1902년 皇帝御極 40년 望六旬 稱慶禮式과 皇都 정비 - 대한제국의 ‘皇都’ 구상에 담긴 만국공법적 제국과 동양적 제국의 이중 表象 -

전우용 서울역사편찬원 2012 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.81

After the First Sino~Japanese War, Sino~centric East Asian world order was practically destroyed. However, the Sinocentrism that was built around the existing world order did not immediately destroyed. Enlightenment group regime will establish the phase of the Great Joseon only in the system of the Elements of international law, but Emperor Kojong could not do that. After opening ports, King Kojong has adopted westernization policy continually, but the enlightenment group assumed hostile attitude against him. King Kojong has to embrace anti~western confucian group despite of his real thoughts. There are many opponents against the name of Imperial among them, but some of them who insist that Joseon~centrism could be supporters of King. And the world order which dominated by the system of the Elements of international laws was strange for the vast majority of people, too. It is useful for King Kojong that his people have pride of imperial ones, which would have supported to strengthen his sovereignty. After the Sino~Japanese war and King's escape to Russian Embassy, the international phase of the Great Joseon has fallen down too. The superpowers didn't think that Korea could maintain her independence by herself. Emperor Kojong and his aides have well known those situation. It was necessary for them that not only the power of military and industry, but also the symbols of civilization. They would make some evidences of civilization in the space of Seoul and open them to the public at the anniversary of Emperor Kojong's 40th enthronement and 51th birthday. The Great Han Empire had to make and possess dual symbols, one for her independence, the other for Emperor's autocracy. For the former, They were represented by western and eastern style buildings and constructs each. The needs of authority for dual symbols was realized on the space of Seoul capital, and then the dual structures and landscapes were formed in Seoul. Around the anniversary, many western style buildings were constructed in Kyeongwoon~gung, the main palace of the Great Han Empire and the eastward simple commercial street Jongno was changed to the main symbolic street. The western and eastern style buildings on the each side of this street which were constructed by the Emperor's authority, have represented that the dual phase of the Great Han Empire, not only the International one which was authorized by international standard, but also the traditional one which was authorized by Korean's traditional thoughts. 청일 전쟁 이후 중국 중심의 동아시아 세계질서, 즉 중화체제는 현실적으로 소멸했다. 그러나 현존 세계질서를 중심으로 구축되었던 中華意識까지 바로 소멸하지는 않았다. 갑오 개화파 정권은 만국공법적 세계질서 안에서만 大朝鮮國의 위상을 정립하려 했으나, 고종의 大韓帝國은 그럴 수 없었다. 개항 이후 고종 자신이 지속적으로 서구화 정책을 펴왔음에도 불구하고, 문명개화론에 일방적으로 경도된 개화 관료들은 그에게 적대적이었다. 본의야 어쨌든, 고종은 자신의 권력기반을 확대하기 위해 서구화에 반대하는 斥邪 유생들을 끌어안아야 했다. 그들 중에는 稱帝建元에 반대하는 사람들도 있었으나, 조선 후기 이래 내용적으로 ‘조선중화주의’를 주창해 온 세력에게는 그 形式的 증거들을 갖춰 줄 필요가 있었다. 또 절대다수의 臣民에게도, 만국공법적 세계질서는 아주 낯설었다. 그들에게 帝國 臣民의 자존감을 심어주는 일은 갑오개혁과 아관파천으로 실추된 王權의 위상을 회복하고 皇權을 절대화하는 데에도 유용했다. 한편 청일전쟁과 아관파천을 거치면서 대한제국의 국제적 위상 역시 추락했다. 대한제국이 자력으로 독립을 유지할 수 있으리라고 판단한 열강은 없었다. 고종과 그 측근 세력 역시 이런 현실을 모르지 않았다. 그들은 군사력을 키우고 산업을 발전시켜 자주 독립의 내실을 갖추는 것이 궁극적인 위기 타개 방법이라는 것을 알았지만, 그와 더불어 현존하는 公法的 세계 체제의 일원으로 인정받는 것도 필요하다고 판단했다. 그를 위해서는 서구적 기준에 합치하는 독립국이자 문명국이라는 증거들을 만들어야 했다. 그들은 서울 공간에 그 증거들을 집적해 두려 했고, 그것들을 고종 즉위 40년 망육순 칭경기념식을 계기로 국제 사회에 대대적으로 공개하려 했다. 대외적으로 공법이 공인하는 자주독립국이자 대내적으로 황제가 전체 신민 위에 군림하는 전제군주국을 표방한 대한제국에는, 이원적 필요에 상응하는 이원적 表象이 필요했다. 공법의 公認을 얻기 위해서는 서구적 근대 문명의 標識를 갖춰야 했고, 신민 일반의 동의를 얻기 위해서는 동양적, 전통적 帝國의 表象을 만들어내야 했다. 이 二元的 表象에 대한 권력의 요구는, 皇都 서울을 대내외적 表象의 중심 공간으로 개조하는 과정에 그대로 반영되었다. 칭경예식 전후 대한제국의 正宮 경운궁은 전통적 전각과 서양식 전각이 공존하는 독특한 궁궐이 되었으며, 상업 가로였던 종로는 帝王南面의 동양 전통적 도성 조영 원칙과 무관한 바로크적인 ‘장대한 직선 경관축’이 되었다. 이 도로 좌우에는 근대 문명을 상징하는 ‘서양식 건축물’과 동양적 帝國을 표상하는 ‘전통 양식’의 건조물들이 함께 들어섰다. 이 시기의 서울은 동양적 제국이자 만국공법적 제국이라는 대한제국의 二元的 位相을 압축적으로 표현하는 공간이었다.

