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Cyclohexanone-induced Stress Metabolism of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum
이나래,윤지영,이선미,박진병 한국생물공학회 2015 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.20 No.6
Solvent stress occurs during whole-cell biocatalysis of organic chemicals. Organic substrates and/or products may accumulate in the cellular membranes of whole cells, causing structural destabilization of the membranes, which leads to disturbances in cellular carbon and energy metabolism. Here, we investigate the effect of cyclohexanone on carbon metabolism in Escherichia coli BL21 and Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032. Adding cyclohexanone to the culture medium (i.e., glucose mineral medium) resulted in a decreased specific growth rate and increased cellular maintenance energy in both strains of bacteria. Notably, carbon metabolism, which is mainly involved to increase cellular maintenance energy, was very different between the bacteria. Carbon flux into the acetic acid fermentation pathway was dominantly enhanced in E. coli, whereas the TCA cycle appeared to be activated in C. glutamicum. In fact, carbon flux into the TCA cycle in E. coli appeared to be reduced with increasing amounts of cyclohexanone in the culture medium. Metabolic engineering of E. coli cells to maintain or improve TCA cycle activity and, presumably, that of the electron transport chain, which are involved in regeneration of cofactors (e.g., NAD(P)H and ATP) and formation of toxic metabolites (e.g., acetic acid), may be useful in increasing solvent tolerance and biotransformation of organic chemicals (e.g., cyclohexanone).
Accommodating Venture Capital Investors’ Contractual Rights in the Korean Corporate Law
이나래 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2024 Journal of Korean Law Vol.23 No.1
With the remarkable growth of the Korean startup ecosystem, VC investors, one of the key players in startup fundraising, have used contractual protections to mitigate the risks associated with the high risks and uncertainties of startup investments. Although VC investors have typically acquired consent rights for essential decisions regarding startups through contracts, the effects of these contractual rights have been controversial in Korea, mainly due to conflicts with the principle of equal treatment of shareholders. Recently, the Korean Supreme Court clarified some of the uncertainties by allowing for exceptions to the principle when three requirements are met. However, ambiguities remain when it comes to applying the court’s standards to practices because they are context-specific. This article finds the root causes of the complexities concerning investors’ contractual rights from the discrepancies between the Korean corporate law framework and the VC investment schemes from Silicon Valley. In response to the need to diversify funding options for startups, this article proposes that Korean corporate law allows startups to structure flexible governance to accommodate VC investors’ control rights over startups through the articles of incorporation. Alternatively, startups can be authorized to arrange VC investors’ control rights at the board level by requiring the prior consent of VC-nominated directors for the board’s approval on major corporate decisions. The extensive private ordering of startups should be controlled and monitored by ex post review through the enhanced application of fiduciary duties of VC-nominated directors and VC investors as controlling shareholders.