이정수의 1811년 연행과 대외 인식의 노정

이명제(Lee, Myung-jae) 한국사학회 2016 史學硏究 Vol.0 No.123

명청교체 이후 조선 지식인들은 조선을 중화문명의 유일한 계승자로 격상시키기 위해 다양한 노력들을 경주하였다. 조선 지식인들의 노력은 종족ㆍ지리ㆍ문화적 측면에서 중화의 지위를 획득하는 방식으로 이루어졌는데, 그 중에서도 문화적 측면에 가장 많은 노력을 기울였다. 또 다른 한편에서는 청을 어떻게 사유할 것인가에 대한 논의도 지속적으로 이어졌다. 하지만 중화문화를 내면화하는 문제가 비교적 순조롭게 진행된 것과 달리 청에 대한 인식의 차이는 커져만 갔다. 즉 청조의 치세가 안정 될수록 이념과 현실 사이에서 청을 사유하는 방식이 분화되기 시작한 것이다. 李鼎受(1783~1834)가 활동하였던 19세기 전반의 서울지역은 다양한 사유들이 충돌하던 시․공간이었다. 한편에서는 18세기 후반 청 문물의 수용을 주장하였던 북학파들의 영향력이 아직 남아있었지만, 다른 한편에서는 辛酉邪獄등을 통해 새로운 사상이 탄압당하고 외척 가문 중심의 권세가들이 정치적 주도권을 획득하고 있었다. 이정수는 18세기 조선 지식인들의 다양한 견해를 수용해서 자신만의 독특한 대청관을 내놓았다. 그는 우선 조선의 역사와 문화적 전통을 강조하는 한편 고조선의 지리적 강역을 공유하고 있었던 청과 경계 짓기를 시도하였다. 이를 통해 청은 ‘이적’으로서의 정체성을 부여받았다. 이적으로서의 청의 지위는 오삼계론을 통해 다시 한 번 확인되었다. 이정수는 송시열과 김창업, 그리고 일부 북학파에 의해 이루어진 오삼계에 대한 긍정과 청에 대한 이해를 강력하게 비판하였다. 하지만 세계질서에 대한 이정수의 이해는 전통적인 시각과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이정수는 외국조빙조에서 중국 정사 외국전의 전통에 따라 중국과 해외제국들에 대한 조공․책봉 관계를 강조하였던 것이다. 또한 이정수는 서역에 대한 강한 반감을 드러내었다. 그는 서양의 학문을 금수의 가르침이라고 표현하며 西洋禽獸論을 전개한다. 즉 이정수의 대외인식은 전통적인 중화와 이적의 구도가 여전히 큰 지분을 차지하고 있으며, 이것이 세계의 영역으로 확장되면서 儒學과 西學, 혹은 反儒學의 새로운 기준으로 전환됨을 알 수 있다. 이는 이정수의 문화적 화이관이 19세기 전반의 정치․사회적 상황과 긴밀한 연관을 맺으며 확장된 결과라고 이해할 수 있을 것이다. After the Ming-Qing transition, Chosun’s intellects made efforts to elevate Chosun as the only successor of Chinese civilization. Their efforts were made in a way to acquire the status of being China in racial, geographical, and cultural aspects, and among them, the utmost effort was made culturally. Meanwhile, they also discussed how to deem Qing continuously. Although the matter of internalizing Chinese culture proceeded rather smoothly, their awareness of Qing differed further. In other words, as the reign of Qing became stabilized, the way of deeming Qing between ideology and reality began to be divided. In Seoul during the beginning of the 19th century when Lee Jeong-soo (李鼎受: 1783~1834) worked actively, a variety of ideas conflicted. Even though Bukhak School insisting the acceptance of Qing’s civilization in the late 18th century was still influential, new ideas were suppressed through Sinyusaok (辛酉邪獄) or such and the powerful centered around the families of maternal relatives were obtaining the political lead. Lee Jeong-soo accepted diverse opinions from Chosun intellects in the 18th century and presented his own unique view to Qing. First of all, he emphasized Chosun’s history and cultural tradition, and then, he tried setting boundary from Qing which was sharing territory with Gochosun geographically. Through this, Qing was assigned with its identity as ‘ijeok’. Qing’s status as ijeok was once again verified by Osamgyeron. Lee Jeong-soo did severely criticize the affirmation of Osamgye practiced by Song Siyeol and Kim Changeop and some of the Bukhak School members and reconsideration on understanding of Qing. However, Lee Jeong-soo’s understanding of world order was not very different from the traditional viewpoint. Lee Jeong-soo did stress the relations of jogong․installation towards China and foreign empires according to the tradition of political affairs to China in Oegukjobingjo. Also, Lee Jeong-soo revealed his severe hostility against the West. Insisting that Western sciences are the teachings of birds and beasts, he developed Seoyanggeumsuron (西洋禽獸論). In brief, Lee Jeong-soo’s awareness of foreign countries was still significantly grounded on the traditional structure of China and igeok, and when this is extended to the scope of the world, it is converted to the new criteria of Confucianism (儒學), Seohak (西學), and anti-Confucianism (反儒學). This can be understood as the result of Lee Jeong-soo’s cultural Hwaigwan closely associated with the political and social situations of the early 19th century and becoming extended.

