대서양 커뮤니케이션 통로 안에서의 노예제 논쟁: 복음주의 집단 안의 "노예" 기억들의 생성, 1737~1786

윤영휘 ( Younghwi Yoon ) 한국서양사연구회(구 서울대학교 서양사연구회) 2016 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.54

This study analyzes how antipathy toward the slave trade spread in the British Atlantic world before the 1770s in the context of the transatlantic network of evangelicals; this network established a channel for the transoceanic communication which enabled Anglo-Americans to debate common issues. In the 1740s, this channel was used for discussion about the nature of the Great Awakening but the slavery issue gradually took up a substantial part of it as the slave trade increased toward the late eighteenth century. Anglo-American evangelicals who had antislavery tendencies could find a potential route to spread their thoughts and arguments into the Atlantic world by participating in these debates. However, the increased slavery debates on a transatlantic scale did not create the unitary antislavery community of evangelicals; instead, conflicting opinions on slavery were actively expressed in these transoceanic communications. It also stimulated the process collective memories of slavery to be shaped by pro and antislavery evangelicals within the evangelical network through voicing opinions on it for a long time. In studies by scholars over the past decades, it has seemed likely that a political movement for abolition was ``suddenly`` began in the 1770s and in response to growing abolitionism, more aggressive proslavery arguments emerged. However, conflicts between pro and antislavery ideologies in the late eighteenth century resulted from common factors accumulated within collective memories which pro and antislavery evangelicals had shaped before the 1770s. (Gwangju University/wilberforce2@gmail.com)

19세기 전반 영국과 미국의 대서양 노예무역 억제정책과 도덕자본(Moral Capital)의 국제정치

윤영휘 ( Yoon Young Hwi ) 영국사학회 2019 영국연구 Vol.42 No.-

This research scrutinizes policies of the suppression of the transatlantic slave trade in Britain and the United States from the late eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century. Since the early 2000s, several studies which focus on the rise of the abolitionist movement in the context of the American Revolution have received attention. These explanations give partial answers to the questions about the timing of the antislavery movement and break fresh ground in the debate of abolitionists’ motivation beyond the dichotomy between morality and material interests; during the revolutionary period, attacks on slavery could serve a range of purposes in dealing with imperial policies. However, to get a more comprehensive interpretation, it is worth expanding the timing of the formation of moral capital and its scope of application. Much evidence suggests that the antislavery discourse became transformed into moral capital in the field of international politics beyond a personal and group level, even after the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. This research will analyze the formative process of moral capital through comparing the Anglo-American policies of the suppression of the slave trade in the post-revolutionary era.

1772년 영국 서머셋 재판(The Somerset Case) 판결의 실제와 대중적 이미지 연구

윤영휘 ( Yoon Young Hwi ) 영국사학회 2019 영국연구 Vol.41 No.-

This study scrutinizes the space between a written judgement of the Somerset case and people’s understanding of it. It also analyzes the reasons why this difference arose and their contributions to the development of the antislavery discourses. The Somerset case has been conceived significant as it answered two main issues which the British courts had not replied yet until the 1770s: the nature of masters’ rights to slaves and legitimacy of slavery in Britain. However, it also has historical importance in that popular image of the ruling was quite different from Mansfield’s intention, but this perception still affects the developmental process of the antislavery movement. The gap between the actual contents of Mansfield’s decision and its popular image is mainly caused by the antislavery features of the document. Legal commentaries which emphasized the factors against slavery in this paper became prevalent and it also played an important role in widening this gap. Like many other historical documents, the ruling of the Somerset case became a living thing, independent from its original meaning and was accepted with diverse intentions and used by people for various purposes. This reflects that imagined reality as well as historical reality can affect the direction of the historical development at the same time.

