이광수와 나쓰메 소세키의 문학교육론이 지닌 근대성 비교연구

권혁건(Kwon,Hyuk-Gun),이호규(Lee,Ho-Gyoo),김주현(Kim,Ju-Hyun) 동북아시아문화학회 2011 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.28

Soseki is representative novelist and theorists of Japanese modern literature, and Lee Gwangsoo (Lee) is known as person who opened doors to Korean modern literature. They are representing not only Korean and Japanese modern literature, but also Oriental modern literature. We focused on the early stages of their literary theories. As well, looked into their arguments based on their ideas of literary education in relation between literature and society. Although Soseki and Lee are both representatives of Korean and Japanese modern literature, we have found their literary theories to have contrasts, as well as undertoned ideal substance. Their findings show identical recognition in defining the workings of human mind as intellect, emotion and volition. Also, their thoughts on the realm of emotion is the characteristic of literature, and explained modern literature by drawing the concepts of rationality and truth. Soseki insisted literary art is not a simple skill; a literary artist could influence others due to their ideals that a literary artist is someone who has the biggest and highest ideals. Lee’s argument resembles Soseki’s argument. Lee contended literary art can be made simply with skill and endeavor. Only highly gifted artist can take charge of a growing self-regulating person who could lead society through literature. Soseki and Lee both, therefore, conclude the Occidental natural science (in other words, education that is logical and substantiate) is modern education, and upcoming Oriental new education need to take after. We found Soseki and Lee have contended education through literature that could produce self-regulating and liberal individuals based on the mentioned Occidental new education.

2.06mV/count의 해상도를 갖는 칩 내부 전원전압 잡음 측정회로

이호규,정상돈,김철우,Lee, Ho-Kyu,Jung, Sang-Don,Kim, Chul-Woo 한국전기전자학회 2009 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.13 No.4

This paper describes measurement of an on-ship power supply noise in mixed-signal integrated circuits. To measure the on-chip power supply noise, we can check the effects of analog circuits and compensate it. This circuit consists of two independent measurement channels, each consisting of a sample and hold circuit and a frequency to digital converter which has a buffer and voltage controlled oscillator(VCO). The time-based voltage information and frequency-based power spectrum density(PSD) can be achieved by a simple analog to digital conversion scheme. The buffer works like a unit-gain buffer with a wide bandwidth and VCO has a high gain to improve resolution. This circuit was fabricated in a 0.18um CMOS technology and has 2.06mV/count. The noise measurement circuit consumes 15mW and occupies $0.768mm^2$. 이 논문에서는 혼성 신호 집적회로 상의 온칩 전원전압 잡음을 측정하는 회로에 대해 기술하였다. 온칩 상의 전원전압 잡음을 측정함으로서 잡음이 아날로그 회로에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 이를 보상하는 정보로도 사용할 수 있다. 이 회로는 동일하지만 독립적인 두 개의 채널로 구성되어 있다. 각 채널은 샘플 앤 홀드와 전압 제어 발진기를 포함한 주파수-디지털 변환 블록으로 구성되어 있다. 간단한 아날로그-디지털 변환 방법을 사용해서 시간 기준 전압 정보와 주파수 기준 전력 스펙트럼 밀도를 얻을 수 있다. 버퍼는 넓은 대역폭을 갖는 유닛 게인 버퍼로 동작하고, 전압 제어 발진기는 해상도를 높이기 위한 높은 증폭도를 가지고 있다. 이 회로는 0.18um CMOS 공정으로 설계되었으며 측정된 해상도는 2.06mV/count 이다. 전원잡음 측정회로는 15mW의 전력을 소모하며 $0.768mm^2$의 면적을 차지한다.

