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백 세 시대의 연금 개혁: 재정 안정화와 노후소득 보장의 동시 실현을 위하여
유종성 한국사회과학연구회 2023 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.119
The pension reform in Korea must address the challenges of low birth rates and aging population, old-age poverty and inequality in retirement income, financial stability, and intergenerational and intragenerational equity issues simultaneously. The pension reform should support active aging, being accompanied by labor market reforms. A universal income insurance system should be established by automatically enrolling all adults and collecting insurance premiums from all sources of labor income, which will significantly increase the contribution base and the real income replacement rate. The part of the special occupational pension that corresponds to the national pension insurance premium is absorbed and integrated into the national pension. The earnings-proportional benefit of the National Pension Scheme (B benefit) should be adjusted to approach a benefit-cost ratio of 1, achieving fiscal sustainability, and a negative income tax-type basic pension system, financed by taxes, should be introduced in order to guarantee a minimum income to all elderly citizens, by integrating the redistributive benefit(A benefit) of the national pension and the existing basic pension. Through these reforms, the replacement rate of real income for an average earner can be increased from the current level of 24% to 40%, and an additional income replacement rate of 15% or over can be provided through occupational pensions and special occupational pensions that are not absorbed into the national pension. The maximum fiscal requirement for the negative income tax-type basic pension (A-benefit) is around 4.4% of GDP, which is just 1.4% of GDP more than the maximum required budget for the current basic pension. With this additional fiscal commitment, it is possible to achieve both financial stability of the National Pension and adequate old-age income protection for all.
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유종성,노시태 한국고분자학회 2010 Macromolecular Research Vol.18 No.11
To examine the addition effect of polycaprolactone (PCL) on poly(glycidyl azide) (GAP)-based energetic thermoplastic polyurethanes (ETPUs) (GAP ETPUs), a series of poly(glycidyl azide)/polycarprolactone copolyolbased ETPUs (GAP/PCL ETPUs) with different copolyol wt% ratios was synthesized with 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PD) by solution polymerization in dimethyl formamide (DMF). The thermal and mechanical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and a universal testing machine (UTM). DSC showed that the GAP segment did not interact with the PCL segment and the existence of PCL melting. DMA showed that the presence of a PCL segment in ETPUs improved the storage modulus below the Tm of the PCL block. UTM revealed improvement in the tensile strength and elongation at breaks of the ETPUs with increasing PCL content. From the above results, this enhancement of the mechanical properties is due to the crystalline PCL segment-induced phase separation. The crystalline PCL segment helps impart extensibility and reinforces the ETPUs in a similar manner as a hard domain.
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유종성,공현동,김해근 한국항해항만학회 2012 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.추계
항로표지는 선박의 안전한 통항로 확보를 위한 필수적인 항해 보조시설이며, 세계 주요 5대 항만에 포함되는 부산항은 2006부터 입·출항 항로표의 정확한 법선 표시를 위해 스파부이(LSP-28)를 설치·운영중에 있으나 매년 선박 충돌 및 자연 유실로 2~3기의 유실사고가 발생하고 있다. 항로표지의 국제적 신뢰성 확보 및 관리 효율성을 강화하기 위하여 원인 분석과 기능 개선방안을 모색하였다.
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유종성 한국사회보장학회 2022 사회보장연구 Vol.38 No.3
This study shows that it is impossible to achieve financial sustainability of the National Pension scheme through parametric reform of increasing contribution rate and decreasing benefits. It faces a trilemma to maintain financial balance while achieving both income maintenance and income redistribution for the elderly. Since income maintenance is the essential function of the National Pension scheme as a contribution-based social insurance, we have to give up either financial balance or income redistribution. The study finds that it is more realistic to separate ‘A benefit’ with redistributive function from the National Pension scheme. ‘A benefit’ can be integrated with the Basic Pension scheme and transformed into a basic income-type of universal basic pension or a negative income tax-type of basic pension in which the benefit is reduced by a certain percentage of one’s market income. The National Pension scheme can be transformed into an actuarially fair social insurance with benefit-cost ratio of 1 that strictly links contribution to benefit. 본 연구는 더 내고 덜 받는 모수개혁으로 국민연금의 재정안정화를 달성하는 것이 불가능한 것을 밝히는 데서 출발한다. 노후소득 유지를 통한 소비 평탄화와 소득재분배를 통한 빈곤해소의 두 목표를 다 달성하면서 동시에 국민연금 재정수지의 균형을 이루는 것은 불가능한 트라일레마(trilemma)에 봉착하기 때문이다. 노후 소득의 유지는 강제저축이자 보험으로서의 국민연금이 포기할 수 없는 것이므로 소득재분배 기능과 재정안정화 중 하나를 포기해야만 한다. 두 대안의 검토 결과 국민연금에서 소득재분배 기능을 수행하는 A급여를 분리해내는 구조개혁이 보다 현실적인 대안임을 밝힌다. 즉, 국민연금 A급여를 기초연금과 통합하여 기본소득 방식의 보편적 기초연금 또는 마이너스 소득세 방식의 차등지급형 기초연금으로 개편하고, 국민연금은 소득 또는 기여에 비례하는 수익비 1의 보험수리적으로 공정한(actuarially fair) 사회보험으로 전환하는 것이 보다 효과적이고 실현가능한 방안이 될 수 있음을 보여준다.
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Liberal Taiwan Versus Illiberal South Korea: The Divergent Paths of Election Campaign Regulation
유종성,Jiun-Da Lin 동아시아연구원 2020 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.20 No.3
South Korea and Taiwan have developed very different sets of election campaign regulations. While both countries had highly restrictive campaign rules during the authoritarian era, they have diverged since democratic transition. South Korea still imposes numerous restrictions on campaigning activities, but Taiwan has removed most of the restrictions. We explore the causes of these divergent trajectories through comparative historical process tracing, focusing on critical junctures and path dependence. We find that incumbency advantage and containment of new opposition parties were the primary objectives of introducing stringent regulations under the authoritarian regimes in both countries. The key difference was that, during the democratic transition, legislators affiliated with the opposition parties as well as the ruling party in South Korea enjoyed the incumbency advantage but that opposition forces in Taiwan did not. As a result, the opposition in Taiwan fought for liberalization of campaign regulations, but the South Korean opposition did not.
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