디지털 플랫폼 사업자의 소비자 착취 행위에 대한 경쟁법의 적용 : 독일 페이스북 사건

이 상 윤 법무부 2020 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.91

This paper introduces Germany’s recent and controversial case, Facebook, and analyses its potential implications for Korea’s competition law and policy, particularly those regarding exploitative conduct by digital platforms. The inquiry into Facebook was initiated in 2016 by the Bundeskartellamt’s investigation into Facebook’s exploitative practices, i.e. combining users’ data collected from third-party websites and apps. The practices had been determined to breach German competition rules and were prohibited by the authority. But the prohibitive effect of the order was soon after suspended by the Higher Regional Court of Düsseldorf (“OLGD”) on the ground that the court found no ‘threat to the freedom of competition on the merits and opened of market access.’ On 23rd June 2020, however, the OLGD’s decision in interim proceedings was unexpectedly overturned by Germany’s Federal Court of Justice (“BGH”) despite the extremely narrow scope of review in the interim proceedings. According to the press release, in contrast to the OLGD, the BGH puts a special emphasis on the consumer’s freedom of choice and aligns itself with the Bundeskartellamt, restoring the effect of the authority’s order to stop its data practices. Although the OLGD’s ruling on Facebook’s original appeal against the order has yet to be issued, all the aforementioned decisions are worth being reviewed and analyzed in that they raise a radical question: What would be the objective(s) of competition law and policy in the digital era? With an ultimate aim of finding the appropriate role of competition law and policy in the digital era, this paper reviews Germany’s Facebook case and seeks answers to the question of whether competition law enforcement vis-à-vis unfair business terms are suitable for preventing exploitative practices by digital platforms and thereby contributing to enhancing citizens’ welfare. After analyzing the rationale for each decision, this paper concludes that further in-depth discussion on the goal(s) of Korea’s competition law and policy in the digital era is needed in considerations of the overall regulatory framework, the extent of economic inequality, and the necessity of the protection of non-market values. 이 글은 2016년 독일 경쟁 당국의 조사로 시작되었던 페이스북 사건을 다루고 있다. 구체적으로, 2019년 2월 독일 연방카르텔청의 결정, 같은 해 8월 나온 뒤셀도르프 고등법원의 집행 효력 정지 결정, 그리고 최근 2020년 6월 연방최고법원의 결정을 분석 대상으로 하고 있다. 이들은 데이터와 디지털 플랫폼의 착취 남용 이슈를 정면으로 다루면서 앞으로 전개될 디지털 미래에서 경쟁법의 지경을 어디까지 넓힐 수 있는가에 대한 근본적인 질문을 다루고 있기 때문에 독일과 유럽은 물론 세계적으로도 매우 중요한 사건으로 평가되고 있다. 이에 저자는 이 글을 통해 선행 연구들을 보완하고 디지털 플랫폼 사업자의 남용행위에 관한 후속 연구에 기여하는데 목적을 두고 페이스북 사건의 구체적인 내용과 관련 논의들에 대해서 살펴보고 있다. 이로써 ‘플랫폼 사업자의 부당한 데이터 수집·이용 행위에 대한 경쟁법 적용을 어떻게 평가할 수 있는지’에 대한 문제를 탐색해보고자 한다. 결론부에서는 위 질문에 대한 일반적인 합의는 아직 형성되어 있지 않음을 확인하면서, 향후 경쟁 정책과 법의 목표를 무엇이라고 이해하는지에 따라 착취 남용 규정의 유효성에 대한 평가가 달라질 수 있다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 같은 맥락에서 이 글은, 디지털 시대 착취 남용 금지 규정의 활용을 위한 전제로서 먼저 우리의 법과 경제 현실에 부합하는 디지털 시대 경쟁 정책의 방향 설정에 관한 심도 있는 논의에 집중할 것을 촉구하고 있다.

