부사 유의어 "Entirely, Totally, Wholly"의 사용에 관한 코퍼스 기반 연구

정연창 ( Yeon Chang Jung ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2009 언어연구 Vol.26 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to study the use of English adverb synonyms entirely, totally, wholly through BNC, and examine Korean high school students` familiarity with the `adverb+adjective` collocation. In order to understand the value and importance of collocation, we need to first survey the Lexical Approach suggested by Lewis(1993, 1997, 2000). The Lexical Approach argues that language is not lexicalised grammar, but grammaticalised lexis. They view language as lexis rather than a combination of grammar and vocabulary. Native speakers` mental lexicon is stored as prefabricated multi-word chunks, from which their conversational fluency does come, not from the use of difficult words, nor from simply the most common words of the language. Learners will not learn to speak well by practising the individual words and need input rich in prefabricated chunks. On the ground of the Lexical Approach, I analysed the use of the three adverbs through BNC. The most common adjectives with which these adverbs combine were different and new, and then dependent. Considerable numbers of adjectives with which adverbs entirely and totally are used appear in common in various genres, while adverb wholly has a strong tendency to be used only with some adjectives specific to a particular genre. On the basis of the above corpus-based study of the use of these three adverbs, the paper examined Korean high school students` familiarity with the `adverb+adjective` collocation. The subjects are a total of 60 high school students. The questions are that with a given adjective, which one of the three adverbs is most familiar to the subjects. The result was very different from the actual use of native English speakers. The rate of correct answer is less than 40%. The individual words given in the test are very common. According to the Lexical Approach, this suggests that EFL learners should learn frequently occurring fixed expressions as a whole, not by dividing them into separate words. In other words, they should acquire entirely possible as a whole, not entirely and possible separately.

영어 형용사 smart와 clever의 사용에 관한 코퍼스 기반 분석과 언어 교육에 대한 시사점

정연창 ( Yeon Chang Jung ) 성신여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 人文科學硏究 Vol.33 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to study the use of two synonymous adjectives smart and clever through COCA, and to examine Korean college and graduate students` knowledge of smart/clever+noun expressions and to discuss its implications for language teaching and learning. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the two adjectives smart and clever are synonymous, but their actual use in general are very different. Second, there seems to be a statistically significant tendency for a word to combine intensively with a few other words. Third, the two adjectives are very close in meaning, but sometimes they have a totally different meaning even when they combine with the same noun(business, design, marketing). Fourth, smart is much stronger than clever in the tendency toward combining with human nouns. Fifth, when intelligence adjectives are used with formal nouns, they combine more frequently with female nouns than male nouns. Sixth, the total average score of the two adjectives are as low as 53.3%, and the average score of smart(59.6%) was much higher than that of clever(40.5%). And there was a considerable difference between the Korean learners` responses and native English speakers` actual use. The result of this study strongly suggests that we should shift from individual word-based teaching to chunk-based teaching to improve EFL learners` communicative ability. Above all, an in-depth study of the actual use of common words frequently used in everyday life should be conducted as soon as possible.

코퍼스에 기반한 한국 대학생의 영어 유의어 동사 연어능력에 관한 연구

정연창(Jung Yeon-Chang),서려임(Sur Ryo-Im),김은일(Kim Eunil) 새한영어영문학회 2007 새한영어영문학 Vol.49 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate Korean college students' collocation ability of English synonymous verbs. The study focuses on how well Korean college students recognize the difference in collocation between these synonymous verbs. The subjects are a total of 33 college students. Four pairs of synonymous verbs were tested. The results are the following. First, the subjects' general English ability correlates positively with their collocation ability. Second, the rate of correct answer is in order of supply/provide(0.8283), achieve/fulfill(0.7121), mend/repair(0.7020), and extend/expand(0.6465). Third, as mentioned above, the mean scores of the pairs of synonymous verbs are not much different, but there was a big difference between the scores by questions. The subjects are 100% correct in the collocation of mend-washing machine, while they are only 30.30% correct in the collocation of achieve-balance. This means that Korean college students' collocation knowledge of these synonymous verbs are unbalanced.

Pretty의 사용에 관한 코퍼스 기반 연구

정연창 ( Yeon Chang Jung ) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2011 언어연구 Vol.28 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of pretty synchronically and diachronically (1810-2000) through COCA/COHA, and discuss its implications. The main findings of the corpus-based study on pretty are as follows: (1) The total frequency of pretty is 69570, the frequency of adverb pretty 55702 (about 80% of the total frequency), and the frequency of adjective pretty 13840 (about 20%). (2) Pretty as an adverb is most used in SPOKEN(24811) of 5 genres, while it as an adjective is most used in FICTION (6575). (3) The frequency of pretty as a modifier is in the order of adjective modifier (38303) > adverb modifier (13427) > noun modifier (6186). (4) Since 1910s, the use of pretty as an adverb rather than an adjective has been much more dominant. (6) The expression pretty boy had been used since 1820s, and has shown a rapid rise in frequency in recent decades. (7) The paper examined Korean college students` familiarity with ``pretty+human noun`` expressions. There were some differences between the corpus analysis and the subjects` responses. According to COCA, the nouns with which petty combines very frequently are girl, lady, woman, boy. baby, wife, daughter, while the subjects` responses are girl, woman, baby, child, wife, daughter, mother. This result shows that Korean EFL learners` study of vocabulary should be based on frequently occurring fixed expressions(i.e., chunk), not on individual words.

