애니메이션의 일인칭 서술자 연구

조미라(Mi-Ra Cho) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2011 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.22

본 논문은 초점화자와 인물 그리고 서술자 모두 ‘나’로 지시되는 일인칭 서술자 애니메이션의 서사적 기능과 의미 분석을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 성인이 되어 자신의 유년 시절을 회상하는 유년의 ‘나’와 성인이 된 지금의 ‘나’가 어떤 관계를 맺는지, 그리고 유년 인물의 체험과 감각이 서사를 읽는 관객에게 주는 미학적 효과는 무엇인지 살펴보았다. 성인 서술자의 회고적 서술상황은 ‘체험적 자아(유년 자아)와 서술적 자아(성인 자아)사이의 긴장감’에서 오는 서사적 효과를 갖는다. 이들 작품은 성인 서술자의 고백을 통한 유년 체험이 중심이지만, 성인 서술자의 시선은 언제나 ‘현재’로 향한다. 즉, 일인칭 서술자가 갖는 회상의 미학은 숨겨진 것, 망각된 것들의 가치들을 끊임없이 환기시키는 것과 관련되어 있다. 또한, 유년 인물 초점화자가 ‘경험의 주체’로 나서는 서사 기법은 합리적인 시스템에 길들여진 시선에서 벗어나, 대상 그 자체로 사유하게 하는 질적 변화를 갖는다. 성인이 되면서 상실된 미메시스적 능력이 유년 감각의 총체성과 만나 질적 변화를 일으키는 것이다. 따라서 애니메이션의 일인칭 서술상황에서 서술자가 갖는 의미는 작품의 미학적 완성도뿐만 아니라, 관객의 작품 수용에도 결정적인 영향을 주는 고도의 전략적인 서사 장치임을 알 수 있다. The paper holds its purpose to analyze the descriptive function and meaning of first person animation which the focalizer, character, and all narrators are indicated as ‘I’. For the purpose, the following was reviewed; the relation between ‘I’ as child memorizing the days of childhood as adult and the current ‘I’ as adult, and the aesthetic effect of experience and sense of the child on the audience reading the narration. The retrospective narrating situation of the adult narrator brings descriptive effect which comes from ‘the tension between the experiencing self (self as child) and the narrative self (self as adult). The works focus on the content of child experience through the confession of the adult narrator, but the view of the adult always heading towards ‘the present’. That is, the aesthetics contained by the first person narrator is related to endless arousal of the values of hidden and forgotten things. In addition, the descriptive method of child focalizer as ‘the subject of experience’ brings qualitative change which enables reasoning of the subject as itself, which is free from the view tamed by rational system. Becoming an adult, the lost ability of mimesis brings qualitative change by meeting with the generality of childhood sense. Therefore, it can be known that the meaning the narrator contains in the first person narrator condition of animation links with the degree of aesthetic completion of the work, but also, it is a highly strategic descriptive device which determinately affects even the acceptance of audiences regarding the work.

애니메이션과 공포

조미라(Cho, Mi-Ra) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2016 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.42