일-가정 갈등이 이직의도에 미치는 영향 - 유연근무제 만족도를 중심으로 -

이 선 경,이 춘 우,김 상 순 한국인적자원관리학회 2014 인적자원관리연구 Vol.21 No.5

일-가정으로부터의 상충되는 요구로 인해 조직구성원은 갈등을 겪게 되고 이러한 갈등은 조직목표 달 성을 어렵게 하는 요인이 된다. 기존 연구는 일-가정 갈등(Work-Family Conflict: WFC) 양상에 주목하 는 반면 갈등초래의 원인에 대해서는 제한적인 관심을 보여 왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자원소모 모형 (Resource drain model)을 기반으로 갈등의 원인에 따라 일-가정 갈등(WFC)을 일-가정 방해 갈등(Work Interference with Family: WIF), 가정-일 방해 갈등(Family Interference with Work: FIW)으로 나누고 갈등의 원인을 시간, 긴장, 행동의 영역으로 세분화하여 구성원의 이직의도에 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. 아울러 직무특성화 모델(Job characteristics model)을 활용하여 유연근무제에 대해 조직구성원이 느끼는 만족도가 높을수록 시간 통제감과 자율성을 가지게 되어 일-가정 방해 갈등(WIF)이 이직의도에 미치는 영향을 낮출 것이라 예측하였다. 대기업 직장인 143명으로부터 얻은 설문 테이타를 이용하여 상관분석과 위계적 회귀분석을 하였다. 분석결과 일-가정 방해 갈등(WIF)은 이직의도에 영향을 줌을 알 수 있었고, 일-가정 방해 갈등(WIF)의 부정적인 영향을 감소시키는데 유연근무제의 만족도가 높을수록 효과적인 사실도 확인하였다. 본 연구의 이론과 실증결과는 일-가정 갈등(WFC)이 원인에 따라 이직의도에 주는 영향이 다름을 밝혔고, 기업과 경영자들에게 유연근무제가 일-가정 방해 갈등(WIF)을 효과적으로 관리할 수 있는 전략적 제도가 될 수 있음을 보였다는데 의의가 있다. Contradicting demands from work and family challenges organizational members, making them less committed to organizational goals. Existing studies tend to focus more on work-family conflict as organizational phenomenon but less on the causes of such conflict. Building upon the resource drain model and using the origin of conflict as a criterion, this study categorizes work-family conflict into work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW), introduces time, strain, and behavior as three dimensions of conflict, and examines their influences on employee turn-over intention. Additionally, this study, drawing from job characteristics model, predicts that organizational members’ satisfaction with flexible work practice will reduce the effect of WIF on turn-over intention as the members feel more empowered with perception of time-control and autonomy. Using the survey data from employees of major corporations in Korea, this study run correlation and hierarchical regression analyses. Results show that WIF has a significant influence on employee turn-over intention and that employee satisfaction on flexible work practice effectively decreases the harmful impact of WIF on turn-over intention. The results of this study contributes to the research by showing that work-family conflict has a deferential effect on turn-over intention depending on where the origin of conflict resides. This study also offers a practical implication to managers by proposing that flexible work practice, unlike conventional view as a welfare policy, can be a strategically meaningful practice that can not only effectively reduces employee turnover but also fundamentally solve the problem of work-family conflict.

전자식 화물 인도에 따른 법적 쟁점에 대한 고찰 -영국 MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA v Glencore International AG판결과 그 시사점을 중심으로 –

