황룡사지 석재유구의 보존과학적 상태조사연구

양희제,정용재,정선혜 한국전통문화대학교 한국전통문화연구소 2010 한국전통문화연구 Vol.8 No.-

Hwangnyonsa temple was excavated and organized for a long time. Weathering, including biological damage, is proceeding because the site was released to public and placed outside. We analyzed damage pattern of stone and estimated material properties for scientific conservation. We studied temperature and humidity, physical and chemical factor of the soil for environmental survey. The foundation stone weathered through physical and chemical, biological factor. Three of 15 stones(20%) were classified to soil because of it was totally weathered. The higher weathering index, the higher external temperature was to 3.5~9.8℃ and the higher temperature difference with grass. We confirmed 8 species of lichens, 1 species of algae, 1 species of bryophyte, 4 species of herbage. The acidity of soil was measured pH 5.8~6.2(slightly acid). We decided that this acidity can accelerate growth of grass and plants. As above, the stone inside Hwangnyongsa temple was weathered and damaged rapid progress because of multiple factor. General conservation scientific study and research are needed.

익산 미륵사지석탑 화강암의 풍화에 의한 물리화학적 특성변화

양희제,한민수,김사덕,이찬희,Yang, Hee-Jae,Han, Min-Su,Kim, Sa-Dug,Lee, Chan-Hee 한국문화재보존과학회 2008 보존과학회지 Vol.23 No.-

미륵사지석탑의 보존처리를 위해 화강암의 풍화에 따른 물리적 성능시험과 화학적 조성변화를 검토하였다. 자연 풍화된 미륵산 화강암을 수습하여 풍화상태에 따른 분류기준과 암석해머시험에 따라 강도를 구분하였다. 비 파괴 암석해머시험 강도와 초음파 속도를 비교한 결과, 각각의 강도 측정값은 비례하였다. 시료의 흡수율은 1.68~0.20%이며 신선한 F-형은 자연 포화되지 않았고 WW-형은 자연 포화되었으나 시간이 많이 소요되었다. 흡수율은 풍화정도에 따라 SW-형, MW-형, HW-형으로 가며 순차적으로 증가했다. CW-형은 풍화단계 시료들 중에서 흡수현상이 현저하게 달랐다. 염색시험에서는 F-형과 WW-형의 경우 정장석만이 염색되었고, SW-형과 MW-형에서는 사장석의 염색이 특징적이었으며 HW-형과 CW-형은 석영의 균열부로 염색이 확장되었다. 분류기준에 따른 조암광물의 변화는 3등급으로 대별할 수 있다. XRD 분석결과, 조암광물 중 알바이트가 현저하게 감소되었다. SEMEDX로 조암광물 중 흑운모, 사장석, 정장석을 구성하는 성분의 평균변화를 관찰한 결과, 신선한 시료에 비하여 풍화도가 높은 시료에서 흑운모는 $Al_2O_3$, $K_2O$, $Na_2O$는 증가하고 CaO, MgO는 감소하였으며, 사장석은 CaO, $K_2O$는 감소하고 $Na_2O$는 증가하였다. 정장석은 $Al_2O_3$가 약간 증가했고 $K_2O$, $Na_2O$는 감소되었다. 풍화단계별 시료를 파쇄하여 양이온의 용출 정도를 검토한 결과, 조암광물 구성성분 중 CaO, $Na_2O$, $K_2O$, MgO가 화학적 변화도가 높았으며, 풍화도 WW-형과 CW-형에서 양이온의 변화도가 높게 나타났다. 이 결과는 익산 미륵사지석탑을 구성하는 부재의 보존처리 방안을 수립하는데 중요한 자료로 이용될 것이다. A physical characteristics and chemical compositions change by weathering on the granite were examined for the conservation treatment of the Mireuksaji temple stone pagoda. The natural weathered granite was collected from the Mt. Mireuk, and divided into the classification standards based on weathering degrees and strength measured by rock-test hammer. The results from comparison of the strength measured by undestructive rock-test hammer and the strength values converted from ultrasonic velocity showed that each strength measurement value was proportionate. The water absorption of the sample was 1.68 to 0.20%. The F-type of fresh rock was not naturally saturated and the WW-type was naturally saturated but took quite a long time. The water absorption was increased gradually in order of SW-type, the MW-type and the HW-type according to weathering condition. The CW-type samples showed the highest water absorption among the weathered classification samples. Through dyeing test, it was found out that only the feldspar was dyed out of the F-type and the WW-type. The SW-type and the MW-type were distinguished by the fact that plagioclase being dyed. And dyed area was expanded to quartz crack in HW-type and CW-type. Physical change by weathering of the rock-forming minerals could be classified with 3 grades. Through the XRD analysis, albite among the rock-forming mineral showed remarkable decrease. SEM-EDX analysis of the component change in the rock-forming minerals such as biotite, plagioclase, and orthoclase, showed that in case of highly-weathered grade samples compared with fresh samples, contents of the $Al_2O_3$, $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ increase and CaO, MgO decrease in the biotite, the CaO, $K_2O$ increase and $Na_2O$ decrease in the plagioclase, the $Al_2O_3$ a little increase and $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ decrease in the orthoclase. The results of extracted cation analysis using the powder samples of each weathering grade, the CaO, $Na_2O$, $K_2O$ and MgO are highly chemical variations in rock forming minerals and positive variation show high in the weathering grade of the WW-type and CW-type. This research will be used as an importance data to establish a plan for conservation treatment of composed stone in the Mireuksaji temple stone pagoda.

