운동 강도 차이가 고지방 식이 쥐의 골격근 내 지방 독성과 염증성 사이토카인 신호체계에 미치는 영향

정현령 ( Hyun Lyung Jung ),강호율 ( Ho Youl Kang ) 한국운동생리학회 2015 운동과학 Vol.24 No.2

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different training intensities on lipotoxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling pathway of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats. METHODS: Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control diet group (NC), high fat diet group (HF), high fat diet+low-intensity exercise group (HFLE, 22 m/min, 60 min, 6 days/week), high fat diet+moderate-intensity exercise group (HFME, 26 m/min, 51 min), and high fat diet+high-intensity exercise group (HFHE, 30 m/min, 46 min). After 4 weeks of high fat diet and endurance exercise training, the glucose, insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were determined in plasma. Intramuscular triglyceride (TG), TNF-α, IKKα, IKKβ, p-IKKα/β ser176/180, IκBα contents were measured in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: After 4 weeks treatments, Plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance test in HF was significantly greater than that in NC, and plasma glucose levels in the three EX groups were significantly lower that those in NC and HF at 30 and 60 min, respectively (p <0.05). Plasma insulin levels in the EX groups were significantly reduced by 60 min compared to that in HF (p <0.05). Plasma FFA level and muscle TG contents were significantly lower in the three exercise (EX) groups than those in HF (p <0.05) The protein expressions of TNF-α, IKKα, IKKβ and p-IKKα/βser176/180 were significantly lower in the HFLE, HFME, and HFHE groups compared to the HF group (p <0.05). Expression of IκBα in the three EX groups were significantly higher compared to that in HF (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that the elevation of inflammatory cytokine protein expression due to the high-fat feeding significantly deteriorated the lipotoxicity and insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in rats, but this deterioration was significantly attenuated by endurance training. However, the effect of training intensity difference was not different in the expression of inflammatory cytokine protein in the muscle.

24시간 식이제한 후 저항성 운동이 혈중 성장 호르몬, IGF-1, 코르티솔 및 테스토스테론에 미치는 영향

정현령 ( Hyun-lyung Jung ),강호율 ( Ho-youl Kang ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2016 운동과학 Vol.25 No.4

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 24-hour food restriction on plasma human Growth hormone, IGF-1, cortisol and testosterone responses in resistance exercise. METHODS: The 13 college male students (Age; 24.7±1.2 years, Height; 174.1±2.0 cm, Body Weight; 70.4±1.5 kg) were randomly received to the control treatment (CON) and 24 hours fasting treatment (24-FT). The CON served the 400-kcal steam rice as the Korean traditional breakfast 3 hours prior to performing the resistance exercise, while the 24-FT did not eat any food except the water for 24 hours. The resistance exercise session consisted of squat exercise with 5 sets×6-8 repetitions with 80% of one repetition maximum. Blood samples were drawn before (pre), and immediately after exercise (0 minute) and at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes after exercise. Plasma human growth hormone (hGH), total testosterone, cortisol, IGF-1, insulin, glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured. RESULTS: Plasma hGH levels in 24-FT were significantly higher after exercise compared with the CON at 0, 15, 30, 60 minutes (p<.05). Cortisol levels in 24-FT were significantly higher than in the CON at before (pre) and 0 minute (p<.05). The plasma IGF-1 and testosterone levels were not significantly significantly different between two treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation suggested that the elevation of hGH might not be related to anabolic effects in food restriction. In addition, it seems that hGH response in resistance exercise is strongly affected by carbohydrate ingestion

운동 강도 차이가 고지방식이 Sprague - Dawley Rat의 골격근 내 PGC - 1α, PPAR - γ 및 인슐린 저항에 미치는 영향

정현령(Hyun-Lyung Jung),강호율(Ho-Youl Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.7