1960년대 패러디 소설의 반영론적 성격 연구 : 이호철과 박태순의 단편소설을 중심으로

이호규(Lee Ho-Gyoo) 중앙어문학회 2009 語文論集 Vol.42 No.-

This study focused on one of the characteristics of parody novels - reflection on realties. That is, it investigated the opinions of writers who reflected and criticized their contemporary realities or social aspects ideologically through parody novels. The purpose of this study was to reveal such characteristics of parody novels in the 1960s based on the short stories written by Lee Ho-cheol and Park Tae-sun and analyze their reality-reflective attitudes and inclination. Reading and analyzing appropriately the parody novels of Lee Ho-cheol and Park Tae-sun who have been regarded as prominent writers of the literature based on progressive and socially critical realism in the 1960s would broaden their literary domain and properly evaluate the diversity that their novels possessed. Furthermore, it would be able to firmly establish the grounds for the reality-reflective characteristics of parody novels in the 1960s. 「Tal-sayukja Hoeui (A Meeting of Post-breeders)」published in 1966 was a work with a noticeably sharp satirical spirit through a fable and clearly revealed the spirit of criticizing realities by Lee Ho-cheol who concentrated more than anyone else on social efficiency of literature. In「Jakka-jimang (a Desire to Become a Writer)」written Park Tae-sun, Lee Gwang-su appeared as a speaker and the work dealt with the relationship between Lee Gwang-su and Choi Seo-hae in the 1930s and showed the self-examination of what literary recognition and practice one should have as an intellectual and novelist. The first volume out of Park Tae-sun's「Samdu-macha(A Three-horse Carriage)」 series was the novel that parodied Heosaeng-jeon. He clearly showed that not an intellectual like Heosaeng but the mass of the people such as Oechon-dong people had strong vitality and its spontaneous and resultant will to reform realities. Moreover, he believed that the writer as an intellectual should depict the lives of people in general vividly and inform others of them and practice the literature, in which the writer should stay with people while being on their side and make efforts to create a society living together with them. The parody novels by Park Tae-sun once again conspicuously demonstrated that he clearly recognized writer's consciousness and his calling as an intellectual and novelist in the given period and society.

이병주 초기 소설의 자유주의적 성격 연구 -작가의식과 작중 인물을 중심으로-

이호규 ( Ho Gyoo Lee ) 한국문학연구학회 2011 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.45

이병주 초기 소설은 1940년대 일제 말기 제국주의 전시 체제의 식민지 시기와 해방 정국 그리고 60년대 군부 독재 시기를 대상으로 자유주의 지 식인의 운명과 그 의미를 천착하고 있다. 식민지 일제 말기에 있어서 제국 주의 권력의 통치를 가능하게 하기 위해 조선인들의 삶을 포획하고 그에 특정한 형식을 부여했던 장치는 ``치안, 고쿠고(國語), 이름(창씨개명), 전쟁(징병 및 징용)이었다. 해방 정국은 극단적인 이분법적 선택을 강요하는 좌우익의 대립이 낳은 정치적 슬로건과 집회, 그리고 이데올로기의 강압 적 선택이었다. 5·16 군사 쿠데타 후 6,70년대는 반공 이데올로기와 천 민자본주의가 결탁되어 작동한다. 본 논문은 <소설 알렉산드리아>를 비롯하여 <마술사>, <예낭풍물지>, <변명> 등 1960년대에서 70년대 초기까지 이병주의 소설들을 대 상으로 하여 장치라는 개념을 사용하여 자유주의 지식인의 운명이 한국 현대사에서 어떻게 되었으며 그것의 의미는 무엇인지, 그들의 삶이 가지 는 과거와 현재의 의미는 무엇인지 살펴보고자 한다. 이병주에게 자유의 개념은 매우 중요하며 그의 글쓰기의 원천 및 주제 라고 할 수 있다. 그에게 자유는 곧 개인주의를 의미한다. 질곡의 역사를 지닌 한국 사회에서 자유주의적 개인주의자들이 어떤 희생을 겪으며 살 아왔는지에 대해 이병주는 다른 방법이 아닌 소설로써 드러내고자 했다 라는 사실은 그 역시 자유주의자이기 때문이다. 자신의 식민지와 전쟁 체 험을 바탕으로 한 구체적인 역사적 사건이라는 실제성 곧 리얼리티와 함께 그의 소설 전반에 나타나는 환상적 낭만성의 혼종은 닫힌 사회와 그 안 에서 사회적 개인으로서 역할과 의무를 다하면서 진정한 자유를 추구하는 개인주의자의 관념이 빚어내는 결과라고 할 수 있다. 그의 소설이 지닌 역사성 곧 실제성과 낭만적 관념의 개인은 충돌을 일으키는 것이 아니다. 지금 현재의 억압적 상황과 그러한 상황을 회피하지 않고 자유주의자로 서 한 개인의 삶이 오히려 보장되고 그러한 삶을 누릴 수 있는 사회를 꿈 꾸는 낭만적 자유주의자의 관념, 의지가 내포와 외연을 이룸으로써 한국 사회의 상황과 거대한 역사적 사건 속에서 희생당하고 억압당하며 소외 되어온 개인이 대비적으로 선명하게 부각되고 있다. Lee Byung-joo`s early novels inquired into the destiny and meaning of liberalistic intellectuals during the imperialistic war footing at the end of Japanese rule during the 1940s, the political situation after liberation, and the period of military dictatorship during the 1960s. At the end of Japanese colonial rule, some devices that captured the lives of the Joseon people and endowed specific forms matching their lives which enabled the rule of imperialistic power included ``public security, gokugo (國語), name (forced name change system), and war (draft and conscription). The political situation after liberation faced the forcible selection of the political slogan, rally, and ideology generated by the confrontation between the left wing and the right wing, which forced the extreme dichotomic selection. In the 1960s and 1970s after the 5.16 military coup, an anti-communistic ideology combined with pariah capitalism, and worked together. This paper aims at Lee Byung-joo`s novels throughout the 1960s to the early 1970s, such as <Magician>, <Yenang Pungmulji>, and <Excuse>beginning from <Novel Alexandria>, and to look into how the destiny of liberalistic intellectuals changed in modern Korean history, what its meaning was, and the past and present meaning of their lives using the concept, namely the device. To Lee Byung-joo, the concept of freedom is very important, and this may be the origin and subject of his writing. To him, freedom equals individualism. In Korean society, which has a history of ordeals, Lee Byung -joo tried to reveal what kind of sacrifice liberalistic individualists had experienced in a form no other than as a novel. This is because he was also liberalist. The hybridism of actuality that it is a concrete historical fact based on the author`s experience of colony and war, namely reality, and fantastic romance shown throughout his novels may be the result created by a closed society and by the notion of an individualist who pursues true freedom while being fully faithful to his/her role and duty as a social individual in that society. Historicity in his novel, that is, actuality, and an individual with a romantic notion do not conflict. The current suppressive situation and the notion and will of a romantic liberalist who dreams of a society in which the life of an individual is rather secured and that such a life may be enjoyed as a liberalist without avoiding such a situation forms connotation and denotation. In this way, there is highlighted the clear contrast between the situation in Korean society and an individual who has been sacrificed, suppressed, and isolated in huge historical incidents.