이 현 균,이 상 협 법무부 2020 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.91

과학기술의 발전은 자율운항선박, 전자항해장치, 스마트항만 등 해운분야에도 상당한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이와 같은 새로운 기술의 도입은 물류 처리의 효율성 증대, 인건비 등 각종 비용의 절감 등 사업운영의 효율성 및 안정성 확보라는 큰 장점이 있다. 하지만 이러한 과학기술 발전에 따라 관련 법률들이 제대로 정비되지 못하면 법적 공백이 발생할 수 있다. 영국 법원의 MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA v Glencore International AG 판결은 자동화된 컨테이너 터미널에서 이용되는 전자식 PIN 코드의 법적 지위에 관하여 최초로 판단한 판결로서 이는 비단 영국뿐만 아니라 우리나라에 있어서도 중요한 시사점을 제공하고 있다. 영국 법원은 해당 판결에서 운송계약당사자들인 화주와 운송인 사이에 전자식 코드에 의한 화물인도에 대한 합의가 없었고, 엔트워프항의 전자반출시스템(Electronic Release System)이 의무가 아닌 선택사항이었다는 점 등을 고려하여 전자식 코드를 제공한 것만으로는 계약상 적법한 화물인도가 될 수 없다는 결론을 내렸지만, 이 판결을 통해서 운송계약당사자들 사이에 전자식 화물 인도 방식의 사용에 대해 명시적 또는 묵시적 합의가 있거나, 전자식 인도 코드가 기재된 전자 문서 내에 운송인의 인도 약정이 포함되어 있는 것으로 해석 가능한 경우에는 화물의 인도 또는 선박화물인도지시서(a ship’s delivery order)의 교부로도 볼 수 있는 여지도 동시에 남겼다고 평가할 수 있다. 우리나라에서도 화물인도지시서의 개념 및 성립 요건에 대해 법률과 판례에서 명확하게 규정하지 않고, 학설도 통일되지 않은 상황이기 때문에 전자식 화물인도 코드가 기재된 전자 문서의 법적지위를 판단함에 있어서 한계가 존재한다. 따라서 우리나라에서도 전자식 코드에 의한 화물인도방식을 포괄할 수 있는 계약 조항을 마련하거나 궁극적으로는 입법이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. The rapid development of technology has significantly affected the shipping industry introducing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS), E-navigation System, and Smart Port. These new technologies are likely to promote business efficiency and reduce a large portion of operating costs. However, if the current legal framework cannot keep up with the technological advancements in the shipping sector, it may create a considerable gap between the new technologies and the law. In this regard, the recent English court decision, MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA v Glencore International AG, which is the first court decision dealing with the legal position of electronic PIN codes used to release cargo at container terminals, is likely to have a significant impact on both English law and Korean law. Although the Court of Appeal held that delivery of PIN codes under Electronic Release System does not amount to delivery of goods itself or a delivery order, delivery of such electronic codes may constitute symbolic delivery of goods or delivery of a ship’s delivery order under the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1992 in different factual circumstances or contractual terms. As the statutes and court decisions in Korea remain silent on legal issues related to electronic delivery codes, it would be difficult to determine the legal position of electronic documents coupled with electronic delivery codes. Thus, parties of carriage contracts should insert relevant provisions as to the use of the electronic delivery system. This paper aims to analyze the legal issues raised in MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA v Glencore International AG under the English law and discuss the legal position of electronic delivery codes under the Korean law.

사이버작전에 대한 공통상황인식 함양을 위한 軍 사이버작전 교육체계 연구 및 방향성 제안 -非사이버작전부대 장교 교육을 중심으로-

이 상 운,박용석 한국융합보안학회 2019 융합보안 논문지 Vol.19 No.4

The purpose of this study is to suggest the educational system and direction of cyber operations officers of non-cyber operations forces who do not specialize in cyber operations. In order to carry out cyber operations as a joint operation, non-Cyber Operations officers must also know about cyber operations, but there is no education system for them at present, Since there is almost no previous research on this, research in the relevant field is necessary. Therefore, the education system was developed based on the prior literature review, that is, the education system, that is, the necessity of education, the object of education, the goals and contents of the education, and the curriculum. In addition, the relevant experts confirmed the validity of each item with Delphi method, and as a result, some improvement was needed, but it was shown to be suitable as a whole. In addition, detailed educational program development can be developed based on this in the future. 본 연구는 사이버작전을 전문적으로 수행하지 않는 非사이버작전부대 장교들을 위한 교육체계를 개발하고 방향성을 제안하기 위한 연구이다. 사이버작전을 합동작전으로 수행하기 위해서는 非사이버작전부대 장교들도 사이버작전을 알아야하나 이들을 위한 교육체계는 현재 軍에는 없으며, 이에 대한 선행연구 또한 거의 없어 해당 분야의 연구가 필요하다. 따라서, 非사이버작전부대 장교 교육체계는 사전에 실시한 관련 문헌연구를 기반으로, 교육체계를 구성할 수 있는 5가지 항목 즉, 교육의 필요성, 교육대상, 교육목표 및 내용, 교육과정에 관한 사항을 개발하였다. 또한, 관련 전문가들에게 델파이방법으로 각 항목의 타당성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 일부 향상의 필요성도 보였으나, 전체적으로 적합함을 보였다. 향후에는 이 연구를 바탕으로 세부 교육프로그램 개발이 개발될 수 있다.