익산 미륵사지 석탑의 해체과정과 구성부재의 훼손도 평가

양희제,김사덕,이찬희,최석원 한국문화재보존과학회 2004 보존과학회지 Vol.16 No.-

현재 해체가 진행 중인 익산 미륵사지 석탑을 대상으로 부재의 산출상태 물리적 및 생물학적 풍화와 훼손도를 연구하였다. 또한 향후 보존수복을 위하여 모든 부재의 정밀 조사와 보존과학적 진단을 실시하였다. 이 석탑의 구성부재는 대부분 중립질 흑운모 화강암으로서, 약 3000여개의 석재가 사용되었을 것으로 예측된다. 주요 외면 부재는 총 각446개이나, 탑의 각 층에서 집중하중을 받는 석재들은 균열이 중첩되어 있거나 풍화와 훼손이 아주 심하다. 이 중에서 약 에 해당되는 84개의 부재가 심하게 훼손되어 있다. 부재에 나타난 물리화학적 훼손상태는 균열, 결손, 박리박막, 마모, 입상분해, 표면요철, 변색, 수산화물의 피복 등으로서 이와 같은 모든 훼손현상을 상세히 기록하고 분석하였다. 이 석탑에 기생하는 조류와 지의류의 피도는 약 로 나타났다. 일부 부재를 대상으로 농도로 희석한 세정용 약제를 도포하였을 때 침해생물종이 고사되고 균주가 억제되었다. 이 결과는 석조 문화재의 해체과정에 따른 정밀 조사연구 및 향후 보존수복 시스템에 적용할 수 있는 중요한 자료로 이용될 것이다. This study evaluates the occurrences, phyfical weathering and biological deterioration on rock properties during the dissection process an object of stone pagoda in the Mireuksaji temple site. For restoration and conservation, all kinds of rock properties are carried out detailed scientific investigation and diagnosis. Constituting rocks of the pagoda composed mainly of equi-granular medium grained biotite that rock properties presumed to be use about 3,000 materials. Main external properties of the pagoda are total 446 materials, and the rock properties under the concentration load on the each floors occurred with overlapping fracture, weathering and deteriorations. The 84 materials show highly degraded about among the external properties. Representative physicochemical deteriorations are fracture, loss, break, exfoliation, degradation, grain shaped dissolution, relief surface, discoloration and hydroxide precipitates, in this study, the deterioration state of each properties give a precisely description and analysis. Coverage of lichen and algae on the rock surface represented about . As the some properties, biological contaminants withered up when spray rock surface with diluted cleaning chemicals. Results of the study are utilized an application for restoration system and detailed investigation during the dissection process of stone cultural properties.

