석면과 건강에 대한 이슈

윤충식,Yoon, Chung-Sik 한국환경보건학회 2009 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.35 No.5

Asbestos is a commercial term of natural occurring silicated minerals and forms long, thin fibers. Chrysotile, the serpentine asbestos, accounts for most use in commercial use. Asbestos is well known health hazard material and it is proved that inhalation of asbestos fibers leads to increased risk of developing several diseases such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis. In these days, people most at risk for exposure are maintenance and construction workers and general citizens who are working on and close to the work area at which asbestos containing material is disturbing. Non asbestiform, though its chemical composition is same with regulated asbestos, is known to be less hazardous than asbestiform. Exposure guideline, 0.01 f/ml, is not safe level in terms of health risk. It is reasonable to take preventable action when asbestos is suspicious. In Korea, it is necessary to clarify the concept between hazard and risk, to differentiate asbestiform from non asbestiform, to make regulations for compensation for asbestos related patients, to manage future exposure for general citizens.

유아교육시설의 표면 및 공기 중 납 농도 평가

윤충식,백도현,Yoon, Chung-Sik,Paik, Do-Hyeon 한국환경보건학회 2006 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.32 No.1

This study was performed to investigate airborne lead concentration and surface lead contents in preschool facilities. Arithmetic mean of indoor lead concentration in urban area was $44.7\;ng/m^3$ (Geometric mean $32.1\;ng/m^3$) whereas outdoor concentration was $39.5\;ng/m^3$ (GM $22.8\;ng/m^3$). In rural area, airborne lead concentrations were $14.2\;ng/m^3\;(GM\;7.9 ng/m^3),\;12.6\;ng/m^3\;(GM\;5.6 ng/m^3)$, respectively. There is statistical significance of the lead concentrations among the locations of preschool facilities. About $37\%$ of qualitative lead check samples was positive and mainly was found in lead based paint. Though lead concentrations on the floor and window sill were well below the US EPA and HUD standard (floor $40\;{\mu}g/ft^2\;(4.3\;{\mu}g/100\;cm^2)$, window sill $250\;{\mu}g/ft^2\;(26.9\;{\mu}g/100\;cm^2)$, respectively), there were much samples which exceed the standard, i.e., $29\%$ of surface wall, $20\%$ of the desk and chair, $100\%$ of painted wood box of tested samples. In view of our study and hazard of lead to children, we recommended that the contents of lead in preschool facilities should be lowered as possible.

나노물질의 측정전략의 주요 쟁점

윤충식,Yoon, Chung-Sik 한국환경보건학회 2011 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The growing interest in nanotechnology has resulted in increasing concern and a number of published environmental and workplace measurements for assessing occupational exposure to engineered nanomaterials. However, the amount of previous exposure data remains limited. Furthermore the data available was collected with extensive variation in terms of exposure measurement strategy, which limits the ability to pool the data in the future. In response, this paper reviewed several pertinent issues related to exposure measurement strategy to suggest a harmonized measurement strategy which would make exposure data more useful in the future, e.g. correlation between exposure metrics, relationship between activity and exposure, task-based or shift-based assessment, background concentration, limitation of personal exposure monitoring and other determinants of exposure/modeling. An improved sampling strategy for nanomaterial exposure assessment should be considered in order to maximize the use of the data from various real time monitoring instruments.

플럭스 코어드 아크 용접 공정에서의 흄 형성량에 관한 연구

윤충식,백남원,Yoon, Chung-Sik,Paik, Nam-Won 한국환경보건학회 1999 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.25 No.3

A study was conducted for the effects of input energy on fume formation ratios based on electrode(FFR$_{electrode}(g/kg_{electrode})),\;deposited\;metal(FFR_{weld}(g/kg_{weld}))\;and\;slag(FFR_{slag}(g/kg_{slag}))\;at\;CO_2$ flux cored arc welding on stainless steel. Experiments were run in well designed welding fume box. Six types of flux cored wires were used and three levels of current and voltages were given. The measured values of $FFR_{electrode},\;FFR_{weld},\;FFR_{slag}\;are\;7.90{\pm}1.47\;g/kg_{electrode},\;9.18{\pm}1.65\;g/kg_{\electrode},\;71.8{\pm}24.2\;g/kg_{slag}$ respectively. Fume formation ratios are not increased dramatically by input energy because of simultaneous increasing of melted electrodes, deposited metal and slag. The results indicate that the test of fume formation ratios in the research on production of low fume welding wire can be run at the fixed condition of input energy rather than various condition.