This study investigated the effects of exercise intensity on PGC-1α, PPAR-γ, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of high fat diet-fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups: sedentary control group (SED), high fat diet group (HF), high fat diet+low-intensity exercise group (HFLE, 22 m/min, 60 min, 6 days/week), high fat diet+moderate-intensity exercise group (HFME, 26 m/min, 51 min), and high fat diet+high-intensity exercise group (HFHE, 30 m/min, 46 min). After 4 weeks of high fat diet and endurance exercise training, the lipid profiles, insulin, and glucose concentrations were determined in plasma. PGC-1α, PPAR-γ, and GLUT-4 contents were measured in plantaris muscle. The rate of glucose transport in soleus muscle was determined under submaximal insulin concentration (1,000 μIU/mL insulin, 20 min) during muscle incubation. Plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance test in HF was significantly greater than that in SED, and plasma glucose levels in the three exercise (EX) groups were significantly lower that those in SED and HF at 30 and 60 min, respectively (P<0.05). Plasma insulin levels in the EX groups were significantly reduced by 60 min compared to that in HF (P<0.05). The protein expression level of PGC-1α as well as muscle glucose uptake were significantly higher in SED and HF than those in the three EX groups (P<0.05), and HFHE showed significantly higher levels than HFLE and HFME. Expression levels of GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ were significantly higher in the HFLE, HFME, and HFHE groups compared to the SED and HF (P<0.05). Therefore, the results of this study indicate that 4 weeks of high fat diet significantly developed whole body insulin resistance but did not affect PGC-1α, PPAR-γ, or the glucose transport rate in skeletal muscle, and exercise training was able to attenuate deteriorated whole body insulin resistance due to high fat diet. In addition, high intensity training significantly affected PGC-1α expression and the glucose transport rate of skeletal muscle in comparison with low and middle training intensities.

감초탕 섭취가 고강도 저항성 운동 후 근부상, 혈중 코티졸, 테스토스테론 및 인슐린 민감도에 미치는 영향

정현령 ( Hyun Lyung Jung ),나현종 ( Hyun Jong Na ),김판수 ( Pan Soo Kim ),류형수 ( Hyung Soo Ryu ),강호율 ( Ho Youl Kang ) 대한본초학회 2015 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.30 No.2

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of licorice supplementation on muscle injury, plasma cortisol, testosterone and insulin sensitivity after high intensity resistance exercise. Methods : The fourteen health college male students were voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into 2 groups: Control group (CON, n=7), Licorice group (LR, n=7). LR group ingested 2 g/time of licorice extract (mixed with 100 ml of water) two times/day for 10 days while the CON group ingested 100 ml of water. All subjects performed a high intensity resistance exercise (half-squat, 8 RM at 80% one-repetition maximum, 5 sets, 1min rest). Blood samples were collect before (-7) and after (0) licorice supplementation, and then 1 day, 2 day and 3 day post exercise. After 10 day treatment, plasma creatine kinase, cortisol, testosterone, glucose, insulin were measured. To determine the insulin sensitivity, HOMA-IR was calculated. Results : Plasma creatine kinase activities were significantly elevated after exercise, but there was not different between two groups. The plasma cortisol and testosterone levels were not significantly different between two groups. Plasma glucose levels were increased at 1 day and 2 day after exercise in the LR comparing with CON group ( P<0.05) but plasma insulin levels were significantly lower in comparison with CON. HOMA-IR were significantly lower in the LR than CON group at 0 day to 3 day ( P<0.05). Conclusions : The results of the current study suggest that licorice supplementation for 10 days might not attenuate the high-intensity exercise-induce muscle injury but may enhance the whole-body insulin sensitivity.

지구성 운동과 Ginsenoside Rb1가 쥐 골격근의 AMP-Activated Protein Kinase(APMK), Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase(PI3K) 발현 및 Glucose Uptake에 미치는 영향

정현령(Hyun-Lyung Jung),신영호(Young Ho Shin),강호율(Ho-Youl Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.8