1970년대 저항의 두 지점 - 황석영의 〈객지〉와 조세희의 〈뫼비우스의 띠〉비교 연구

이호규 ( Ho Gyu Lee ) 한국문학연구학회 2006 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.28

햅틱 장치를 이용한 상지 운동기능 장애인의 재활치료에 관한 기초 실험

이호규(Ho Kyoo Lee),김영탁(Young Tark Kim),高橋良至(Yoshiyuki Takahashi),三好扶(Tasuku Miyoshi),鈴木禎(Keisuke Suzuki),米田隆志(Takashi Komeda) 대한기계학회 2011 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.35 No.5

상지 운동기능 장애인의 재활치료에 대한 지속적인 관심과 훈련의 정량적인 평가가 요구되고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 햅틱 장치를 개발했다. 피험자가 햅틱 장치의 손잡이를 움직일 때, 가상의 힘을 제시하여 그들의 동작에 대해 어시스트력이나 항력을 제시할 수 있다. 개발한 상지 운동훈련 프로그램과 시스템의 유효성을 검토하기 위해, 5 명의 운동기능 장애인을 대상으로 직선동작 훈련프로그램을 수행할 때의 손잡이 위치, 수행 속도, 손잡이의 오차 및 상지의 EMG 신호를 측정하였다. 5 명의 피험자의 손잡이의 궤적 및 EMG 활동이 유사함을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 가상 현실의 힘을 손잡이에 제시함으로써 EMG 활동이 증가하였다고 볼 수 있다. 본 실험의 결과, 객관적이며 정량적인 상지 재활치료 시스템의 개발 및 평가 방법이 시사되었다. Rehabilitation exercises must maintain a patient’s interest and permit a quantitative evaluation of the rehabilitation. We have developed a haptic-device system. When users move a grip, the haptic device provides a virtual force that either assists the movement of their arm or working against it. To investigate the functional effect of this system in a rehabilitation program, we used for five subjects with motor-function disorders and measured the grip position, velocity, force exerted on the grip, and EMG activities during a reaching task of one subject. The accuracy of the grip position, velocity and trajectories patterns were similar for all the subjects. The results suggested that the EMG activities were improved by applying the virtual force to the grip. These results can be used for the development of rehabilitation programs and evaluation methods.