환경부의 화학물질관리법, 화학물질등록 및 평가에 관한 법률, 고용노동부의 산업안전보건법의 화학물질 관련 내용 비교

윤충식,함승헌,박지훈,김선주,이상아,이권섭,박동욱,Yoon, Chungsik,Ham, Seunghon,Park, Jihoon,Kim, Sunju,Lee, Sangah,Lee, Kwonseob,Park, Donguk 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.5

Objectives: The exponential growth of chemicals, an area of high concern in developed countries like the US (i.e., the Gore Initiative) and in the EU (i.e., REACH), as well as recent chemical accidents in Korea, have provoked nationwide concerns and resultant legal enforcement. This study aims to compare the laws of the Ministry of Environment (the Chemical Substances Control Act (CSCA), Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (ARECS)) with those of the Ministry of the Employment and Labor (Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)). Methods: Each law pertaining to the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of the Employment and Labor was downloaded from the official legal information system (www.law.go.kr). The objectives of each law and the major contents related to chemical management were compared and summarized. Results: The CSCA and the ARECS are focused on the protection of people and the environment, while the OSHA relates to the protection of workers. The right to know of people and workers has been reinforced. The former two laws emphasize prevention, but the OSHA contains both preventive and post-accident measures. The role of the Ministry of Employment was reinforced with the promulgation of the CSCA and ARECS, which contain regulations such as adjacent area impact evaluation, risk control planning, chemical statistical survey and construction and operation of information, provision of risk control plans, response to chemical accidents and registration of chemical substances. Conclusion: We found that the three laws discussed here have several similar clauses designed to protect people and the environment from risks that may be caused by the use of chemicals, even though there are some differences among them in terms of objectives and contents. This review concluded that several clauses that can be regarded as double regulation should be unified in order to minimize the waste of government administrative resources and socio-economic losses.

유아교육시설의 위치 및 실내${\cdot}$실외에 따른 포름알데히드 농도 변화

윤충식,정지연,이광용,박동욱,박두용,Yoon , Chung-Sik,Jeong , Jee-Yeon,Yi , Gwang-Yong,Park , Dong-Uk,Park , Doo-Yong 한국환경보건학회 2004 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.30 No.3

This study was performed to investigate airborne formaldehyde concentration in preschool facilities. Arithmetic mean of indoor formaldehyde concentration in urban area was 34.9 ppb(Geometric mean 24.4 ppb) whereas outdoor concentration was 21.5 ppb(GM 11.9 ppb). In rural area, formaldehyde concentrations were 36.4 ppb(GM 28.7 ppb), 4.1 ppb(GM 4.1 ppb), respectively. There is no statistical significance between the formaldehyde concentrations of urban classrooms and those of rural area. We verified that the distribution of airborne formaldehyde concentration was log-normal characteristic using Shapiro and Wilk test. The 6.7% of urban indoor samples was exceeded the domestic standard limit of indoor air quality. From our study and other study, we concluded that the major emission sources of formaldehyde in preschool facilities was in indoor rather than outdoor.

스테인레스 강 용접중 발생하는 망간의 발생량 및 함량변화에 관한 연구

윤충식 ( Chung Sik Yoon ),김정한 ( Jeong Han Kim ) 한국산업위생학회 2006 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.16 No.3