나말려초 (羅末麗初) 성주지방의 호족세력

이명식(Myung Sik Lee) 대구사학회 2001 대구사학 Vol.65 No.1

It might be at the age of Queen Chinseong that the present 5eongju District began to be freed from the rule of the Central Government. And then, it might be inferred, when Later Packjae attacked and occupied 10 castles or so south of II-sung Commencery at the 11th year of King Hyogong, that Seongju began to be influenced by Later Packjae. At that time, however, Later Packjae was unable to keep on holding the territory which it took from Sillla, so the present Seongju District was ruled by the lord who extended his power and called himself a General. After that, it is obvious that Seongju District was influenced againby Later Packjae from about 4th year of King Kyoungmyoung(920 A.D.), equal to the period when Koryeo and Later Packjae was in the rivals each other. But Seongju became to be under the rule of Korea, aftert Ryangmun, General of Pyuckjin Comrnendery, yielded to Koryung in the ?th year of King Kyoungmyoung(924). In the first year of King, Kyoungae(924), Koryeo and Later Packjae committed a battle for a long period at Jomoo Castle, and General Lee in Later Packjae, local gentry in Seongju District, yielded to Koryeo, which turned the battle favorable to Koryeo. After the Battle of Gongsan, offering a route of retreat to King, Wang Keon who lost in the battle, he contributed much to King, Wang Keon, On one hand, when Lee Chong-eon, General of Pyuckjin Commendery, fought against Koryeo at the Battle of Chomul Castle, his son, Lee Young joined in the battle and served greatly to gain victory for Koryeo. King, Wang Keon rewarded him far his distinguished services at the battle, and appointed him as General Boneup and as Samjungdaekwang. What Lee Neung-il had achieved, can be revealed from a lot off history books written at the middle period of Lee Dynasty, but his name, life and achievements are not written in the Samgaoksaki and Koryeosa which are the basic historical materials. Therefore, the writer concluded that Lee Neung-il might be considered as Lee Neung-mun who can be traced and identified from the basic historical documents, who yielded to Koryeo in the second year of King Kyoungae(925) and was appointed as Seangsangun and ruled Kyaungsan Commendery.

다양한 형태의 버너를 이용한 수증기개질기의 고효율화 연구

이명용(Myeong-yong Lee),이지홍(Ji-hong Lee),이상석(Sang-seok Lee),이진석(Jin-seok Lee),이도형(Do-hyung Lee) 대한기계학회 2008 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2008 No.11

The purpose of this study is to develop a highly-efficient and compact steam reformer for PEMFC changing the burner types. For the purpose some of the Can type flat burners were adopted and the results were compared with 'O' company's typical cylinderical flat burner. We used commercial STAR-CD tools for numerical calculation. We found the optimum Can type STR burner and this type of burner was highly efficient comparing with typical burner.