본 연구는 2주간의 지구성 운동과 ginsenoside Rb₁이 쥐골격근의 AMPK insulin signaling(tAMPKα, pAMPKα Thr<SUP>172</SUP>)과 PI3K insulin signaling pathway(pIRS-1 Tyr<SUP>612</SUP>, PI3K p<SUP>85</SUP>, pAkt Ser<SUP>473</SUP>) 발현 및 glucose uptake에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 골격근내 glucose uptake에서는 비교집단과 비교하여 운동집단(59.4%), Rb1집단(70.5%) Rb₁/Ex집단(58.6%)에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 2주간의 지구성 운동과 ginsenoside Rb₁이 AMPK insulin signaling pathway에 미치는 효과를 조사한 결과 비교집단에 비해 AMPK α(Ex, 28.6%; Rb₁, 28.5%; Rb1/Ex, 29.8%), pAMPKα Thr<SUP>172</SUP>(Ex, 35.1%; Rb₁, 35.3%; Rb₁/Ex, 30.9%)의 발현이 유의하게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 2주간의 지구성 운동과 ginsenoside Rb₁이 PI3K insulin signaling pathway에 미치는 효과를 알아본 결과 비교집단과 비교하여 IRS-1, PI3K p<SUP>85</SUP>에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 pAkt Ser<SUP>473</SUP>은 Rb₁ 집단에서 유의하게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, ginsenoside Rb₁은 운동과 더불어 근육세포내 AMPK의 활성화와 근육 내 glucose uptake를 증가시켜 제2형 당뇨병 예방과 치료에 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구의 결과로 PI3K insulin signaling pathway의 항당뇨 효과는 설명하기는 부족하다고 판단되며 추후 본 연구의 결과를 기초로 ginsenoside Rb₁의 농도, 처치시간, 처치방법을 고려한 후속 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. This study investigated the effects of endurance exercise and ginsenoside Rb1 on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) protein expression and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of rats. A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: CON (Control group, n=8), Ex (Exercise group; 25 m/min for 1 h, 6 days/week, 2 weeks, n=8), Rb1 (Ginsenoside Rb1 group; n=8), and Rb1/Ex (Rb1+Exercise group, n=8). The Rb1 and Rb1/Ex groups were incubated in ginsenoside Rb1 (KRBP buffer, 100 μg/mL) for 60 min after a 2-week experimental treatment. After 2 weeks, the expression of phosphorylated AMPKα Thr172, total AMPKα, the p85 subunit of PI3K, pIRS-1 Tyr<SUP>612</SUP>, and pAkt Ser<SUP>473</SUP> were determined in the soleus muscle. Muscle glucose uptake was measured using 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose in epitroclearis muscle. Muscle glucose uptake was significantly higher in the three experimental groups (Ex, Rb1, Rb1/Ex) compared to the CON group (P<0.05). The expression of tAMPKα and pAMPKα Thr<SUP>172</SUP> was significantly higher in the Ex, Rb1, and Rb1/Ex groups compared to the CON group (P<0.05). The expression of pAkt Ser<SUP>473</SUP> was significantly higher in the Rb1 group compared to the CON and EX groups. However, the expression of pIRS-1 Tyr<SUP>612</SUP> and the p85 subunit of PI3K were not significantly different between the four groups. Overall, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly stimulates glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of rats through increasing phosphorylation in the AMPK pathway, similar to the effects of exercise.

지구성 운동과 Ginsenoside Rb₁가 쥐 골격근의 AMP-Activated Protein Kinase(APMK), Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase(PI3K) 발현 및 Glucose Uptake에 미치는 영향

정현령,신영호,강호율,Jung, Hyun-Lyung,Shin, Young Ho,Kang, Ho-Youl 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.8