다이쇼 데모크라시와 한ㆍ일 근대 작가의 개인주의적 주체 비교연구

이호규(Lee, Ho-Gyoo),권혁건(Kwon, Hyuk-Gun) 한국문학회 2010 韓國文學論叢 Vol.54 No.-

염상섭(廉想涉, 1897∼1963)과 아쿠타가와 류노스케(芥川竜之介, 1892 ∼1927)는 근대 한국과 일본을 대표하는 작가이다. 염상섭은 1912년부터 1920년까지 8년간 일본에서 유학하면서 일본을 통해 서양의 근대를 받아들였다. 이는 곧 그의 문학 속에 그대로 투영되어 나타났다. 일본이라는 같은 공간, 다이쇼 시대라는 같은 시간 속에 있었던 염상섭과 아쿠타 가와가 당대를 어떻게 인식하고 받아들였는지를 근대적 개인의 관점에서 살펴보고자 한다. 아쿠타가와는 동양에서 근대화를 성공적으로 이룬 제국주의적 일본에서 근대적 개인이 겪을 수밖에 하나의 전형을 보여준다. 그는 철저한 개인주의자였다. 그런 반면 그는 ‘사회적 범절을 조소하면서도 그와 갈등을 일으키지 않는 것은 지혜’라고 보기도 했다. 그런 딜레마와 갈등 속에서 그는 다이쇼 데모크라시 시대 젊은 세대들이 보였던 순응주의 혹은 기회주의적인 세속성에 대해서 아이러니하게도 냉소적 태도를 취하게 되는데, 그것이 아쿠타가와라는 일본의 근대적 개인이 보이는 독특함이 자 보편성이기도 하다. 반면 일본에서 유학생활을 하면서 새로운 변화를 감각적으로, 그리고 인식적으로 받아들였던 식민지 지식인 염상섭은 그러한 조건 속에서 한국문학사에서 개인의 문제, 다이쇼 데모크라시 시대의 용어이자 염상섭 본인의 논문을 빌면 ‘개성’의 문제를 진지하게 드러냈다. 그 역시 아쿠타가와처럼 봉건성과 집단성 속에서 근대적 개인이 겪는 불화와 심각한 정신적 공황상태를 솔직하게 그려내는데, 그는 아쿠타가와와는 다른 행로를 보여준다. 그것은 아쿠타가와가 갖고 있었던 냉소를 갖지 못했고, 아쿠타가와가 갖지 못했던 부끄러움을 지니고 있었다. 식민모국 일본의 근대적 개인과 식민지 백성으로서 근대적 지식인이었던 조선 유학생과의 본질적인 차이였던 것이다. Yeom Sang-sup(廉想涉, 1897∼1963) and Akutagawa Ryunosuke(芥川竜之介, 1892∼1927) are representative Korean and Japanese writers. Yeom Sang-sup received the western modernity through Japan as he studied there for eight years between 1912 and 1920. This is shown in his literature. This study aims to look into how Yeom Sang-sup and Akutagawa Ryunosuke who were in the same place, Japan and the same time, the period of Taisho recognized their time from the modern individual perspective. Akutagawa Ryunosuke seems to show a model that a modern individual could not but experience in imperialistic Japan where the Orient made a success of modernization. He was a thorough individualist, and he ridiculed social manners while he considered not making trouble with it as wisdom. In the conflicts with such a dilemma, he was ironically cynical about conformism or opportunistic carnality young generations showed in the period of Taisho Democracy, which is uniqueness and university of Japanese modern individual like Akutagawa Ryunosuke. On the other hand, a colonial intellectual Yeom Sang-sup who accepted a new change sensuously and cognitively while studying in Japan shows the personal problem of Korean literature history, a term of Taisho Democracy period, or the problem of ‘individuality’ in his thesis. He also honestly expresses discord and serious mental panic a modern individual experiences in feudalism and collectivity, but he shows different way from Akutagawa Ryunosuke. He didn’t have Akutagawa Ryunosuke’s sarcasm and has shyness Akutagawa Ryunosuke didn’t have. That was original difference between the colonial country Japanese modern individual and Joseon student who was a modern intellectual as the colonial people.