익산 미륵사지석탑의 생물침해 방지를 위한 보존처리제 적용실험-K201 생물처리제를 중심으로

양희제,정용재,김사덕,김광훈,Yang, Hee-Jae,Chung, Yong-Jae,Kim, Sa-Dug,Kim, Gwaoung-Hun 국립문화재연구소 2003 保存科學硏究 Vol.24 No.-

The biodeterioration on Iksan Mireuksaji pagoda has been studied with fucus on application of K201 as a chemical treatment. Total of 39species, including 10 algae, 16 lichens, 6 mosses and 7 unidentified bacteria and fungi, were collected and identified on the surface of the pagoda. Most of them caused serious discoloration on the surface. The effectiveness and stability of K201 was examined by applying it on some part of the pagoda. A mild spraying of solution diluted to half of original reagent was good enough to eliminate all the deteriorating species on the surface. Most of discoloration disappeared after the treatment except the red color caused by iron substance. The effectiveness of the regent was compared with water wash. The stone was first washed with water and the dirt on the surface was scrubbed off from the surface. The initial surface of the stone was clearer in water wash. However, many of the deteriorating species reappear in 4 weeks after water wash. Although spraying of the reagent K201 could noteliminate all the remnant of dead organisms as good as scrubbing the surface, no deteriorating algae or lichen was observed until two month after treatment. Therefore, spraying method with chemicals seems more stable and reliable way to remove the biodeterioration than physical scrubbing of the surface.

익산 왕궁리 5층 석탑의 훼손현황과 보존방안 연구

양희제,이찬희,김사덕,최석원,Yang, Hee-Jae,Lee, Chan-Hee,Kim, Sa-Dug,Choi, Seok-Won 국립문화재연구소 2004 保存科學硏究 Vol.25 No.-

This research presents an evaluation of the weathering and deterioration state of the Wanggung-ri five-storied stone pagoda in the Iksan (National Treasure No. 289) and suggests conservational schemes. A deterioration map of the pagoda was drawn from the aspects of petrological, physical, chemical, biological, structural and artificial weathering.The rock properties consisting of the pagoda were medium-grained biotite granite that had leucocratic phenocryst developed in parts. The body of each story suffered severely from the secondary contamination that turned the colors into light grey, pitch dark, yellowish brown, and reddish brown as well as granular decomposition, exfoliation and peel-off. The roof stones were heavy exfoliated or peeled off in most of the cases. In addition to the fine cracks, there were layered cracks on the corners. The roof stones of the3rd and 4th story in the north and west side had some stones fall-off, while those of the 2ndstory in the north side had steel reinforcement filled for a fixing purpose. Those of the 5th story showed big gaps that must have originated from cracks and were easily subject to granular decomposition and rainfall. The inside clay filler was missing in the lower part of the roof stones of the 4th and 5th story and the supporting stones, which were thus covered by light grey or pitch dark sediments. The contact area of the materials was about 70 % in the parts where there was a space due to the filler missing and washigher than 90 % in the lower parts of the pagoda. About 90 % or more of the roof stones surface of each story were covered by aerial plants that formed a thick biological mat. Thus it seemed necessary to come up with the conservational measures to remove the plans living on the surface of the stone materials, with the plans to prevent rain from falling inside, and with the water repellent and hardening treatments to postpone the surface weathering of the rock properties. All those measures and plans must be based on the results of long-term monitoring and thorough detail investigations.

분황사 중문지 출토 치미의 제작기법 연구

양희제,박도현,정민호,Yang, Hee Jae,Park, Do Hyun,Jeong, Min Ho 국립문화재연구소 2014 保存科學硏究 Vol.35 No.-