애니메이션에서의 ‘공포’는 영화나 문학처럼 동일한 장르적 기준을 적용하기에는 몇 가지 문제가 따른다. 첫째, 애니메이션에서 신체 절단과 파괴 그리고 괴물이나 유령 등의 등장은 일상적인 표현방식 중의 하나로 반드시 장르 개념으로만 적용되지 않는다는 것. 둘째, 공포의 유발은 공포의 대상이 ‘비현실적인 것’, ‘특별한 것’으로 인식할 수 있는 실체(현실)의 인접성, 즉 3차원 세계라는 배경 안에서 움직일 때 가능한 것인데 애니메이션은 기본적으로 사실주의적 토대를 전제로 하지 않는다는 것이다. 이 논리를 따른다면 애니메이션에서 공포 장르, 혹은 공포의 심미적 체험은 불가능한 것이 된다. 하지만 공포 장르에서 볼 수 있는 가장 강력한 이미지 중 일부가 애니메이션 영역에서 창조되었을 정도로 많은 작가들이 애니메이션의 공포성에 매력을 느껴왔으며 이를 다양한 방식으로 표현해 왔다. 공포란 전통적 가치인 조화, 균형, 질서를 뒤집는 과정이다. 이는 미적 개념만이 아니라 세계를 바라보는 방식도 다르다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 본 연구는 관객을 무서움과 공포 속으로 몰아넣는 일반적인 장르 개념을 포함하되, ‘괴담(怪談)’, ‘광기(狂氣)’, ‘식인(食人)’ 세 가지 유형을 중심으로 애니메이션에 나타난 공포의 의미를 살펴보고자 한다. 이 과정을 통해 애니메이션의 공포가 단순히 장르로서의 유희적 대상만이 아니라, 우리가 살고 있는 현실의 이면을 섬뜩하지만 냉철한 시선으로 담아내는 공포성의 의미를 고찰할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다. The ‘fear’ in animation has a couple of problems to apply the criteria for identical genre as in movie or literature. First, the mutilation and destruction of one’s body and the appearance of monsters and ghosts are not a normal way of expression and could not apply to one genre. Second, the cause of fear comes from the subject of fear which is a reality that is something ‘unrealistic’ and ‘special’ and is approachable. This is all possible in a three dimensional world, but animation is not founded on realism. According to this logic, the horror genre in animation or the esthetic experience of animation is not possible. However, many of the powerful images you can see from the horror genre are all created from animation. Therefore, many writers are drawn to the horror in animation and tried to express in many different ways. This study will include the general idea of fear which drives the audience to the felling of fear and terror but we will mainly focus on the three types of fear – ghost story, cannibalism, and madness – and discover the meaning of fear used in animation. Through this process, we anticipate that fear in animation is not just for pure amusement, but will be able to investigate the meaning of fear philosophically even if the hidden side of reality is terrifying.

애니메이션의 시적[詩的] 이미지에 관한 연구

조미라(Cho Mi-Ra) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2002 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.6

The nature of animation is to create a moving image. Also, it creates a narrative space and visual image which is different form a reality. Therefore, image expression is very important in the animation. Although the domestic animation has a movement, it has not an image which has a meaning. For instance, Korean fiction animation 『My beautiful girl, Mary』 has grand prize in Anncy International Animated Film Festival, 2002. Such achievement give new vision and present a clue of development to our national animation. However, not many people went to the cinema to watch it. The reason is that although 'Mary' has the Fantastic image, she doesn't show a true life image. The film is revival of reality through the image. However, animation is revival of reality through the 'transformation' of the existing image. Therefore, reviving exactly the same as a reality is not the most important fact in the animation image. Preferably, the most important fact in the animation image is that reviving reality into highly wrought image. This paper will study an expression form of animation trough the image. Especially, it will concentrate on poetic image. For this, It will associate 'poetic' in literature with 'poetic image' in animation. Also, a variety poetic animation image will be divided into 1) mongtage 2) rhythm 3) compression 4) metaphor & symbol, and will be looked 'poetic image' effect.