1707년 잉글랜드-스코틀랜드 통합과정에 대한 연구

윤영휘 ( Young Hwi Yoon ) 영국사학회 2016 영국연구 Vol.35 No.-

In regards to the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of Union in 1707, two popular interpretations arise from 1) the military expansion of England and 2) the Scottish integrated with England because the Scottish were attracted to the economic benefits of alignment. However, a comprehensible interpretation of the event is possible when internal factors such as the Scotland’s long-existing motivation to expand and develop overseas trading are considered. In this regard, focusing only on economic aspect, such as a failure of the Darien Scheme in the 1690s, limits economic view in the integration. Accordingly, past records must be supplemented with Scottish long-term, structural, and international economic views. Furthermore, the British Empire held a central position in the 1707 union. In the process of establishing the United Kingdom, both the English and Scottish perceivably pursued an empire-like-country. Many were aware of the economic opportunities the empire provided during the pre-1707 expansion. Therefore, these potential economic interest provided by the empire could have worked as a variable used by the negotiators during the 1707 union.

복음주의 노예무역 폐지론자들의 도덕 자본(Moral Capital)과 종말론적 위기의식

윤영휘 ( Young Hwi Yoon ) 영국사학회 2012 영국연구 Vol.28 No.-

This research scrutinizes a dual process that antislavery offered a moral distinction or moral capital to its participants while the apocalyptic sense of crisis of evangelicals was also intensified in the atmosphere of tension and conflict caused by the American Revolution. For this purpose, this paper proceeds through three sections. Firstly, this shows that during the years of crisis in the late eighteenth century, attacks on slavery became a means to achieve multiple political ends. The late eighteenth-century environment opened a door for abolitions to gain this ``moral capital``, campaigning with religious and moral purpose, as well as for political objectives on a national level. Secondly, this examines the formative process of evangelical sense of crisis. The American War of Independence, the dissolution of the British Empire in North America and the Napoleonic War made people connect the ``iniquity`` of slavery to these national events. The sense that the nation was facing the divine wrath, and thus had to repent, motivated evangelicals` practical action to avoid this ``judgment``. Lastly, this research shapes the relationship between moral capital and the religious sense of crisis. In contrast to some historians` views which depict material interests caused by moral capital as the main motivation for abolitionists, this paper argues, that for many abolitionists, particularly those who had an evangelical sense of crisis, moral capital was rather an outgrowth which they held while taking practical action against slavery to avoid divine judgment. Research on the combination of moral capital and evangelical sense of crisis will show the religious aspects of what continually led evangelical abolitionists to take practical action until the emancipation.

영제국의 위기와 노예무역 폐지운동과 도덕개혁 운동의 결합, 1787-1807

윤영휘 ( Young Hwi Yoon ) 영국사학회 2014 영국연구 Vol.31 No.-

This research attempts to give a comprehensive reassessment of the British antislavery movement considering its relation to the reformation of manners and morals in the late eighteenth century. It scrutinizes what British antislavery activists ultimately pursued through these great missions. During the imperial crisis caused by the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic War, the antislavery movement became different to attempts in the past, in that it went beyond only words, and tried to put them into political action. This was also conducive to the rise of the moral reformation as an attempt to protect the imperial system. In the years of crisis, evangelical abolitionism was united with morality and developed into part of the national moral reformation. The intense effort of evangelicals to reform morality, combined with antislavery, was a response to the moral challenge of the Revolution. The movement for the abolition of the slave trade was also seen as the best route to moral reformation, to promote national dignity after the Revolution. In this sense, these movements were closely related to each other. In the late eighteenth century British evangelical politicians were picturing the creation of a new social environment going beyond merely attacking slavery and suppressing the vice among the poor, protecting the principles of the British constitution.