분황사 중문지 출토 치미의 복원과 제작기법에 대한 연구 결과, 치미는 몸체, 등, 배, 날개, 문양, 종대로 구분되고 몸체는 하단부와 상단부로 나눌 수 있다. 몸체와 날개는 테쌓기 하였으며 배면을 접착하였다. 테쌓기 과정에는 3종류의 타날도구를 이용하여 접합면을 두들겼고 전체 형태가 완성되면 외면을 손다듬질 하였다. 원공을 통하여 손이나 도구를 내부로 넣어 점토를 긁어내거나 덧발랐고 나뭇가지를 이용하여 표면을 평탄하였다. 문양은 틀을 제작하여 찍어 낸 후 몸체에 부착하였다. XRD분석과 TG-DTA분석 결과에서는 $867^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 상전이하는 트리디마이트 (Tridymite)를 동정할 수 없었고 $1,063^{\circ}C$에서 흡열반응이 나타난 점은 알바이트와 같은 알칼리장석이 $1,050^{\circ}C$에서 다른 광물로 변질한 결과로서 연구대상 치미는 $867^{\circ}C$이하의 소성온도를 경험한 것으로 판단할 수 있다 As results of this study about the restoration and production techniques of the ridge-end roof tiles excavated from middle gate site in Bunhwangsa Temple, the ridge-end tile was considered that can be combined with four distinguished parts such as a body with upper and lower portions, a back, a belly, and a wing. And also some patterns can be verified. The body and the wing were piled up the coil clay and the back-side was bonded. The pileup process was assumed that three types of wood tools were applied to bond the facing surfaces. After the completion of the pileup process, the entire exterior was retouched by hand. For touching the inside, bare hands or some tools like a wooden branches were used to scratch and to re-face a clay plasterwork. And also, the stamped patterns which produced by framework were bonded to the body. The results from the XRD and the TG-DTA, Tridymite which shows the phase transition in more than $867^{\circ}C$ could not be identified, and also the endothermic reaction peak at $1063^{\circ}C$ showed the result that the alkali feldspar such as the albite was changed into a different mineral at $1050^{\circ}C$. Therefore, the ridge-end tiles can be considered that the firing temperature was below $867^{\circ}C$.

정선 정암사 수마노탑 풍경의 성분과 재현품 제작

양희제 한국전통문화대학교 한국전통문화연구소 2013 한국전통문화연구 Vol.11 No.-

수마노탑에는 총 개의 풍경이 있어야 28 하나 1층 옥개부에 두 개의 풍경이 유실되었으며, 실측도를 이용한 형태적 분석과 성분분석을 통해 재현품을 제작한 결과, 풍경의 높이는 132.3㎜(H), 하부의 너비는 98.7㎜(W), 두께는 약 1.8-2.3㎜이며, 최하부 반지름의 2.5배 는 풍경의 높이와 일치하며, 표면에서는 Cuprite, Tenorite, Malachite과 부분적인 염화부 식물이 관찰되며, 상부 걸쇠(철제)의 부식으로 인해 α-FeOOH 또는 β-FeOOH가 풍경의 표면에 침착되고, 붉은부식물의 하부에서는 녹색의 Malachite가 관찰되며, 풍경의 주성분 은 CuO가 75.24, ZnO이 15.56, Fe2O3가 3.74, SnO가 0.39, NiO가 0.18, MnO가 0.01로 서 황동이며, 재현품 제작은 석고모형방식을 통해 원형과 동일한 크기의 재현품을 구현할 수 있었고, 소성을 통해 산화층을 형성한 후 강제부식으로 원형과 유사한 색상을 재현하고 방청처리하여 부식물을 안정화 시킬 수 있었다. Sumano pagoda, which has a total of twenty-eight wind-bell, lost the two wind-bells at the 1st storied roof part. The result of made replica by used morphological analysis and chemical composition; the height of the wind-bell was 132.3 ㎜(H), the width of the bottom was 98.7㎜(W), the thickness was 1.8 - 2.3㎜(T). 2.5times the radius of the bottom was coincides with the height of the wind-bell. Cuprite, tenorite, malachite and partly chloride corrosive ware observed at the surface. Corrosion of iron by the upper hasp to α-FeOOH and β-FeOOH on the surface of the wind-bell was deposited red color, malachite of green color in the lower part of red color was observed. The major component of the wind-bell is CuO, ZnO, Fe2O3, Sno, NiO and MnO. The CuO was 75.24, ZnO was 15.56, Fe2O3 was 3.74, SnO was 0.39, NiO was 0.18 and MnO was 0.01. This rate of component was the result of brass. Replica of the same size as the original was to implement by used the gypsum modeling method, after the oxide layer was formed by burning, and the color is similar to the original through compulsorily corrosion was reproduced, and corrosive to the anti-corrosive treatment, used by beeswax, could stabilize.

