yang Il Choi ) 한국동물자원과학회 2008 한국축산학회지 Vol.50 No.3

돈육 가공에서 기능성 탄수화물을 이용한 인산염 대체 소재 개발

박기수(Ki-Soo Park),최양일(Yang-Il Choi),이상화(Sang-Hwa Lee),김종희(Chong-Hee Kim),어중혁(Joong-Hyuck Auh) 한국식품과학회 2008 한국식품과학회지 Vol.40 No.1

본 연구는 소금의 첨가수준을 저수준(1.5%)으로 고정시키고, 인산염 대체가능성이 있는 다양한 기능성 소재들의 수준을 달리하여 원료돈육의 가공특성, 유화안정성 및 육색 등에 미치는 첨가효과를 구명하였다. 기능성 물질의 첨가는 원료돈육의 일반성분과 pH에는 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 보수력과 가열 감량에 있어 후보 물질들과 인산염 처리구 간에 유의적인 변화가 나타났고, 구아검, 카라기난, 알긴산이 인산염 대체에 적적한 특성을 보였다. 유화안정성에서는 인산염, 알긴산과 구아검 첨가구가 유의적으로 높은 안정성을 나타냈어 이후 실제 가공품에의 적용가능성을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과에서 카라기난과 구아검의 경우 인산염과 유사한 가공특성, 유화안정성과 육색을 나타내어 육제품 제조용 인산염 대체첨가물질로 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. Guar gum, κ-carrageenan, alginic acid and chitosan were applied to pork as a model system, and evaluated as a substitute for inorganic polyphosphate, which is one of the essential additives in conventional meat processing. The tested materials did not alter the fat content or pH of the pork meat; however, they did affect water holding capacity and cooking loss significantly. The pork with added guar gum and κ-carrageenan exhibited lower cooking loss than the pork with added polyphosphate. Also, theses materials showed no negative coloring effect within the pork meat blends, which suggest the possibility for their application in final products. In addition, the pork processed with guar gum showed a similar emulsion stability to that with polyphosphate. Overall, guar gum and κ-carrageenan were confirmed as possible substitutes for inorganic polyphosphate.