1783년 종(Zong)호 재판의 실제와 역사적 의의

윤영휘 ( Yoon¸ Young Hwi ) 영국사학회 2020 영국연구 Vol.44 No.-

This study scrutinizes two trials of the Zong massacre in 1783 and examines what role they played in the rise of the abolitionist movements. For this purpose, this study, firstly, will observe a wider context of this historical event and show its complicated features which consist of moral and legal disputes. Secondly, this research will analyze legal proceedings concerning the Zong massacre and explain how the insurers countered “absolute necessity” discourse of the ship owners with the argument of “humanity of slaves”, showing how this assumed a new aspect in the court. Lastly, this study will parse the content of the written judgement of this case and reconsider its multiple impacts on the initial phase of the antislavery movement. Through these tasks, this research will shed new light on the Zong massacre and its trials within the history of the British antislavery movement.

대서양 복음주의 네트워크의 노예무역 폐지주의

윤영휘 ( Young Hwi Yoon ) 영국사학회 2009 영국연구 Vol.22 No.-

영국 노예무역 폐지운동 연구의 역사

윤영휘(Yoon, Young-hwi) 호서사학회 2014 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.70

영 제국정책 논쟁과 대서양 노예무역의 폐지

윤영휘(Yoon, Young Hwi) 이주사학회 2016 Homo Migrans Vol.15 No.-

이 연구는 부자유 노동력, 디아스포라, 제국정책이라는 근대사의 중요 주제와 밀접한 관련을 보이는 대서양 노예무역이라는 역사적 사건을 종합적으로 다루기 위해 C. L. 브라운(Christopher Leslie Brown)의 『도덕자본: 영국 노예무역 폐지주의의 기원들』의 논지와 시사점을 분석해 보고자 한다. 이 책은 대서양 노예무역을 통해 부자유 노동이 확대된 과정뿐 아니라 그 흐름이 중단되고 폐지되는 과정까지 설명하여 논의의 지평을 확대하였다. 또한 이 책은 반노예제 이데올로기의 등장을 설명하는 데 있어, 인도주의 혹은 경제적 동기 중 하나에 무게를 두고 설명하던 기존의 이분법적 접근을 뛰어 넘을 수 있는 새로운 틀을 제공한다. 브라운 테제는 운동가들이 반노예제 운동에 참여함으로서 도덕적 신념을 따르면서도 동시에 개인적 이익을 얻을 수 있었음을 보임으로서 그들이 박애주의자이었는지, 위선자였는지에 대한 오랜 논쟁의 틀을 깨는 새로운 패러다임을 제공하였다. 마지막 지점에서 노예무역 및 노예제도를 둘러싼 논쟁이 제국정책을 둘러싼 당시 영국과 식민지인들의 치열한 논쟁과 연결되는 고리가 발견될 수 있다. 18세기 말 영 제국의 도덕적 권위의 위기 국면에서, 제국 정책의 지지자와 반대자 모두 노예제와 노예무역을 공격함으로서 자신의 견해에 도덕적 위신을 더할 수 있었다. 이는 당시 반노예제 수사가 개인 및 집단이 정치적 이익을 얻는 과정 뿐 아니라 국가 정책적 차원에서 자신이 옳다고 여기는 바를 관철 하는데 유용한 담론적 무기가 되었음을 보여주고 있다. This study analyzes arguments and implications of Moral Capital: Foundation of British Abolitionism by Christopher Leslie Brown(Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 2006), in order for a comprehensive understanding of important themes in the modern history such as forced labor, diaspora and the imperial policy. Brown’s thesis broadens the scope of research areas, explaining the developmental process of the antislavery movement as well as the expansion of forced labor through the Atlantic slave trade. Moreover, his work breaks fresh ground in the debate of abolitionists’ motivation. Moral Capital emphasizes the transcendence of abolitionist motivation beyond the dichotomy between humanitarianism and material interests. In this point, the correlation between the issue of slavery and the discussion about the justification of the imperial policy could be found. During the critical moments of the American Revolution, critics of the imperial policy as well as proponents of the British constitution found a means to assert their moral superiority in antislavery discourse. This shows political expediency of antislavery arguments; attacks on slavery could serve a range of purposes as a rhetorical weapon to support particular opinions.