영어 형용사 ‘difficult’와 ‘hard’의 사용에 대한 코퍼스 기반 연구와 시사점

정연창(Yeon chang Jung),박정훈(Jeong hun Park),김은일(Eun il Kim) 현대문법학회 2016 현대문법연구 Vol.88 No.-

The goal of this study is to investigate the use of the two English synonymous adjectives difficult and hard through BNC, and to examine Korean college students’knowledge of difficult/hard+noun expressions. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, The adjective difficult is mainly (83.33%) used to mean ‘not easy to do or deal with’, while hard is mainly (60%) used as idiomatic expressions. Second, both adjectives have different meanings according to the nouns which they are combined with (hard rock/life, difficult decision/concept), and sometimes they have a radically different meaning even when they are combined with the same noun (difficult man, hard man). Third, The average score of the subjects was as low as 54.50%. Fourth, The average score by type is in the order of hard+noun (77.19%), difficult+noun (45.46%) and difficult-hard+noun(38.34%), which shows that the subjects’ overall knowledge of difficult/hard+noun combinations is considerably poor and unbalanced. This result implies that Korean learners of English need to study English, not just memorizing individual words, but with a focus on chunks.

영어가 한국어에 미친 언어 문화적 영향에 대한 통시적 연구

정연창(Jung Yeon-Chang),이상도(Sang-Do Lee),김인택(In-Taek Kim),김은일(Eun-il Kim),조국형(Gook-Hyung Jho),김재윤(Jae-Yoon Kim),김수정(Soo-Jung Kim) 새한영어영문학회 2005 새한영어영문학 Vol.47 No.1

English, which is used in our daily life, has affected Korean language in many perspectives. First of all, words such as ‘radio’, ‘news’, ‘tube’, which do not exist in Korean phonological system, have been used. Ellipsis and abbreviation in terms of morphology have been used. Moreover, passive sentences, pronouns, and past perfect tense, which do not exist in Korean, have been used. Semantically the meanings of some English words have been changed and their meanings sometimes have been expanded, reduced, or abased.<br/> The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the effects of English on Koran for establishing the identity of Korean language and leading to its right usage. The previous studies related with this topic were somewhat basic and fragmentary. That is, the studies were limited to the collection of materials which appeared in a particular point of time. There were no studies which pursued diachronic comparison and systematic analysis. In this study, however, the changes which have occurred in Korean by the effects of English were analyzed diachronically by the computational data base.

주어 생략과 모호성 조건

김은일(Eun Il Kim),정연창(Yeon Chang Jung) 언어과학회 2006 언어과학연구 Vol.37 No.-

Recursive Categorical Grammar : Some Modifications of Lexical Specification and Induction Rule

Jung, Yeon-Chang 부산대학교 과학교육연구소 1993 교사교육연구 Vol.26 No.-

순환범주문법: 어휘명세와 유도규칙의 확대 수정. 정연창. 본 논문은 미국의 언어학자 M.K. Brame이 창안한 순환범주문법에 관한 간략한 소개와 이 이론의 어휘명세와 유도규칙을 확대 수정할려고 한다. 본 연구에서는 한국어 동사구와 영어 명사구의 관한 구조를 고찰해 봄으로써 기존의 어휘명세와 유도규칙이 다루지 못하는 언어현상을 처리하기 위해 확대 수정된 어휘 명세와 유도규칙을 제시하고 있다.

Cognitive state and conjunction

Jung, Yeon-Chang 釜山大學校 師範大學 1995 교사교육연구 Vol.30 No.-

본 연구는 인지적 관점에서 영어의 접속어 and와 비교될 수 있는 문접속의 두 형태인 '-다 그리고'와 '-고'의 사용에 있어서 차이점과 그 관련된 언어현상을 살펴보고자 한다. 본 연구는 이 두 형태의 접속문이 그 연관된 인지상태에 있어서 차이가 있다고 가정하고, 이 가정 위에서, 주어가 '는' 또는 '도'에 의해 표시된 접속문들의 문법성 또는 수용성이 어떻게 설명될 수 있는지 보여주고 있다.

Two Notes on Subjects of Infinitival Complements

Jung, Yeon-Chang 釜山大學校 師範大學 1992 교사교육연구 Vol.24 No.-

본 논문의 목적은 부정사절 보족어 주어의 출현에 관한 제약에 대해서 연구 조사하는 것이다. GB 분석에 의하면, want 종류 동사의 부정사절 보족어 주어 위치에 추상 NP인 PRO와 어휘 NP가 둘 다 아무런 제약없이 자유로이 나타날 수 있다고 한다. 본 논문은 want 종류 동사의 부정사절 보족어 주어 위치에 PRO와 어휘 NP의 출현이 자유로운 것이 아니라 다음과 같은 제약이 있다는 것을 주장하고 있다. (ⅰ) 부정사절 보족어의 주어가 WH-의문문에 의해 요구되는 전체 정보를 전달할 때에는 그 주어는 반드시 어휘 NP이어야 한다. (ⅱ) and로 접속된 문장에서 첫째 주어와 둘째 주어는 반드시 같은 종류의 NP가 나타나야 한다. 즉, PRO가 첫째 주어 자리에 나타나는 어휘 NP가 둘째 주어 위치에 나타나거나, 또는 그 반대로 되어서는 안된다.