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혼인 외의 자녀와 출생신고 -대법원 2020. 6. 8.자 2020스575 결정과 최근 가족관계등록법 개정을 중심으로
양진섭 사법발전재단 2021 사법 Vol.1 No.57
Although the Supreme Court Decision 2020Seu575 Decided June 8, 2020 was highlighted in the media in relation to the right to birth registration, the subject case has a considerable impact in that it provided an interpretation that allows for report of birth, which had not been the case in previous practice. Less than a year after the above decision was made, legislative improvement to reflect such intent was quickly made, by which the once prohibited report of birth became institutionally possible. This Paper illustrates the following. 1. The legal father-child relationship for child born out of wedlock can be established through a report of affiliation, which is different from a report of birth but Article 57(1) and (2) of the former Family Relations Registration Act mitigate the formalities requirements by allowing such a relationship to be established upon only the father’s filing of a report of birth. So it is evaluated as a legislative consideration that promotes convenience of the parties concerned. In the subject case where the father, who intended to report the birth of a child born out of wedlock from a foreign mother, was unable to submit a marriage certificate, although he had been aware of the personal information of the said foreign mother, on account of her being a refugee, the Supreme Court determined that the child’s right to life took precedence over a review of the validity of a paternity relationship by incorporating the subject case, which is supposed to be categorized under the former clause stipulating with regard to cases where specifying mother is possible, under the category of the latter clause. In so doing, the Supreme Court practically exempted the father, the filer of the report of the child’s birth, from a duty to submit a marriage certificate of the mother. 2. The Supreme Court did not reveal a clear position on what the confirmation content of family court is. To specify this confirmation content is important, as it is directly linked to the cause of drawing up of a family relations register whether or not mother can be recorded as the mother of the child in a family relations register. Conflict of opinions may exist in this regard, but it must be resolved by legislation. 3. Recently, Article 57 of the Family Relations Registration Act has been partially amended, the significance of which can be found in that the previous controversy has been resolved and the Supreme Court's interpretation has been brought into the legislative domain. But despite the implementation of the amendment, there are still areas that require a close review. The possibility of further controversy may be ruled out by: (a) looking at the part about specifying mother in the light of the structure and system of the Family Relations Registration Act, concerning the above mentioned controversy arising from the language of the relevant statute; and (b) limiting the cases subject to the amendment to those cases where the submission of a marriage certificate with the mother of foreign nationality is impossible, concerning the Supreme Court’s interpretation. 4. Although it is not covered in the subject decision, a close analysis of Article 57(4) of the Family Relations Registration Act is necessary. The above clause does not clearly stipulate which of the report under Subparagraph 1 or 2 of Article 57(4) is premised and what the cause of drawing up a family relations register is. So it is desirable to clarify the contents related to them at the legal level in order to block the possibility of controversy in the future. On the other hand, in light of the relationship with Article 57(2), it is difficult to accept Article 57(4)1 in a simple flat manner, and although Article 57(4)2 confirms that Family Relations Register must be created through proper procedures, I do not think there is any substantial meaning of the clause itself. 