아제르바이잔 남카스피해분지의 석유지질

양우헌,황인걸,김현태 한국자원공학회 2010 한국자원공학회지 Vol.47 No.2

The South Caspian Basin is located on the southern part of the Caspian Sea in the central Asia. It has been reported ~11 billion oil-equivalent barrels of cumulative production from onshore and nearshore oil and gas fields, with an additional ~10 billion oil-equivalent barrels of proven, but undeveloped reserves. The sedimentation in the basin is characterized by very rapid sedimentation rate (~1.3 km/m.y.), max. 25 km-thick basin fills, and siliciclastic sediments of sand, silt, and clay. Basin fills include fluvial-deltaic depositional systems of the paleo-Volga and paleo-Kura rivers according to changing sea-level of the South Caspian Sea. The basin is largely influenced by late Miocene-Holocene burial rates (up to 1.3 km/m.y.) and the resulting low geothermal gradients of 14~16℃/km (105~110℃ in 6 km deep). Because of the low temperature gradient, the oil window is interpreted to be in a range of 8~14 km deep of the basin. Compressional deformation within the South Caspian Basin has formed numerous elongate anticlines, significant formation pressure, and overall activity of mud volcanoes. Petroleum system of the basin is as follows: (1) source rock is mudstone of marine origin, Maykop and Diatom formations of Oligocene and early Miocene, (2) reservoir rock is fluvial-deltaic deposits, Productive Series strata of late Miocene and middle Pliocene, and (3) caprock is mudstone of marine origin, Akchagyl Formation of late Pliocene and various mudrock members within the Productive Series of middle Pliocene. 남카스피해분지는 중앙아시아 카스피해 남부에 위치한다. 현재까지 남카스피해 아제르바이잔 지역의 호수와 육상에서 약 110 억 오일등가 배럴이 생산되었으며, 추가로 100 억 오일등가 배럴의 매장이 확인되었다. 남카스피해분지의 퇴적 특징은 매우 빠른 퇴적률(1.3 km/My), 최대 25 km 두께의 퇴적층, 모래, 실트, 점토의 쇄설성 퇴적물 등이다. 분지 퇴적층은 남카스피해의 해수면 변동에 따른 고 볼가강, 고 구라강에 의한 하천-삼각주 퇴적계를 포함한다. 분지는 낮은 열류량과 지층 온도(6 km 심도에서 105~110℃)를 보이며, 이러한 낮은 지열값은 오일생성 윈도우가 퇴적심도 8~14 km의 심부에 위치하는 원인이다. 분지 내 압축변형작용은 다양한 크기의 배사구조와 상당히 높은 지층압력과 광범위한 머드화산 활동을 유발한다. 분지의 석유시스템은 다음과 같다: (1) 근원암은 해성기원 이암이며 올리고세-마이오세 초기 Maykop층과 Diatom층이다. (2) 저류암은 하천-삼각주 퇴적층이며 마이오세 후기-플라이오세 중기 Productive층계(5~7 km 두께)이다. (3) 덮개암은 해성기원 이암이며 플라이오세 후기 Akchagyl층과 플라이오세 중기 Producitive층계 내에 존재하는 다양한 이암층이다.

고해상 자기지전류 자료를 이용한 분지해석

양우헌,Ryang Woo Hun 한국석유지질학회 1999 한국석유지질학회지 Vol.7 No.1

새로운 고해상 자기지전류 자료가 인리형 분지해석 (백악기 음성분지)을 위해서 지표 퇴적학적 자료와 함께 획득되었다. 두개의 분지 횡단 자기지전류 단면 자료는 남동부의 부분지 형성과 비대칭적인 분지 단면을 보여준다. 이러한 분지 구조는 분지 충진층에 반영된 고수류 방향성과 퇴적상 변이 방향 자료와도 일치한다. 또한 충진층이 중간블록의 급격한 침강이 수반된 인리형 열개작용도 반영하고 있음을 제시한다. 충적-호소 퇴적계의 비대칭적인 암상분포, 퇴적상 변이와 고수류 방향에 대한 지표 자료와 함께, 종합·해석된 고해상 자기지전류 비저항 단면자료는 분지형성과 분지충진 과정을 이해하는데 큰 도움을 준다. 석유탐사와 분지해석을 위해, 고해상 자기지전류 탐사방법은 고비용의 부담이 큰 육상 탄성파 반사법 탐사의 유용한 대안이 될 수 있다. A new high-resolution rnagnetotelluric (MT) survey was conducted for pull-apart basin analysis (Cretaceous Eumsung Basin), combined with surface sedimentological results. Two cross-basinal MT profiles represent an asymmetric form with a subbasin in the southeastern part. These basinal architectures are well compatible with paleoflow directions and facies transitions of surface sedimentology. The results also suggest that the basin fills reflect pull-apart opening with rapid subsidence of the central blocks. Combined with the surface sedimentological data on asymmetric lithofacies distribution, facies transitions, and paleoflow directions of the alluvio-lacustrine systems, the MT data help explain basin-fill processes during the basin formation. For petroleum exploration and basin analysis, the high-frequency MT technique can be a useful substitute for the costly burden of a seismic-reflection survey on land.