부여 무량사 소조아미타여래삼존좌상 안전진단 및 제작기법 연구

양희제,정용재,정선혜,김덕문 한국전통문화대학교 한국전통문화연구소 2012 한국전통문화연구 Vol.10 No.-

보물 제1565호 부여무량사소조아미타여래삼존좌상의 보존상태 조사을 위하여 소조불의 손상도 및 물성조사, 제 작기법, 좌대의 안전진단을 실시하였다. 그 결과 소조불상의 주된 손상 현상은 개금층의 균열과 박락이 관찰되고, 복장내부를 조사한 결과 소조불 하단부가 석고로 보수된 사실을 확인하였다. 소지층의 XRD 분석 결과, 석영(SiO2), 정장석(KAlSi3O8), 카오리나이트(Al2Si2O5(OH)4), 일라이트(KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2)가 동정되었다. 또한 소조불 내부에 사용 된 목재의 상태 및 저항 성능에 대한 안전진단을 실시한 결과 불상좌대를 구성하고 있는 목재는 모두 양호한 결과 를 나타내었다. This study was investigated making technique and property of Terracotta Seated Amitabha Triad at Muryang Temple in Buyeo. It was also researched the damage assessment of Terracotta and stability evaluation of a pedestal. There was a crack and exfoliation on the surface that have gold-plated layer. The bottom of the Terracotta was repaired with plaster. The molding clay was identified as Quartz(SiO2), Orthoclase(KAlSi3O8), Kaolinite(Al2Si2O5(OH)4), Illite(KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2) through the XRD(X-ray diffraction) analytical researches. The wood constructing a pedestal have been preserved in good condition in resistance and structural conditions.

Petrological Characteristics and Provenance Presumption for Rock Properties of the Stone Pagoda in Mireuksaji Temple Site, Iksan, Korea

양희제(Yang H.J.),이찬희(Lee C.H.),최석원(Choi S.W.),이명성(Lee M.S.) 대한지질학회 2006 지질학회지 Vol.42 No.2

보존처리 후 철제유물에 생성된 부식물 특성 연구

정지해,양희제,하진욱 한국문화재보존과학회 2013 보존과학회지 Vol.29 No.4

철제유물은 출토되는 순간 급격한 환경변화로 인해 빠른 속도로 부식이 진행되므로 보존처리 과정을 거쳐 부식을 억제한다. 그러나 보존처리가 완료된 철제유물도 재부식이 발생하는 경우가 다수이며, 재부식된 유물의 보존처리는 1차 보존처리 시보다 그 처리가 어렵고 처리기간 또한 길어진다. 본 연구는 보존처리가 완료된 이후 보관과정에서 발생하는 부식생성물을 과학적으로 분석하여 재부식의 요인을 찾고자 하였다. 경주지역의 세 유적에서 출토된 철제유물을 동일한 약품과 방법으로 2002∼2009년 동안 보존처리를 완료하였으나, 포장·보관 상태의 일부 철제유물에서 재부식 징후가 관찰되었다. 이중 재부식의 징후가 확인된 단조 철제유물 9점을 선별하여 질량측정, 육안관찰, 현미경을 통한 물리적 변화를 관찰하였고, SEM-EDS, XRD, IC, ICP분석을 통해 화학적 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 유물에서 탈락된 부분의 접면에 형성된 황갈색 부식생성물은 군집한 형상만 다를 뿐 결정상은 공통적으로 침상형이 확인되었으며, 적색에서 황갈색으로 갈수록 침상의 형태가 뚜렷하였다. 보존처리가 완료된 시점의 경과에 따라 부식생성물이 증가할수록 유물의 질량이 증가하였고 염화이온의 농도가 상대적으로 높아지는 경향이 나타났다. 채집된 모든 시료의 부식생성물에 대한 XRD분석에서는 β-FeOOH(akaganeite)이 확인되었고, ICP분석 결과 Na+, Ca2+ 성분을 확인할 수 있었다.