본 연구는 2주간의 지구성 운동과 ginsenoside $Rb_1$이 쥐골격근의 AMPK insulin signaling($tAMPK{\alpha}$, $pAMPK{\alpha}$ $Thr^{172}$)과 PI3K insulin signaling pathway(pIRS-1 $Tyr^{612}$, PI3K $p^{85}$, pAkt $Ser^{473}$) 발현 및 glucose uptake에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 골격근내 glucose uptake에서는 비교집단과 비교하여 운동집단(59.4%), $Rb_1$집단(70.5%) $Rb_1/Ex$집단(58.6%)에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 2주간의 지구성 운동과 ginsenoside $Rb_1$이 AMPK insulin signaling pathway에 미치는 효과를 조사한 결과 비교집단에 비해 $AMPK{\alpha}$(Ex, 28.6%; $Rb_1$, 28.5%; $Rb_1/Ex$, 29.8%), $pAMPK{\alpha}$ $Thr^{172}$(Ex, 35.1%; $Rb_1$, 35.3%; $Rb_1/Ex$, 30.9%)의 발현이 유의하게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 2주간의 지구성 운동과 ginsenoside $Rb_1$이 PI3K insulin signaling pathway에 미치는 효과를 알아본 결과 비교집단과 비교하여 IRS-1, PI3K $p^{85}$에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 pAkt $Ser^{473}$은 $Rb_1$ 집단에서 유의하게 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, ginsenoside $Rb_1$은 운동과 더불어 근육 세포내 AMPK의 활성화와 근육 내 glucose uptake를 증가시켜 제2형 당뇨병 예방과 치료에 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 본 연구의 결과로 PI3K insulin signaling pathway의 항당뇨 효과는 설명하기는 부족하다고 판단되며 추후 본 연구의 결과를 기초로 ginsenoside $Rb_1$의 농도, 처치시간, 처치방법을 고려한 후속 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. This study investigated the effects of endurance exercise and ginsenoside $Rb_1$ on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) protein expression and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of rats. A total of 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: CON (Control group, n=8), Ex (Exercise group; 25 m/min for 1 h, 6 days/week, 2 weeks, n=8), $Rb_1$ (Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ group; n=8), and $Rb_1/Ex$ ($Rb_1$+Exercise group, n=8). The $Rb_1$ and $Rb_1/Ex$ groups were incubated in ginsenoside $Rb_1$ (KRBP buffer, $100{\mu}g/mL$) for 60 min after a 2-week experimental treatment. After 2 weeks, the expression of phosphorylated $AMPK{\alpha}$ $Thr^{172}$, total $AMPK{\alpha}$, the p85 subunit of PI3K, pIRS-1 $Tyr^{612}$, and pAkt $Ser^{473}$ were determined in the soleus muscle. Muscle glucose uptake was measured using 2-deoxy-D-[$^3H$] glucose in epitroclearis muscle. Muscle glucose uptake was significantly higher in the three experimental groups (Ex, $Rb_1$, $Rb_1/Ex$) compared to the CON group (P<0.05). The expression of $tAMPK{\alpha}$ and $pAMPK{\alpha}$ $Thr^{172}$ was significantly higher in the Ex, $Rb_1$, and $Rb_1/Ex$ groups compared to the CON group (P<0.05). The expression of pAkt $Ser^{473}$ was significantly higher in the $Rb_1$ group compared to the CON and EX groups. However, the expression of pIRS-1 $Tyr^{612}$ and the p85 subunit of PI3K were not significantly different between the four groups. Overall, these results suggest that ginsenoside $Rb_1$ significantly stimulates glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of rats through increasing phosphorylation in the AMPK pathway, similar to the effects of exercise.

고강도 운동 시 식이형태가 근육부상에 미치는 영향

이규락 ( Kyu Lark Lee ),정현령 ( Hyun Lyung Jung ),강호율 ( Ho Youl Kang ) 한국운동생리학회 2015 운동과학 Vol.24 No.2

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between the traditional Korean and western diet on muscle injuries induced by high-intensity resistance exercise. METHODS: Eight healthy males were voluntary participated in this study. All subjects were randomly received both the Korean diet (KFT) and the Western diet (WFT) were provided for 4 days with 2-week interval between treatments. Daily caloric content was about 3,500 kcal (carbohydrate: protein: fat; 70%: 15%: 15%, KFT; 34.5%: 16.7%: 48.3%, WFT). High-intensity leg press exercise with 2 sets at each 8 RM, 6 RM, and 4 RM was performed at Day 1 and Day 2. Fasting blood samples were drawn from forearm vein and analyzed for glucose, insulin, lactate, creatine kinase, cortisol, and IL-6. RESULTS: Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not significantly different between KFT and WFT. Plasma creatine kinase activity at Day 5 was significantly different between KFT (213.3±26.2 U/L) and WFT (348.7±37.6 U/L) (p=.010). Resting lactate levels in KFT (1.8±0.2 mM) was significantly higher than those in WFT (1.1±0.1 mM) at Day 5 (p=.010 mM). IL-6 and cortisol levels were significantly lower in KFT (4.5±0.2 pg/mL, 447.2±26.0 ug/dL) than WFT (6.0±0.5 pg/mL, 548.4±16.9 ug/dL) at Day 5 (p=.017, IL-6; p=.006, cortisol, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggested that the KFT like the high carbohydrate meal could attenuate the muscle injury induced by high intensive resistance exercise in the comparison to high fat WFT.