论中国现代文学的伦理诉求

李?祥(Lee Hong Xiang) 중국문화연구학회 2005 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.7

It is a big problem to the scholars that there was no great works appearing in the chinese literature history. the thesis indacates that ,since the new cultural moment happened, the chinese mordern writers paid attention to the knowledge principles from the western enlighten movement, rather than its ethic background. The structural shortcomings limited deeply the writer's creation.

다수확 조생종 약용국화 감국 ‘예향’ 육성

허재영,김 윤숙,조 용남,이 상은,이흥수,최재혁,김 태원 한약정보연구회 2024 한약정보연구회지 Vol.12 No.1

In order to contribute to increased income for Chrysanthemum indicum L. farmers, a hemispherical and high-yielding new cultivar was selected and cultivated. The name of the new cultivar is 'Yehyang', which means Chrysanthemum indicum L. with an artistic fragrance and appearance. Test field soil was prepared according to standard cultivation methods, and rooted cuttings were planted at a 50cm distance and cultivated. Characterization was conducted according to the agricultural science technology and research analysis standards of the Rural Development Administration, with leaf and flower colors determined using the RHS color chart. Survey results showed a plant height of 36.1 cm, plant width of 84.8 cm, leaf length of 5.0 cm, leaf width of 3.0 cm, and flowering time was October 5th. It was estimated that 1,094 kg of fresh flowers could be harvested if Chrysanthemum indicum L. was planted at 900 plants per 10a. After the cultivar was registered, it has been used for various purposes such as medicinal, food, ornamental, and nectar sources, and is being actively distributed in the Gyeongnam region to help generate income for farm households.

의료산업 육성 방안 : 의료서비스를 중심으로

이 상 경 (Sang-Kyoung Lee) 대구보건대학 2008 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

1. High-class quality of medical service According to the satisfaction rate of consumers regarding medical service from the public health statistics annual report of the year 2006, 40.7% of consumers said that the service was very satisfactory or a little satisfactory, whereas 54.9% said it was a little unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory. Considering the fact that 33.2% of consumers indicated that the service was just so-so, our medical service is still far from satisfactory. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of medical service, information on the hospitals needs to be open to consumers and the system for the reasonable compensations on medical acts needs to be made. 2. Reinforcement of audit transparency in the medical industry Once the audit transparency and the management efficiency of medical industry are achieved through the outside resources, and the trustfulness and the competitive power of medical industry are formed, medical profitable businesses need to be allowed. Furthermore, great efforts need to be made to induce overseas patients joining with other businesses. 3. Endeavor for the reasonable management of the medical industry Systematic government support is required to produce outstanding manpower constantly through hospital oriented technologies, to construct networks with industry, school, and research, and to accumulate professional medical technology. 4. Permission for profit-making corporation Profit-making medical corporation, which is difficult to form but necessary in terms of cultivating advanced medical industry, needs to be permitted in phases. To provide satisfactory medical service that differentiates to consumers, the current controlling medical system needs to be changed and the development of medical technology needs to be facilitated. 5. Inducement of overseas patients It is important to undergo infrastructure for the inducement of overseas patients by increasing credibility, medical service, and the governmental role. Attracting overseas patients to Korea should be more active in the future. 6. Medical industry in a cluster As the population of seniors and medical users are on the rise, medical related industries, such as bio-industry, silver industry, and medical information industry, need to construct a cluster for a synergy effect.