Fe-P-C-B-(AI-Ge)계 비정질합금의 열적 안정성과 등온결정화 거동

전우용,국진선,배인성,설경원,Jeon, U-Yong,Guk, Jin-Seon,Bae, In-Seong,Seol, Gyeong-Won 한국재료학회 1998 한국재료학회지 Vol.8 No.11

Fe기 비정질합금에서 과냉각액체영역의 유무에 따른 열적 안정성을 비교평가하기 위하여 결정화온도 이하에서 유리천이가 나타나지 않는 $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$합금과 52K의 과냉각 액체영역을 갖는 $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ glassy 합금을 열분석하였다. 등온결정화에 의한 열분석의 결과 JMA plot의 n값은 $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$합금이 1.8-2.2이고 과냉각 액체영역을 갖는 $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ 합금이 2.5-4.0으로서 후자의 경우가 열적으로 안정하였다. 결정화의 양상은 $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$ 합금의 경우 핵생성속도가 일정할 때 확산율속에 의해 결정입자가 성장하는 반면 $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ glassy합금의 경우 핵생성속도가 일정할 때 계면입자가 성장한다. $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ 합금 및 $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$ 합금의 결정화에 필요한 활성화에너지, 핵생성 및 성장에 필요한 활성화에너지는 각각 371, 353kJ/mol, 그리고 324, 301KJ/mol 및 301, 273KJ/mol로서 과냉각 액체영역을 갖는 합금이 열적으로 안정하다고 판단된다. Thermal properties of Fe- base amorpous alloys were investigated. $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$ and $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ amorphous alloys were fabricated by melt spinning method and thermal analysis was done by differential scanning calorimeter. After isothermal crystallization. the Avrami exponents of $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$ and $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ amorphous alloys were 1.8-2.2 and 2.5-4.0, respectively. It means the former alloy shows diffusion controlled growth and the latter one shows interface controlled growth. For $Fe_{80}P_6C_{12}B_{12}$ and $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ amorphous alloys. the activation energies of isothermal crystallization was 353 and 371kJlmol. Also the activation energies of nucleation and growth were 301, 324kJlmol and 273. 30lkJ/mol, respectively. Thus $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ amorphous alloy is considered to be more stable than $Fe_{73}P_{11}C_6B_4AI_4Ge_2$ amorphous alloy.