고강도 운동 후 근부상 유발이 인슐린 저항에 미치는 영향

김봉석(Bong Seok Kim),정현령(Hyun Lyung Jung),강호율(Ho Youl Kang) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.35

고강도 운동 시 식이형태가 혈중 그렐린과 렙틴에 미치는 영향

류형수(Ryu, Hyung-Soo),정현령(Jung, Hyun-Lyung),강호율(Kang, Ho-Youl),류종식(Ryu, Jong-Sik) 한국체육과학회 2018 한국체육과학회지 Vol.27 No.4

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the difference between high carbohydrate diet(the traditional Korean diet pattern; KFG) and high fat diet(the traditional Western diet pattern; WFG) on plasma ghrelin and leptin responses in 3-day high-intensity aerobic exercise. The college male students were voluntary participated in this investigation(N=18). Each subject was belonged to either KFG group(n=9) and WFG(n=9). All subjects received 3,000 kcal meal per day in either KFG or WFG for 3 days. The subjects performed treadmill running at the 70% VO2max for 60min on Day1 Day 2 and Day3. Fasting blood samples were drawn from forearm vein and analyzed for lactate, glucose, insulin, leptin, triglyceride, free fat acid(FFA) and ghrelin. Plasma ghrelin levels in KFG were significantly lower than that of WFG on Day 4 (p<.05), but leptin levels were not. Plasma lactate concentrations in KFG was significantly higher than those in WFG (p<.05). Plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride and FFA levels were not significantly different between KFG and WFG. Therefore, the results of the current study suggest that the high carbohydrate meal like KFG have positive effects on decreasing plasma ghrelin that lessens hunger sensation.

밥 식이와 빵 식이가 지구성 운동 후 혈중 중성지방, 인슐린 및 그렐린에 미치는 영향

유동훈(Dong-Hun Yoo),하태열(Tae-Yeol Ha),안지윤(Ji-Yoon Ahn),정현령(Hyun-Lyung Jung),강호율(Ho-Youl Kang) 한국식품영양과학회 2012 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.41 No.8

In this study, the effects of a rice diet and bread diet on plasma triglyceride, insulin and ghrelin levels during low-intensity endurance exercise and recovery were investigated. Ten male students randomly received 2 different treatments: the rice diet and bread diet. On the first day, the participants performed 2 hours of treadmill running with 6% uphill at 50% VO2max after breakfast and then each consumed lunch and dinner. Blood samples were drawn 120 min before exercise and, right before exercise and, 60 min and 120 min after the start of exercise. On the second day, blood samples were drawn prior to breakfast, immediately after breakfast and, 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min after breakfast with no exercise treatment. Plasma triglyceride, ghrelin, glucose, and insulin levels were not significantly different between the two treatment groups on the first day. In addition, there was no difference in the carbohydrate and fat oxidation rate between the two treatments groups. However, plasma triglyceride levels in subjects that received the rice diet were significantly reduced by 14% when compared to subjects that received the bread diet at 180 min after consuming the breakfast diet on the second day. Ghrelin levels were significantly higher for subjects that received the rice diet than subjects that were given the bread diet. However, insulin in participants that consumed the rice diet was significantly lower than those that received the bread diet at 60 min and 120 min after consumption of the breakfast diet on the second day. Glucose levels in the subjects that were given the rice diet were significantly reduced by 10.3% when compared with participants that received the bread diet at 60 min. Therefore, the results of the study showed that a rice diet may be more effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases than a bread diet when combined with exercise.