욕망의 주체와 실천의 주체, 그 이중적 관계 - 유재용의 70년대 소설을 중심으로

이호규(Lee Ho-Gyoo) 한국문학회 2008 韓國文學論叢 Vol.49 No.-

  「The Life of Others」, published in 1973, describes the life of a young boy who lives a life of other person and even reproduces the man"s death when he dies. Unreasonableness of a subject of desires and another of realization as in 「The Relation」 is the theme of this work. 「The Servant」, published in 1977, as well represents desires of contemporary men through the conflict between a subject of desires and realization by the relation between the weird master and servant. These works well indicate what Jaeyong Yu"s works in 1970"s, at the beginning of his literature activity, were focused on, and that such interests maintained throughout the 70"s, not extraordinarily. By analyzing the link among the three works, we may find out and restore the characteristics of Jaeyong Yu"s works in the 70"s. Besides, works of Jaeyong Yu during his early years reflect his ontological confirmation and acceptance of his own destiny as a novelist.<BR>  The three novels of Jaeyong Yu in the 70"s feature the satisfaction of desires through borrowing Other"s body in the process that a man who has character and sexual disorder tries to fill his crooked desire, and that a paralyzed man who desires the normal life of a common person tries to satisfy the unethical desires. The relation between a master and the servant with money as the medium well shows how thoroughly human relationship can be vertically formed through money and the authority brought with money. In 1970"s, as the rapid industrialization and the American culture of capitalism were established in the Korean society, the insight of the writer on the relation between the master and the servant made with money indicates that the attribute of capitalism is reflected in the extreme inhuman relation of ownership.<BR>  The criticism of Jaeyong Yu on the ownership in the capitalized society with desires as the medium in 1970 can be applied, not only to the 70"s, but also to the modem day society, which is called the age of post-capitalism. Now that the capitalized ownership is regarded as common today, Jaeyong Yu"s novels in the 70"s ask whether such relation distorts the genuinely free human relationship, what is genuine resistance to us, what is resistance for upright human relationship in the capitalized modem society, and what is desirable relationship in the society that a resistant subject can create, requiring of us to realize the ideal relationship.

하근찬 전후 소설에 나타난 기억의 복원과 확장

이호규(Lee Ho Gyoo) 한국문학회 2017 韓國文學論叢 Vol.75 No.-

하근찬의 6,70년대 문학의 원류는 “고향”과 “아버지”라는 공간과 주체이다. 그런데 고향이라는 공간은 일제 강점기와 한국 전쟁으로 이어지는 시간과 함께 놓여 기억 속에서 입체적으로 구축된다. 아버지라는 주체 또한 고향이라는 공간과 시대라는 시간과 함께 자리하면서 작가의 기억 속에 존재하는 이웃과 중첩되고 나아가 민중으로 확대된다. 이 글은 그의 등단작 「수난이대」가 발표된 1950년대 후반부터 1970년대 후반까지 하근찬의 단편 소설을 중심으로 아버지와 고향, 유년(아들)의 기억과 현재화라는 시공간적 체험을 통해 하근찬 문학의 근원을 탐색해보고자 한다. 하근찬의 6,70년대 대표작들은 대개 일제 강점기나 한국 전쟁 전후 시기 농촌을 배경으로 한다. 그런데 경상도 사람들의 사투리에 녹아 있는 전라도 사람들의 괴로움과 눈물의 이야기는 하근찬 문학이 갖는 보편성의 근원이자 특수성이며 힘이다. 좌익, 우익 그 어느 쪽도 아니었고 그저 평생 교직에서 충실히 모범적으로 살아온 아버지가 모략과 협잡 속에서 이념의 희생자가 되어 총살을 당한 모습은 그에게 당대를 어느 한쪽에 치우치지 않는 객관적인 시선으로 보게 하였다. 아버지에 대한 기억은 하근찬의 유년시절과 함께 한다. 아버지를 떠올림은 유년 시절을 기억하는 것이고 유년 시절은 또한 일제 강점기와 함께 존재하는 것, 일제 강점기 유년 시절의 기억을 소환하고 정리하고 성찰함은 어쩌면 그의 문학 여정에서 당연한 과제로 떠올랐을 것이다. 그는 아버지의 기억과 함께 일제 강점기 유년의 기억을 불러낸다. 하근찬은 일제 강점기와 한국 전쟁의 부조리와 상처가 여전히 현재형으로 남아 청산되어야 할 고통으로 존재하고 있음을 직시한다. 그것이 하근찬 문학이 과거형으로 머물지 않고 6,70년대 여전히 강력한 현실 비판적 힘을 지닌 이유라고 할 것이다. The origin of 60s’ and 70s’ literature of Geunchan Ha is the space of ‘hometown’ and the ‘main agent’, father. The space of hometown is place together with the time period of the Japanese colonial era and the Korean War and established three-dimensionally in memory. The main agent, father, is also placed in the space, hometown, and the time, the period, overlapped with the neighbors who exist in the memory of the writer, and expanded to the people. This paper focuses on short stories of Ha from the late 1950s, when ‘Sunaneedae’, the story he debuted with, was released to the late 1970s, and tries to explore the origin of Ha’s literature through the experience of spatio-temporal experience of father and hometown, the memory of childhood(son’s memory) and bringing it to present. The 60s’ and 70s’ representative works of Ha take as its background the countryside during the Japanese colonial era or post Korean War era. The agony and story of tears of Jeollado people that are melt in the dialect of Gyeongsangdo people are the foundation of universality, distinctiveness, and power of Ha’s literature. He was neither a leftist nor a rightist and got to see his father who lived his whole life faithfully as a teacher shot as a victim in slander and trickery. That made him look at the period in an objective way without leaning toward one side. The memory of his father stayed with Ha throughout his childhood. Remembering his father is remembering his childhood and his childhood exists with the Japanese colonial era. Recollecting and reflecting on the childhood memory during the Japanese colonial era may be the natural task in his literary journey. Along with his memory with his father, he brings back his childhood memory during the Japanese colonial era. Ha sees it through that the absurdity and wounds during the Japanese colonial era and the Korean War still remains as pain that should be overcome. That is the reason why Ha’s literature does not stay as something of the past and holds the strong critical power of the 60s and 70s.