인도 IT서비스 산업의 인수합병(M&A)에 관한 연구

이명무(Lee, Myung-Moo),김윤호(Kim, Yun-Ho) 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2010 남아시아연구 Vol.16 No.1

지난 10년 동안 인도 IT서비스 산업은 매출액 증가, 고용 증대, 새로운 가치 창조면에서 눈부신 발전을 거듭해 오면서 인도의 핵심 성장 동력으로 자리매김해왔다. 그 결과 IT서비스 산업은 글로벌 시장에서 인도를 대표하는 산업이 되었다. 인도 IT서비스 산업의 경쟁력의 원천은 다음 세 가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 각 엔지니어가 보유하고 있는 기술이나 노하우 같은 지식의 축적, 둘째, 반복적인 업무 프로세스를 체계적으로 수행할 수 있는 조직의 능력, 셋째, 다양한 비즈니스 모델의 존재이다. 본 연구에서는 인도 IT서비스 산업의 M&A 사례를 조사하여 리더 기업과 도전자 기업으로 나누어 분석하였다. 인도의 주요 IT서비스 기업을 대상으로 1999-2009년까지 M&A 실적을 분석해 보면, IT서비스 산업의 리더 기업인 TCS는 인수 8건, 지분참여 3건, 자산매각 0건, Infosys는 인수 7건, 지분참여 2건, 자산매각 4건을 기록하였다. 반면 도전자 기업인 Satyam은 인수 5건, 지분참여 5건, 자산매각 9건을 기록하였으며, Patni는 인수 5건, 지분 참여 0건, 자산매각 4건을 기록했다. 리더 기업인 TCS와 Infosys는 인수에 집중하면서 회사 규모를 키웠다. 이에 비해 도전자기업인 Satyam은 자산매각을 중심으로 규모를 줄인 반면, Patni는 활발한 인수를 통해 기업을 키워왔다. 인도 IT서비스 기업의 M&A에 대한 사례 분석을 바탕으로 리더 기업과 도전자 기업의 대응방안을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, M&A의 리더 기업(TCS, Infosys)은 미국, 유럽 시장에서 준대형급의 위치로 성장하고 있다. 북미와 영국에서도 이미 고객 기반이 있고, 인수 타깃이 되는 중간급 규모의 우량기업이 적기 때문에 자체 성장을 중심으로 특정 산업용 솔루션의 소프트웨어 패키지나 SaaS 등의 지적재산 획득을 목표로 한 인수가 예상된다. 둘째, M&A의 도전자기업(Satyam, Patni)은 리더 기업과 유사하여 각 시장에서 리더와 경쟁하는 경우가 많다. 이미 영어권시장에서 존재감을 확립하고 있다는 점에서 리더 기업을 따라잡을 수 있는 규모 확대를 위해 노력하는 동시에 차별화 전략을 세우는 것이 중요하다. 유럽, 미국 시장 모두 자체 성장에 덧붙여 중형기업의 인수가 관건이 된다. 한국 기업과 정부에 주는 시사점을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 한국의 IT서비스 산업은 국내외 기업간의 경합 속에서 경쟁력을 확보하기 위한 사업 영역ㆍ비즈니스모델의 재검토나 오프쇼어 거점을 축으로 한 끊임 없는 지원 서비스 체제의 구축을 추구해야 한다. 정부 차원에서 대응 방안을 살펴보면, 인도 IT서비스 산업의 급속한 성장의 배경에는 정부의 지원 등이 있었다는 것을 감안하면 한국 정부도 강점분야의 선택과 집중을 통해 적극적인 한-인도간 제휴 촉진을 위한 구체적인 지원책을 검토해야 한다. Over the past decade, the Indian IT Service sector has become the country’s premier growth engine, crossing significant milestones in terms of revenue growth, employment generation and value creation, in addition to becoming the global brand ambassador for India. The source of the competitive advantage of Indian companies is found in (1) the accumulation of technology and know-how by way of an in-house completion type delivery structure, (2) organizational capabilities to carry out projects based on standardized processes, and (3) a global delivery model with Indian offshore centers at its core. These three elements enhance such strategies as high value-added services, diversification to boost earnings and spread risk, and increasing offshore ratios in order to maintain healthy profit ratios. The aim of this study is to examine the case of the M&A in the Indian IT services industry. Specifically, we will examine the strategic alliance as it relates to the following: ① global trends in strategic alliances in the IT industry, ② analysis of Indian IT services companies, ③ Indian government and corporate level strategies for improving competitiveness. This study will summarize these corporate M&A strategies from a more detailed viewpoint and weigh their attributes. Based on sales amount, employee numbers and market standing, Indian IT services firms can be categorized as either leaders or challengers. For example, Leaders would be TCS and Infosys and Challengers would be Satyam and Patni. According to a 1999-2009 survey of four companies by M&A, Tata has made 8 acquisitions while taking stakes in 3 companies. Tata has 0 divestiture during this period. Infosys has made 4 acquisitions while taking stakes in 2 companies. Infosys has 4 divestitures during this period. Satyam has made 5 acquisitions while taking stakes in 5 companies. Satyam has 9 divestitures during this period. Patni has made 5 acquisitions while taking stakes in 0 companies. Patni has 3 divestitures during this period. Major results of this study can be condensed into two. First, let’s look into M&A strategies of leader firms. TCS and Infosys have already developed their businesses in European markets to the extent of establishing themselves as semi-major class firms. In North America and the UK, they already have an established customer base, but because of a lack of medium-sized blue-chip firms worthy of being targeted for acquisition, one can predict that these leader firms will carry out organic growth-based takeovers that focus on the acquisition of software package solutions for specific industries and IP such as SaaS. Second, we analyzed M&A the strategies of challenger firms. The types of businesses that challenger firms engage in are similar to that of leaders and in many cases, Satyam and Patni compete with leader firms in various markets. In particular, while maintaining a customer base, it is likely that both parties can enjoy the benefits of an M&A when a challenger firm acquires another country’s medium-sized firm that is lagging in terms of overseas operations and offshore initiatives. Here are the implications associated with strengthening Korea’s IT services industry that can be drawn from the above. Korean companies must review competition within their groups both domestically and overseas, as witnessed already by some firms, and strengthen their offshore center-based seamless support services structure. IT services firms themselves must do their best to boost their global competitiveness, but in light of the fact that India’s rapid growth can be explained by government support measures, one feels that the time has come for the Korean government to also consider concrete support measures by selecting and focusing on certain areas needing to be strengthened.