Manganese has a role as both toxic and essential in humans. Manganese is also an essential component in the welding because it increases the hardness and strength, prevents steel from cracking of welding part and acts as a deoxidizing agent to form a stable weld. In this study, manganese generation rate and its content was determined in flux cored arc welding on stainless steel. Domestic two products and foreign four products of flux cored wires were tested in the well designed fume generation chamber as a function of input power. Welding fume was measured by gravimetric method and metal manganese was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer. The outer shell of the flux cored wire tube and inner flux were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to determine their metal compositions. Manganese generation rate(FGRmn) was increased as the input power increased. It was 16.3 ㎎/min at the low input power, 38.1 ㎎/min at the optimal input power, and up to 55.4 ㎎/min at the high input power. This means that FGRmn is increased at the work place if welder raise the current and/or voltage for the high productivity. The slope coefficient of FGRmn was smaller than that of the generation rate of total fume(FGR). Also, the correlation coefficient of FGRmn was 0.65 whereas that of FGR is 0.91. FGRmn was equal or higher in the domestic products than that of the foreign products although FGR was similar. From the electron microscopic analytical data, we concluded that outer shell of the wire was composed mainly of iron, chromium, nickel and less than 1.2 % of manganese. There are many metal ingredients such as iron, silica, manganese, zirconium, titanium, nickel, potassium, and aluminum in the inner flux but they were not homogeneous. It was found that both FGRmn and content of manganese was higher and more varied in domestic flux cored wires than those of foreign products. To reduce worker exposure to fumes and hazardous component at the source, further research is needed to develop new welding filler materials that improve the quality of flux cored wire in respect to these points. Welder should keep in mind that the FGR, FGRmn and probably the generation rate of other hazardous metals were increased as the input power increase for the high productivity.

연구논문 : 세법상 연구개발(R&D) 지원제도의 개선방안에 관한 연구

윤충식 ( Chung Sik Yoon ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 의료·과학기술과 법센터 2012 연세 의료·과학기술과 법 Vol.3 No.1