정보통신 규제 기구 운영의 제도적 장치에 대한 비교 연구: 독일, 영국, 프랑스를 중심으로

이호규 ( Ho Kyu Lee ) 한국지역언론학연합회 2006 언론과학연구 Vol.6 No.1

역사 제도주의자들에 의하면 규제 정책은 각 나라들의 문화의 전통을 반영한다고 한다. 따라서 한 나라에서의 성공이 다른 나라들이 유사한 문제를 해결하기 위한 모델이 될 수 없기 때문에 각 나라들의 규제 정책이 다양하게 나타날 수밖에 없다. 반면에 정책의 수렴을 주장하는 학자들은 지금과 같이 모든 나라들이 유기적인 관계를 맺고 있는 세계화 시대에는 이웃 나라 혹은 국가를 초월한 조직들의 강요로 인해 각 나라들의 정책이 수렴된다고 주장하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 규제 기구 설치가 독일, 영국, 그리고 프랑스 등을 분석대상으로 하여 정보통신 산업을 규제하기 위한 규제 기구 설치를 정책의 수렴 현상으로 이해할 수 있을 것인지 아니면 선정하여 각 나라들의 고유성을 반영하는 것인지를 알아보고자 하였다. Nowadays, we are witnessing the increasing pressure of establishing semi-independent regulatory agency, discarding the existing government-centered regulation approach. By introducing regulatory agency, we believe that there emerge efficient regulatory policy to harmonize between market efficiency and political equity. This kind of regulatory agency is getting more emphasized as time goes on. In the past Europe, most countries have adopted government-centered policy in the belief that telecommunications is sort of infrastructure. Therefore, governments have always played a great role in policy making. However, in Europe, the movement to change from governmentcentered to regulatory agency has gained momentum since the Britain established regulatory agency to control and coordinate telecommunications industry. Observing the trend of the emphasis of regulatory agency in several European countries, the author tries to understand what kind of factors are influencing in explaining and emphasizing the import of regulatory agency? How can we understand the changing policy paradigm in the Europe? In order to find the answers for the afore-mentioned research questions, this study employs the contrasting approaches in explaining policy making, such as historical institutionalism, path-dependent and convergent approaches. Historical institutionalism argues that the structures of decision making was highly influenced by historically constructed policy framework and differed greatly from one country to another. It argues that when reforms occur, they follow contrasting paths and achieve diverse outcomes greatly from one country to another. They posit mechanisms for the different institutional paths taken by nations, notably path dependency and critical juncture. However, nowadays, supranational coercion arise from authoritative international bodies, such as EUs. Pressure from other governments and foreign interests such as firms, offers another form of coercion. These actors can seek similar changes across nations. Cross-national policy learning can undermine the effects of national contexts on learning. Policy makers draw lessons from other countries and enjoy an alternative to national isomorphism. The result of cross-national emulation would bring in the policy convergence. To understand why some European countries introduced regulatory agency and to test the above contrasting approaches, this study looks at the historical contexts of Germany, France, and Britain. This study finds that either approach cannot fully explain the phenomena of increasing rate of adoption of regulatory agency in Europe. Rather, we need another middle way of diversity in convergence.