韓ㆍ中[朝鮮族] 〈牽牛織女〉說話와 〈牽牛橋〉說話의 比較 硏究

조미라(Cho Mi-ra) 한국어문교육학회 2008 어문학교육 Vol.36 No.-

The study examined meaning depending on background and outline of Gyeonwoojiknyeo and Gyeonwoogyo, focusing on their texts, and compared the consciousness of transmission group in terms of characteristics of genre, structure and content of the two tales. Gyeonwoojiknyeo tale is closely related with seasonal customs of Korea, which is because the tale has been orally transmitted in agricultural society. Collectively considering the outline and meaning of a representative text Gyeonwoo and Jiknyeo, people were fearful of the heavenly absolute power, which was considered to have a direct effect on agricultural life and expressed their will to overcome disasters caused by such power through tales. With regard to Gyeonwoogyo tale, the study explored the meaning in connection to historical, geographical, and cultural background of Korean-Chinese. After moved to Manchuria, Korean -Chinese promoted consolidation and resistant spirit to survive severe discrimination and exploitation and stirred up national consciousness by means of Mt. Baekdu tale. A crow and a magpie (camakcachi) and baekdusan deer(sasum) in Gyeonwoogyo function to show the consciousness of community that the weak, once united, can do everything how hard it may be. The study compared the consciousness of transmission group and characteristics of genre, structure and content of Gyeonwoojiknyeo tale and Gyeonwoogyo and examined the meaning. According to Basecom’s Folktale Trichotomy, Gyeonwoojiknyeo is a mythical tale because it is developed by heavenly figures in the Galaxy, while Gyeonwoogyo is a legendary tale, as humans lead the story in a specific place, or Cheonji of Mt. Baekdu. Although both tales are developed by different sequential structures, they have in common a ‘parting-hardship-overcoming hardship-reunion’ structure, which implies that wishes of people to overcome hardships and sufferings in reality and lead a happy life are projected in the tales. The study also compared the meaning of content, focusing on characters, events, and backgrounds of these two tales and Woorangjiknyeo. While Gyeonwoo and Jiknyeo in Gyeonwoojiknyeo meet and depart from each other on Ojakgyo Bridge in the Galaxy, Gyeonwoo and Jiknyeo as well as children in Gyeonwoogyo meet and depart at Cheonji of Mt. Baekdu. Uniquely, Gyeonwoogyo uses Baekdusan deer(sasum) to symbolically express unabated vitality and strong will power of Korean-Chinese. Finally, the consciousness of transmission group projected in the two tales was compared. The two tales are rooted in common consciousness such as agriculture-centered idea, view into another world, and influences of Confucianism and Taoism. However, Gyeonwoojiknyeo weighs filial piety and faithfulness, and Gyeonwoogyo delivers notably domestic ethics putting an emphasis on commitment between husband and wife and affection between parents and children as well as the idea that good conduct is surely rewarded. In addition, Gyeonwoogyo appears to be influenced by a Korean national religion Daejonggyo worshiping Mt. Baekdu and emphasizing national consciousness and patriotism. The significance of this paper lies in the fact that it has tackled concretely and collectively previous studies, which discussed the comparison of Korean and Korean-Chinese tales from methodological perspectives only.

국가수준, 지역수준, 학교수준, 교사수준의 제7차 재량활동 교육과정에 관한 연구

조미라(Mi-Ra Jo),김경자(Kyoung Ja Kim) 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2003 교육과학연구 Vol.33 No.2

HPLC를 이용한 어패류 중의 fluoroquinolone계 항균제의 분석법

조미라 ( Mi Ra Jo ),김풍호 ( Poong Ho Kim ),이희정 ( Hee Jung Lee ),이태식 ( Tae Seek Lee ) 한국수산과학회 2006 한국수산과학회지 Vol.39 No.2

LC-MS/MS를 이용한 어류 및 갑각류의 잔류 Erythromycin 항생제 분석

조미라 ( Mi Ra Jo ),목종수 ( Jong Soo Mok ),이두석 ( Doo Seog Lee ),김민정 ( Min Jung Kim ),김풍호 ( Poong Ho Kim ) 한국수산과학회 2009 한국수산과학회지 Vol.42 No.1

여가시간 불평등 연구

조미라(Cho, Mi-Ra) 한국인구학회 2016 한국인구학 Vol.39 No.1

본 연구는 여가시간의 중요성이 더해지고, 사회구조적 분화가 시간사용에 반영된다는 인식하에 여가시간의 변화와 불평등의 원인을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 통계청의 1999년부터 2009년까지의 생활시간조사자료 중 19~65세미만의 시간일지를 분석하였다. 여가시간 불평등은 대수편차평균(mean log deviation; MLD)으로 측정하였으며, 대수편차평균의 요인분해를 통해 불평등의 원인과 십년간의 불평등 변화의 원인을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 1999년부터 2009년 유 · 무급노동시간을 합한 총 노동시간은 감소하고 여가시간은 증가하였으며, 여성이 남성보다 긴 노동시간, 짧은 여가시간을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 불평등 분해 결과 경제요인은 여가시간의 차이를 야기시키는 가장 주요한 요인이지만, 주5일 근무제 등으로 여가시간은 균등해지는 방향으로 변화하고, 경제요인의 영향력은 축소되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 가구요인의 영향력은 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타나 가족에 대한 중요성이 커짐과 동시에 여가시간 확보에 가족에 대한 책임이 장애가 될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 시간사용의 성별분화는 여전하지만, 가족요인의 영향이 양성평등하게 작용하고 있는 것이 감지되었다. 또한 연령의 영향력이 높게 나타나 생애주기에 따른 여가시간의 불균형이 증가했음을 보여주었다. This study exploits a trend of leisure time inequality in Korea from 1999 to 2009 and investigates which factors are influential on leisure inequality and its change among gender. Leisure time inequality is measured by mean logarithmic deviation(MLD) and the MLDs are decomposed for analysing causes of leisure inequality and its change. The results show that while total labor time decreased, leisure time increased from 1999 to 2009. The decomposition of the MLD shows that though, economic factors are the most important effects on leisure inequality, the effects of them have weakened. On the contrary, the effects of family-related factors on leisure have strengthened, which may offer that family has been acknowledged more and more importantly. In addition, family factors have operated as gender equalizers for the last decade, though gender inequality in time use is still very strong.