우리나라의 연구개발(R&D) 조세지원 규모는 총 국세감면액 30.1조원의 7%수준인 2.1조원으로 우리나라 조세지원제도에 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 미래성장동력을 확충하고 기술혁신을 통해 국가 경제성장을 도모하는데 있어 연구개발(R&D)에 대한 조세유인조치의 필요성에 대하여는 상당한 공감대가 형성되어 있다. 하지만 제도 취지와 달리 상대적으로 세부담 경감 효과가 큰 연구개발(R&D) 조세지원제도를 악용하거나 효율적인 개선방안에 대하여 심도있는 검토 및 논의 등이 빈약했던 것이 사실이다. 본 연구의 목적은 연구개발(R&D) 조세지원제도가 당초 입법취지에 부합하지 아니하거나 제도의 집행과정에서 나타난 부작용 등 문제점을 살펴보고, 이에 대한 제도 및 사후관리 측면에서의 개선방안을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 제시된 개선방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구개발(R&D) 비용의 적격 유무를 판단할 수 있는 가칭 연구개발(R&D) 심사위원회를 신설하여 여기에서 발행한 적격 연구개발(R&D) 증명서가 첨부된 경우에만 연구개발(R&D) 관련 세액공제를 허용하도록 하여 부당한 연구개발(R&D) 지원을 막도록 하는 방안을 제시하였다. 둘째, 중소기업에 대한 연구개발비 조기 환급제도를 도입하여 기업의 연구개발에 따른 의욕을 고취시킬 수 있도록 제안하였다. 셋째, 우리나라도 미국과 싱가포르의 제도를 벤치마킹해서 중장기적으로 연구개발(R&D) 세액공제 발생장소가 국외인 경우에는 한국에서 발생한 경우와 차별해서 공제하는 제도를 도입할 필요가 있음을 주장하였다. 넷째, 우리나라도 일본의 공동시험연구 특별세액공제제도를 벤치마킹하여 산·학·연의 공동연구에 추가적인 인센티브를 부여하는 제도를 도입할 필요가 있다고 본다. 다섯째, 현실적으로 중소기업에 대한 당기분 방식의 연구개발(R&D) 세액공제율을 하향 조정하는 것은 중소기업의 경쟁력 제고측면에서 바람직하지 아니하므로, 일반기업에 대한 당기분 방식의 연구개발(R&D) 세액공제율을 최대 10% 수준까지 상향 조정하여 중소기업과 대기업간 당기분 방식의 연구개발(R&D) 세액공제율의 차이를 줄이는 것이 필요하다고 본다. 여섯째, 연평균발생액이 없는 경우 당기분 방식을 원칙으로 하고 증가분 방식을 추가하는 방법으로 제도 개선을 할 필요가 있다고 제안하였다. 일곱째, 연구개발특구의 세액감면을 받기 위해서는 승인된 연구개발-과제 활동을 수행하여야 하고 연구개발과제를 국세청에 제출한 경우에만 세액감면이 되도록 하며, 특히 조세감면을 적용받는 연구개발특구가 지식경제부 장관의 고시에 의해 늘어나는 문제점을 시정할 수 있도록 개선방안을 제시하였다. The volume of tax incentives for Research and Development (R&D) in Korea stands at around 2.1 trillion won, accounting for about 7% of total national tax incentives of 30.1 trillion won, which shows their importance in the country`s whole tax incentive system. There is wide agreement that R&D tax incentives are essential in developing future growth engine and promoting economic growth through technical innovation. In fact, however, there have been abuses of R&D tax reliefs which provide relatively large amount of tax reduction, while comprehensive and thorough study on how to remedy such problem has rarely been made. The purpose of this study is to identify cases where such abuses are conducted going against the original aim of R&D tax incentives and other side effects found in the course of implementing such incentives and to suggest measures to improve the system in general as well as in terms of post-management thereof. Specific suggestions resulting from the study are as follows: First, there is a need for a committee to judge the eligibility of a given R&D spending for tax incentive. The idea is that only those applications for R&D tax credit submitted along with a certificate issued by the committee will be granted such benefit, thereby helping prevent tax incentive from going to unqualified spending. Second, the introduction of targeted early refund for R&D expenditure for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs) would lead to promoting R&D activities among them. Third, over the mid and long term, Korea should consider introducing a system in which different tax relief is granted to R&D spending made abroad than that allowed for R&D spending made domestically, taking a cue from Singapore and the US. Fourth, Korea needs to introduce additional tax incentives for research jointly conducted among industry, academy and research institutes, benchmarking the special credit regime for joint research in Japan. Fifth, there is a need to reduce the gap in the volume-based R&D tax credit amount between SMEs and large companies by increasing the credit amount for the latter by up to around 10%, given that adopting the alternative of lowering the credit amount for SMEs could deal a blow to their competitiveness. Sixth, in case of no yearly average spending, it would be effective to base tax reliefs on the volume of R&D spending with the incremental scheme to be added as complement. Seventh, tax credit associated with the special R&D district needs to be granted only when approved R&D activities have been actually conducted and the result from such activities has been submitted to the NTS for verification purpose. This study in particular has suggested a measure to address the problem that the number of special R&D districts could be easily increased, as such districts may be designated through notice issued by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy rather than through relevant laws.

유아교육시설의 공기중 벤젠 및 휘발성 유기화합물 농도

윤충식 ( Chung Sik Yoon ),박동욱 ( Dong Uk Park ),박두용 ( Doo Yong Park ) 한국산업보건학회 2004 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.14 No.2

스테인레스 강에 대한 플럭스 코어드 아크 용접공정에서의 흄 발생량 및 입자 크기 분포에 관한 연구

윤충식(Chung Sik Yoon),백남원(Nam Won Paik) 한국환경보건학회 1999 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.25 No.2

A study was conducted for the effects of currents and voltages on the fume generation rates at CO₂ flux cored arc welding on stainless steel. Fume size distributions were also studied. Experiments were run in well designed welding fume box. Six types of flux cored wires were used and three levels of currents and voltages were given. Fume generation rates of domestic flux cored wires are 0.2-0.3 g/min at the lowest input energy and 0.81~0.85 g/min at the highest input energy tested. Fume generation rates could be related to the welding current with secondary power function and to the input energy with primary power function. Flux cored wires, when melted by arc, transfered into the deposited metal(82 ~92% ), slag(9~13% ), spatter(l~6% ), and fume(0.5~1 % ) respectively. Fulx cored welding fumes are all respirable particulate mass.