최근 방카슈랑스 현황과 보험회사 대응 전략

이 상 호 ( Sang-Ho Lee) 대구보건대학 2008 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The implementation of the fourth phase of the bancassurance scheme was broken in last 2008 February 19. The bancassurance scheme was first introduced in 2003, in order to spur synergistic effects between banks and insurance companies, and to give consumers easier access to insurance policies at lower prices. Scheduled to begin in April 2008, the fourth phase of bancassurance was becoming Korean banks to sell automobile and whole life insurance. This was big argumentative distance in between the insurance companies and the banks. Some insurers, academics, and politicians asserted postpone or even cancel the plan, while bankers asserted that the plan should be carried out according to schedule. The rescission of the fourth phase of the bancassurance scheme is not fully resolved. So the countermeasure which insurance industry is appropriate is demanded.

사무관리자의 의식행태 및 대학의 역할에 관한 연구

이 상 락 (Sang-Rak Lee),권 재 일 (Jae-Il Kwon) 대구보건대학 2008 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to provide some basic data on how effective universities are educating employees through the new academic-industrial cooperation between universities and hospitals. To create this data, we researched the attitude of hospital employees, their opinion about public health administration and their demands for further education to improve themselves and their work place. The research demonstrates that the employees working in small and medium sized hospitals which do not have a good working environment have a high demand for further education and make an effort at self improvement. Also, they preferred to participate in a feed back type of education which provides information from universities while improving themselves. Universities which have wide academic-industrial cooperation with small and medium sized hospitals need to take an active attitude in the further education of employees and provide the qualified workers. Also, we expect a new concept of academic-industrial cooperation which is more useful and practical through the expansion of research in this area.

전통 짜맞춤 기법과 3D 프린팅 의자 디자인의 융합에 관한 연구

이 정 비,이 상 진 한국전시산업융합연구원 2022 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.40 No.2

Instead of using nails or adhesives on wood, it is a modeling method in which two parts are connected and fixed with each other - weaving technique, which is traditionally used in many fields such as architecture or furniture. With the development of industry, the use of weaving technology is gradually reduced due to the diversification of alternative materials and mass production in a simple way. Taking into account the era environment in which users have recently changed into the main body of production, this paper puts forward the design completed by the traditional production method - weaving, and the chair completed by 3D printing and assembly in the modern production method. The traditional splicing methods are investigated and classified according to the connection methods. In order to make each part suitable for 3D printing, the parts are designed and modeled. Considering the size of individual output efficiency and limiting the size of parts, considering that the connected structure not only meets the visual beauty, but also considers the correct mechanical judgment of the support rate of each component, which has the durability of use. 목재에 못이나 접착제를 사용하지 않고 두 부분이서로 맞물려 연결 고정되는 방식을 이용한 조형방법인 짜맞춤 기법은 건축이나 가구 등 여러 영역에서전통적으로 사용되어왔다. 산업발전으로 대체 재료의다양화 및 간편한 방식으로 대량생산 등의 이유로 짜맞춤 기법의 사용은 점차 줄어들고 있다. 최근 사용자가 생산의 주체로 변화하는 시대적 환경을 고려하여 전통적인 제작기법인 짜맞춤 방식으로완성된 디자인을 현대적인 제작방식인 3D 프린팅으로개인이 출력해서 조립하여 완성할 수 있는 의자를 제안하였다. 전통적인 짜맞춤 방식을 조사하고 연결되는방식에 따라 분류하였고, 각 부품들을 3D 프린팅 방식에 적합하도록 부품들을 디자인하고 모델링하였다. 개인이 출력하기에 효율적인 크기를 고려해서 부품의 크기를 제한하고 연결을 고려한 구조는 시각적 아름다움을 만족시킬 뿐만 아니라, 역학적으로 각 부품의 지지력 비율을 정확하게 판단하여 사용할 수 있는내구성을 갖도록 고려하였다.