대상결정은 언론에서 출생등록될 권리와 관련하여 크게 부각되었지만, 종전 실무에서 허용되지 않던 출생신고를 가능하도록 하기 위한 해석론을 전개하였다는 점에서 적지 않은 의미를 갖는다. 위 결정이 있은 지 1년도 채 되지 않아 그 취지를 반영하기 위한 입법적 개선이 신속히 이루어짐으로써 이제 위와 같은 출생신고는 제도적으로 가능한 상황이 되었다. 이 글의 주요 내용을 살펴보면, 다음과 같다. 1. 혼인 외의 자녀의 법적 부자관계는 출생신고와 별개로 일정한 인지신고를 통하여 성립될 수 있으나, 종전 가족관계등록법 제57조 제1항 및 제2항은 부의 출생신고만으로도 그러한 관계가 성립될 수 있도록 요식성을 완화하여 당사자의 편의를 도모한 입법적 배려라고 평가되기도 한다. 대상결정은 혼인 외의 자녀에 대하여 출생신고를 하려는 부가 외국인 모의 인적사항을 알면서도 난민임을 이유로 그 모의 혼인관계증명서 제출이 사실상 불가능한 사안과 관련하여 원래 모의 특정이 가능한 경우로서 전자의 조항에 포섭하여야 함에도 불구하고 일단 후자의 조항에 포섭함으로써 무엇보다도 자녀의 생명권 보장이 이미 성립된 법적 부자관계의 존부 심사보다 우선한다고 보았다. 결과적으로 위와 같은 대법원의 해석론은 신고인 부에게 모의 혼인관계증명서 제출을 면제한 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 2. 대상결정은 종전 가족관계등록법 제57조 제2항의 규율영역으로 포섭하면서도 가정법원의 확인내용이 무엇인가라는 점에 대한 명확한 입장을 밝히지 않았다. 그 확인내용은 가족관계등록부의 작성원인이나 모의 기록 가부와 직결되어 있다는 점에서 법리적으로나 현실적으로 중요한 의미를 가질 수 있다. 이와 관련하여서는 견해의 대립이 존재할 수 있으나, 결국 입법에 의하여 해결하여야 한다. 3. 대상결정의 취지를 반영한 개정 가족관계등록법은 종전의 문언상 논란을 해소하고 대법원의 해석론을 입법의 영역으로 끌어 왔다는 점에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있으나, 여전히 면밀한 검토가 필요한 부분이 존재한다. 결국 종전의 문언상 논란과 관련하여서는 가족관계등록법의 구조나 체계에 비추어 모의 특정 부분을 조망함으로써, 대법원의 해석론과 관련하여서는 특정이 가능한 외국인 모의 혼인관계증명서(성립요건구비증명서)를 제출할 수 없는 경우로 제한함으로써 향후 파생될 수 있는 논란의 소지를 차단할 수 있다고 본다. 4. 비록 대상결정에서 다루어진 내용은 아니지만, 가족관계등록법 제57조 제4항에 대하여는 세밀한 분석이 필요하다. 이 조항은 같은 조 제1항과 제2항의 신고 중 어느 것을 전제로 하는지, 그리고 가족관계등록부의 작성원인이 무엇인지에 대하여 명확히 규정하지 않고 있는데, 향후 해석상 논란의 소지를 차단하기 위하여 법률 단계에서 그와 관련된 내용을 명시하는 것이 바람직하다. 한편 위 조항과 관련하여 제1호는 위 제2항과의 관계에 비추어 단순히 평면적으로 받아들이기 힘든 부분이 있으며, 제2호는 적법한 절차를 거쳐 가족관계등록부가 작성되어야 함을 확인한 점 외에 그 규정이 갖는 실질적 의미는 없다고 생각된다.
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양진섭 한국가족법학회 2019 가족법연구 Vol.33 No.3
In recent years, interest in legal parentage has been gradually increasing. One of the reasons is that the parts that were accepted without any problems beforehand are being developed in various aspects with the change of reality of the times. In this paper, we summarize the main contents of legal issues that are particularly important in terms of the determination of parentage. 1. Although not expressly provided for in Article 844 of the Civil Code, only children who are subject to presumption of paternity should be regarded as a child born in wedlock. Domestic practice and many theories have classified ‘a child born within 200 days from the date of marriage’ as a child born in wedlock, but the theory of interpretation that this child is the object of affiliation as a child born out of wedlock is the most natural. 2. With regard to affiliation with the Judicial Permission, there are issues that are not easy to solve in various aspects, such as when they come into effect, their legal meaning, and the scope of their application. 3. On the one hand, there can be no basis for total denial of affiliation of mother under Article 855 (1) of the Civil Code, but on the other hand, if a mother intends to report birth, it is required to attach a birth certificate which is a written proof of childbirth, and if a mother intends to affiliate his/her child, it is not advisable that the mother-child relationship be recognized without such a proof. 4. The trial procedure for the establishment of the mother-child relationship of a child born out of wedlock shall be regarded as possible only by the claim for affiliation against mother under Article 863, 865 of the Civil Code. However, if we admit that the establishment of the mother-child relationship is based on pregnancy and delivery, we can consider improving the system in the direction of accepting a confirmation claim of parentage existence as in current practice. 5. If with regard to a child born out of wedlock who gave birth between a father and a woman other than the wife, a father reports birth as a child born in wedlock between a father and the wife, and then there is given a confirmation judgment of parentage non-existence between the child and the mother, it is said that such a report of birth has become invalid as a result, and therefore, the validity of the affiliation on the birth report cannot be recognized.
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