어류 중 4계열 잔류 항생물질 검출을 위한 Lateral Flow Immunoassay Kit 개발

조미라 ( Mi Ra Jo ),손광태 ( Kwang Tae Son ),권지영 ( Ji Young Kwon ),목종수 ( Jong Soo Mok ),박홍제 ( Hong Jae Park ),김현용 ( Hyun Yong Kim ),김경동 ( Gyung Dong Kim ),김지회 ( Ji Hoe Kim ),이태식 ( Tae Seek Lee ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2015 한국수산과학회지 Vol.48 No.2

A lateral flow immunoassay kit based on antigen-antibody interactions was developed to detect residues of beta-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides in farmed fish. Group-specific antibodies showing cross-reactivity with other antibiotics in the same group were produced in rabbits. The rabbits were immunized eight times to obtain the maximum titers. Antibodies were extracted from the antisera collected from the immunized rabbits and produced group-specific reactions with antibiotics from the four groups. A kit was prepared that optimize conditions for the antigen-antibody reaction, using colloidal gold conjugated antibodies, and was designed to detect the four groups of antibiotics simultaneously. The kit enabled the detection of antibiotics in the four groups at below maximum residue limits (MRLs), which were 200 μg/kg for tetracyclines, 100 μg/kg for sulfonamides, 50 μg/kg for beta-lactams, and 100 μg/kg for quinolones. The cross-reactivity of the antibodies ranged from 10-80% for the sulfonamides, 20- 100% for tetracyclines, 38-100% for quinolones, and 20-100% for the beta-lactams, confirming that the antibodies were group specific. The test kit was used 30 times to examine spiked antibiotics at the limits of detection (LODs) and all produced positive results, indicating high sensitivity. The LODs for the assay ranged from 4-20 ng/mL for beta-lactams, 25-50 ng/mL for sulfonamides, 20-100 ng/mL for tetracyclines, and 30-80 ng/mL for quinolones, and there were no false negative reactions at above these LODs. In addition, all of the LODs of the developed kit were correlated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data. Our lateral flow immunoassay kit can simultaneously detect antibiotic residues from a large number of fish samples rapidly, strengthening the safety of domestic farmed and imported fish.

한국 기혼남성의 가사노동시간 변화 연구 -교육수준에 따른 격차를 중심으로-

조미라 ( Cho Mi Ra ),윤수경 ( Yoon Soo Kyung ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2014 한국가족복지학 Vol.44 No.-

본 연구는 한국 기혼 남성의 가사노동시간이 1999-2009년의 십년간 어떻게 변화하였는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 생활시간조사 1999년, 2004년, 2009년의 3개년도 자료를 이용하여 19세이 상 55세 이하의 유배우자 및 유자녀 남성의 시간일지를 분석하였다. 특히 가사노동시간을 집안일시간 과 자녀양육시간으로 구분하여 교육수준별로 변화의 양상이 다른지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 10년간 남성 의 가사노동시간은 증가하였으나, 가사노동시간의 내용에 따라 구분한 결과 교육수준의 영향은 다르게 나타나, 교육수준이 낮은 남성은 집안일시간의 증가폭이 큰 반면 교육수준이 높은 남성은 자녀양육시 간의 증가폭이 큰 것으로 밝혀졌다. This article is supposed to examine 10-year changes in the Korean fathers’ contribution to family work. Time diary data 1999, 2004, and 2009 sets are used to analyze time use of married men aged 19-55, having children. To understand the differences, we divided family work into two sectors: time spent in domestic labor work and child care. Focusing on differences in men’s educational attainment which is an important factor of SES in Korea, changes on time use of men’s family work were examined. The findings illustrate that total time of men’s family work has been increased for 10 years but it had differences by men’s educational level. Differences have been found on the types of family work. Time spent in child care has been distinctly increased with highly educated men whereas the time of family work of lowly educated men has been increased in domestic labor.