Geoacoustic Model of Coastal Bottom Strata off the Northwestern Taean Peninsula in the Yellow Sea

양우헌,권혁종,최지웅,김경오,한주영 한국지구과학회 2019 한국지구과학회지 Vol.40 No.4

In the shallow coastal area, located off the northwestern Taean Peninsula of the eastern Yellow Sea, geoacoustic models with two layers were reconstructed for underwater acoustic experimentation and modeling. The Yellow Sea experienced glacio-eustasy sea-level fluctuations during Quaternary period. Coastal sedimentation in the Yellow Sea was characterized by alternating terrestrial and shallow marine deposits that reflected the fluctuating sea levels. The coastal geoacoustic models were based on data from piston, grab cores and the high-resolution 3.5 kHz, chirp seismic profiles (about 70 line-kilometers, respectively). Geoacoustic data of the cores were extrapolated down to 3 m in depth for geoacoustic models. The geoacoustic property of seafloor sediments is considered a key parameter for modeling underwater acoustic environments. For simulating actual underwater environments, the P-wave speed of the models was adjusted to in-situ depth below the sea floor using the Hamilton method. The proposed geoacoustic models could be used for submarine acoustic inversion and modeling in shallow-water environments of the study area.

Origin of volcaniclastics in the central part of a pull-apart basin, the Cretaceous Eumsung Basin, Korea

양우헌 한국지질과학협의회 2013 Geosciences Journal Vol.17 No.2

There are coarse-grained deposits, especially composed entirely of volcaniclastics in the central part of the Cretaceous Eumsung Basin (Eumseong Basin), far away from the basinal margins. Primary volcanic masses are not exposed on the surface in the adjacent areas. For unraveling the origin of the volcaniclastics, subsurface magnetotelluric as well as surface sedimentological data were examined. Two resistivity profiles of crossed lines ES2 and ES9 represent subsurface basinal and basin-fill structures of the Eumsung Basin. In the basin fills, four high-resistivity bodies of A, B, C, and D were found. Considering the basin-scale structure and forming process of the pull-apart Eumsung Basin, it is reasonable to infer that these isolated high-resistivity bodies formed as a result of volcanic intrusion/extrusion into/upon the basin-fill. Therefore, the coarse-grained volcaniclastic deposits in the central part of the Eumsung Basin can be interpreted as the product of syn-sedimentary deposition of volcaniclastic material that was shed from an exposed part of subsurface volcanics in a relatively short distance.

동해 울산 연안해역 SSDP-105 심부코어 지점의 지음향 모델

양우헌,이광수,한주영 한국지구과학회 2018 한국지구과학회지 Vol.39 No.2

Geoacoustic model comprises physical and acoustic properties of submarine bottom layers influencing sound transmission through sea water and underwater. This study suggested for the first time that we made a geoacoustic model of long-coring bottom layers at the SSDP-105 drilling site of the Ulsan coastal area, which is located in the southwestern inner shelf of the East Sea. The geoacoustic model of 52 m depth below seafloor with three-layer geoacoustic units was reconstructed in the coastal sedimentary strata at 79 m in water depth. The geoacoustic model was based on the data of a deep-drilled sediment core of SSDP-105 and sparker seismic profiles in the study area. For actual modeling, the geoacoustic property values of the models were compensated to in situ depth values below the sea floor using the Hamilton modeling method. We suggest that the geoacoustic model be used for geoacoustic and underwater acoustic experiments of mid- and low-frequency reflecting on the deep bottom layers in the Ulsan coastal area of the East Sea. 지음향 모델은 수중과 해저 음파의 전파에 영향을 미치는 해저 지층의 물성과 음향 특성을 포함한다. 이 연구는 동해 남서부 내대륙붕에 위치한 울산 해역의 SSDP-105 시추 지점에서 심부 지층의 지음향 모델을 처음으로 제시하였 다. 수심 79 m의 연안 퇴적 지층에서 52 m 심도의 3개 지음향 모델을 구성하였다. 지음향 모델은 연구 해역의 SSDP- 105 심부시추 코어 자료와 스파커 탄성파 단면 자료에 근거한다. 실제 모델링을 위해, 모델의 지음향 특성값은 Hamilton 모델링 방법을 이용하여 해저면 하부 현장 심도의 특성값으로 보정하였다. 이 지음향 모델은 동해 울산 연안 해역에서 심부 지층의 지음향 특성을 반영하는 중·저주파수 지음향/수중음향 실험을 위해 활용될 것이다.