경기 평택 - 대륙과 겨루는 풍요와 신명

전우용 샘터사 1988 월간 샘터 Vol.19 No.8

植民地 都市 이미지와 文化現像 : 1920년대의 京城

全遇容 한일역사공동연구위원회 2005 한일역사 공동연구보고서 Vol.5 No.-

권말부록:심포지엄-한국근현대 민족주의와 민족통일전선 일제하 민족자본가의 존재양태와 민족주의

전우용 역사문제연구소 1992 역사비평 Vol.- No.18

문화유산 한강의 역사성 회복

전우용 국토연구원 2015 국토 : planning and policy Vol.408 No.-

대한제국기∼일제초기 宣惠廳 倉內場의 형성과 전개

전우용 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 1999 서울학연구 Vol.- No.12

서울의 기념인물과 장소의 역사성 : 가로명 및 공공부지 조형물을 중심으로

전우용 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2005 서울학연구 Vol.- No.25

In Seoul, there are many monuments, statues, and memorials that commemorate historic figures. They heighten the historic value of Seoul and provide an opportunity to remember and contemplate on the history they represent throughout the city. However, the statues, monuments, street names, and other structures established in memory of historic figures and their achievements are randomly dispersed in various locations. Pedestrians are able to encounter these historic figures intermittently, however, how these figures and related to the location in which they are placed is not understood. Through the designation of government, historic figures make known their existence their legacy and achievement through statues and other structures, but is completely unrelated to the history of the location in which they are place. Private "Commemoration Businesses" also show their diligence in building statues and memorials; however, no efforts are made for accurate preservation of memory by placing the structure in its appropriate historic location. Therefore, no proper relationship can be found between the memorial and its location, and as a result the proper history of the city cannot be exhibited. In order to resolve such problem, 5 solutions are being presented. First, an improved effort is needed in providing explanation of the relationship between the location and the historical figure, and between the location and the historic event. Second, a reorganization of the commemorative structures may be needed for comprehensive understanding of the location and the historic figure. Third, additional historic figures should be sought and placed in their appropriate historical location. Fourth, in order for the citizens to be able to remember and commemorate the historic figures and their achievements, related materials should be made available. Fifth, parties related to the historic figure being commemorated should abandon the belief that the size of the monument is in direct proportion with his/her accomplishments.

근대 이행기(1894~1919) 서울 시전 상업의 변화

전우용 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2004 서울학연구 Vol.- No.22

The Sijeon, the stores licensed by the government, has dominated the commerce in the capital city as a national purveyor and retailer since the foundation of Choseon Dynasty. The dynasty government gave the government-licensed merchants various commercial preferential treatments instead of the levy of national service. Under the privileged commercial order connected to the state power, the government-licensed merchants could occupy a better position in the distribution of commercial profit. The privileged commercial order was threatened from the small domestic merchants. But, the persons who ultimately destroyed them were foreign merchants who advanced into Seoul after the opening of the ports. In progress of the Kap-o Reform of 1894 under the pressure of Japan, Geumnanjeongwon, a monopolistic commercial right, in Yukuijeon, Six Licensed Stores(in Seoul), was formally abolished. But, under the political power of progressive party, the privileged commercial order was preserved. The domestic merchants got used to the existing commercial practice, and they had no power of promoting the construction of new commercial order. As matters stood then, the government could not help utilizing the part of the merchants with the special right. After the collapse of the political power of Progressive party, the phenomenon that returned to the privileged commercial order has become salient all the more. The merchants in Yukuijeon tried to revert to the traditional practice. For accomplishing it, they established Imperial central general association in 1898. This organization took active part in formalizing the privileged commercial system centered on Yukuijeon. The government that had the ideas of achieving the 'modernization', taking advantage of the merchants' capital and their experiences made them recovered their privilege in various ways. The merchants in Sijeon could take part in the national projects under the control of the Imperial Household. And, they could make a profit by the administration of government funds in the nation and the Imperial Household. In this atmosphere the establishment of company by the partnership with the aristocratic officials and the merchants were in fashion at that time. However, as Japan that won in Russo-Japanese War set into motion a colonization work on Korea, the merchants in Sijeon' dream who hoped to grow as 'modern capitalists' under the support of State power was vain. The strong reform measure by Japanese imperialism played a role in transferring the tangible·intangible assets that they have accumulated to Japanese and the pro-Japanese profiteers as well as changing the merchants' situation in Sijeon swiftly. The small minority of merchants in Sijeon only who could adopt the new man of power as a supporter achieved success in changing into 'modern industrialists'. The absolute majority of the government licensed merchants were ousted from the shelter of power, and could not help competing with the rising industrialists-the youth of noble blood who gave up their dream to the government post, the sons of local magnates, and lower and middle class officials who ousted from their government posts- in the small markets permissive to the Korean. In general, they were collapsed and became 'survivors of the Dynasty'. The vocational association that is, the capital association in each store, that has been united in one for the hundreds of years ceased to exist, leaving the minute common property and mutual friendship only.

원산에서의 식민지 수탈체제의 구축과 노동자계급의 성장

전우용 한국역사연구회 1989 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.2