일본 커뮤니티센터의 공간구성 및 특성 연구

이명아(Lee, Myung-A),이연숙(Lee, Yeun-Sook) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.36 No.2

이종재료의 결합방법에 따른 모자형 단면부재의 충돌실험

이명한(Myeonghan Lee),박영배(Youngbae Park),오수익(Sooik Oh) 한국자동차공학회 2004 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

To apply the new joining methods to automotive joints, firstly, joint strength of new joining methods was tested by basic mechanical test methods which are tension, torsion, bending test, etc. And then characteristics of crushing of simple structures joined by new joining methods were evaluated by the crush test. In this paper, double hat-shaped members which consist of dissimilar materials with adhesively bonded, self-piercing riveted, and riv-bonded were tested on axial crush load. Fracture shape of joint part and absorbed energy of each joining method were concerned .

제국주의론(帝國主義論)의 비판적(批判的) 연구(硏究) : 이데올로기 비판교육(批判敎育)을 위(爲)한 연구(硏究)

이명남(Myong Nam Lee) 전남대학교 교육문제연구소 1982 교육연구 Vol.8 No.-

포장김치의 저장성에 미치는 폴리에틸렌 필름의 표면처리 효과

이명예 ( Myung Ye Lee ),김미경 ( Mee Kyung Kim ),김순동 ( Soon Dong Kim ) 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2003 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.10 No.2

케네스 버크와 미셸 푸코의 언어관 비교

이명균 ( Lee Myung-kyun ) 대한영어영문학회 1999 영어영문학연구 Vol.25 No.1

Burke’s stature in contemporary rhetorical theory is so obvious and naturalized that thinking of him as the chief architect of the New Rhetoric is commonplace. His writings sanctioned critical pluralism, opening the door to the development of a plethora of critical methods. To read Foucault seriously is to question the boundaries and relationships traditionally drawn between rhetorical theory and rhetorical practice. In at least some of his critical interpretations, Burke assumes a rather standard humanistic stance. For him, a text is a reflection or representation of its creator. Foucault has been praised and blamed for holding an antihumanist position not only because of his stance on authorship, but also because of his observations about the impending end of man. Burke and Foucault both attempt to locate the conditions for historical change or discontinuity. For both thinkers, history and criticism are virtually synonymous. While Burke focuses his attention on intrinsic understanding of human with symbolic action, Foucault does on extrinsic understanding of human with discourse or discursive practice. Burke’s and Foucault’s projects differ enormously, but they both resound with the same invitations to think differently, and to consider what our criticism will be for.

The Shape of Time

이명아 ( Lee Myung Ah ) 한국기초조형학회 2019 한국기초조형학회 작품집 Vol.2019 No.2