황해 중동부 해역 YSDP-105 심부코어 지점의 지음향 모델

양우헌,진재화,한주영 한국지구과학회 2019 韓國地球科學會誌 Vol.40 No.1

In the mid-eastern Yellow Sea, glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations and a regional tectonic subsidence have combined to represent an aggradational stacking pattern of sedimentary units during late Pleistocene-Holocene. The accumulated sediments are divisible into two-type units of Type-A and Type-B in high-resolution air-gun seismic profiles and the deep-drilled core of YSDP-105. Type-A unit largely comprises clast-rich coarse-grained sediments of non-marine to paralic origin, whereas Type-B unit consists mostly of tidal fine-grained sediments. Based on a bottom model of the sedimentary units, this study suggested a geoacoustic model of long-coring bottom layers at the YSDP-105 drilling site of the mid-eastern Yellow Sea. The geoacoustic model of 64-m depth below the seafloor with four-layer geoacoustic units was reconstructed in continental shelf strata at 45 m in water depth. For actual modeling, the geoacoustic property values of the models were compensated to in situ depth values below the seafloor using the Hamilton modeling method. We suggest that the geoacoustic model will be used for geoacoustic and underwater acoustic experiments of mid- and lowfrequency reflecting on the deep bottom layers in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea. 황해 중동부에서 후기 플라이스토세-홀로세 동안 빙하기원 전 지구적 해수면 변동과 지역적인 지구조 침강은 퇴적 단위층의 중첩된 매적 양상으로 나타났다. 중첩 퇴적층은 고해상 에어건 탄성파 단면과 YSDP-105 시추코어에서 A형과 B형의 두가지 유형의 단위층으로 구분된다. A형 단위층은 주로 역이 풍부한 조립질 육성 및 인접 천해성 퇴적물인 반면, B형 단위층은 조석의 영향을 받은 세립질 퇴적물로 대부분 구성된다. 퇴적 단위층의 지층 모델에 근거하여, 이 연구는 황해 중동부 해역에 위치한 YSDP-105 시추 지점에서 심부 지층의 지음향 모델을 제시하였다. 수심 45 m의 대륙붕 지층에서 4개 지음향 단위층으로 구성된 64-m 심도의 지음향 모델을 구성하였다. 실제 모델링을 위해, 모델의 지음향 특성값은 Hamilton 모델링 방법을 이용하여 해저면 하부 현장 심도의 특성값으로 보정하였다. 이 지음향 모델은 황해 중동부 해역에서 심부 지층의 지음향 특성을 반영하는 중-저주파수 지음향 및 수중음향 실험을 위해 활용될 것이다.

Geoacoustic Characteristics of P-Wave Velocity in Donghae City - Ulleung Island Line, East Sea: Preliminary Results

양우헌,권이균,진재화,김현태,이치원,장자헌,김대철,최진혁,김영규,김성일,Ryang, Woo-Hun,Kwon, Yi-Kyun,Jin, Jae-Hwa,Kim, Hyun-Tae,Lee, Chi-Won,Jung, Ja-Hun,Kim, Dae-Choul,Choi, Jin-Hyuk,Kim, Young-Gyu,Kim, Sung-Il The Acoustical Society of Korea 2007 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.26 No.e2

Donghae City - Ulleung Island Line (DC-UI Line) is a representative line for underwater and geoacoustic modeling in the middle western East Sea. In this line, an integrated model of P-wave velocity is proposed for a low-frequency range target (<200 Hz), based on high-resolution seismic profiles (2 - 7 kHz sonar and air-gun), shallow and deep cores (grab, piston, and Portable Remote Operated Drilling), and outcrop geology (Tertiary rocks and the basement on land). The basement comprises 3 geoacoustic layers of P-wave velocity ranging from 3750 to 5550 m/s. The overlying sediments consist of 7 layers of P-wave velocities ranging from 1500 to 1900 m/s. The bottom model shows that the structure is very irregular and the velocity is also variable with both vertical and lateral extension. In this area, seabed and underwater acousticians should consider that low-frequency acoustic modeling is very range-dependent and a detailed geoacoustic model is necessary for better modeling of acoustic propagation such as long-range surveillance of submarines and monitoring of currents.

우리나라 주변 바다의 이해 : 1. 동해의 해저지형과 형성과정 1. Submarine Physiography and Formative Processes of the East Sea

양우헌 전북대학교 과학교육연구소 2002 과학과 과학교육 논문지 Vol.27 No.-

The East Sea is a semi-enclosed marginal sea or back-arc basin of rhomboid shape, surrounded by the east Asian continent and the Japanese Islands. Under the sea, it contains three basins of the Ulleung, Yamato, and Japan, separated by submarine topographic highs of the Korea Plateau, the Oki Bank, and the Yamato Ridge. Based on the plate tectonic theory, the tectonic origin of the sea is suggestive of the kinematic spreading of extensional interplate movements such as fan-shaped or pull-apart opening modes, caused by relative motion between the Eurasian, Pacific, and Philippine Sea plates.

A Geoacoustic Model at the YMGR-102 Long-core Site in the Middle of the Yellow Sea

양우헌,김성필 한국지구과학회 2022 한국지구과학회지 Vol.43 No.4

The Yellow Sea experienced glacio-eustasy sea-level fluctuations during the Quaternary period. In the middlepart of the Yellow Sea, the Quaternary successions were accumulated by alternating terrestrial, paralic, and shallow marinedeposits that reflected the fluctuating sea levels. A long core of 69.2 m was acquired at the YMGR-102 site(33o50.1782'N and 123o48.3019'E) at a depth of 72.5 m in the middle of the Yellow Sea. A four-layered geoacousticmodel was reconstructed for the sedimentary succession. It was based on seismic characteristics from 3.5 kHz SBP andair-gun seismic profiles and 96 grain-size properties in the core sample from YMGR-102. For the underwater simulationand experiments, the in-situ P-wave speeds were calculated using the sound speed ratio of the Hamilton method. Thegeoacoustic model of YMGR-102 can contribute to the reconstruction of geoacoustic models, reflecting the vertical andlateral variability of the acoustic properties in the continental shelf of the middle Yellow Sea.

동해 한국대륙주변부 정동진 연안 지층의 지음향 모델

양우헌,김성필,김대철,한주영 한국지구과학회 2016 한국지구과학회지 Vol.37 No.4

Geoacoustic modeling is used to predict sound transmission through submarine bottom layers of sedimentary strata and acoustic basement. This study reconstructed four geoacoustic models for sediments of 50 m thick at the Jeongdongjin area in the western continental margin of the East Sea. Bottom models were based on the data of the highresolution air-gun seismic and subbottom profiles (SBP) with sediment cores. P-wave speed was measured by the pulse transmission technique, and the resonance frequency of piezoelectric transducers was maintained at 1MHz. Measurements of 42 P-wave speeds and 41 attenuations were fulfilled in three core sediments. For actual modeling, the P-wave speeds of the models were compensated to in situ depth below the sea floor using the Hamilton method. These geoacoustic models of coastal bottom strata will be used for geoacoustic and underwater acoustic experiments reflecting vertical and lateral variability of geoacoustic properties in the Jeongdongjin area of the East Sea. 지음향 모델링은 퇴적층과 기반암의 해저 지층을 통해 전파되는 음파 특성을 예측하기 위해 사용된다. 이 연구는 동해 한국대륙주변부의 정동진 해역에서 50 m 퇴적층 심도의 4개 지음향 모델을 구성하였다. 지층 모델은 고해상 에어건 탄성파 자료, SBP 자료, 퇴적물 코어에 근거한다. P파 속도는 신호투과법에 의해 측정되었고, 압전기 트랜스듀서의 공진 중심 주파수는 1 MHz를 유지하였다. 42개 P파 속도와 41개 음감쇠 측정이 세 개 코어 퇴적물에서 수행되었다. 실제 모델링을 위해, 모델의 P파 속도는 Hamilton 방법을 이용하여 해저면 아래 현장 심도 속도로 보정하였다. 연안 지층의 이 지음향 모델은 동해 정동진 해역에서 지음향 특성의 수직/수평 변화를 반영하는 지음향/수중음향 실험을 위해 활용될 것이다.