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손종상,김영호,김승현,안순재,류제성,황선홍 한국정밀공학회 2012 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.
In this study, we proposed a new approach for determining the dynamic knee joint range of motion according to the external load applied during leg extension exercise. One elderly participant volunteered. The dynamometer task was performed to develop a subject-specific model using maximum voluntary contractions. EMG signals were also measured simultaneously. After the dynamometer task, 3D motion data were captured during leg extension exercise. The data obtained from the dynamometer task were used to develop the subject-specific model using an EMG-driven model, and then the developed model was used to estimate joint moment during leg extension exercise. Adjusting the model parameters positively affected the correlation and RMS error. The correlation between the model prediction and the measured joint moment increased with decreasing RMS error. The predicted knee joint moments during the leg extension exercise showed the usual inverse parabolic shapes in terms of time. These results implied that the dynamic range of motion should vary according to the external load applied to the joint. In this paper, we proposed a novel method to determine the dynamic knee joint range of motion using an EMG-driven model. We expect that the proposed approach will be employed to design exercise/rehabilitation protocols for the elderly.
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손종상,김영호 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.16 No.6
In this study, the effects of various pennation models on predictions of total fiber force and fiber length were compared. Four different pennation models were assumed, and musculotendon dynamics was performed with each pennation model for two different simulations: (1) isokinetic contraction at angular velocities of 1, 50, 100, and 500o/s with fully-activated tibialis anterior (TA) muscle; and (2) isometric contraction at -30o, -15o, 0o, and 15o with altered TA muscle activation. Total fiber force and fiber length obtained from each model were compared. Results from the isokinetic simulation showed that errors in the peak normalized fiber force were approximately ±1%, and the operating range of the normalized fiber length was the narrowest in the realistic model. Pennation angles from the realistic model showed a considerable variation compared with the variable model in isometric simulation; moreover, the realistic model predicted the largest forces and the narrowest operating range of the normalized fiber length. From this study, the variable pennation model was good for the condition of fixed muscle activation, but rather underestimated the force when the muscle activation varied. In addition, it was confirmed that the changes in pennation angle mainly result in the operating range of the fiber length.
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손종상,김영호,Son, J.,Kim, Y.H. 대한의용생체공학회 2013 의공학회지 Vol.34 No.3
Moments of inertia of limb segments are essential to calculate parameters related to the segmental rotation. To analyze the human motion accurately and specifically, moments of inertia obtained from the individual are required. In this study, a simple method to determine a subject-specific moment of segmental inertia using a dynamometer is introduced. In order to evaluate the method, one male participated to test for his forearm plus hand on a commercial dynamometer. Three passive speeds, i.e. 240, 270, and $300^{\circ}/s$, were chosen to confirm whether the moment of inertia values at each speed approach to a fixed value. The same procedure was repeated on the day after to evaluate whether the method is reproducible. As the results, there were no significant differences among the speeds and between the days. The value of the moment of the forearm inertia was 0.216 $kg{\cdot}m^2$ that is apparently higher compared to values by previous models. Nonetheless, it seems to be acceptable based on our body mass index analysis using reported subject height and mass in each previous study. According to our results, the developed method could be useful to determine the segmental moment of inertia of an individual, showing no significant differences among the speeds and between the days. Thus, we believe that our results are reliable according to two appropriate evaluation procedures. This finding would be helpful to calculate segmental rotation related parameters of an individual.
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손종상,김영호,고아라,이영희 한국정밀공학회 2012 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.
The objective of this study was to develop a computer-based finger-tapping system and to investigate whether the system is effective for evaluating motor function by performing pilot tests of the effects of three interventions, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), peripheral sensory stimulation (PSS), and PSS combined with tDCS (PSS + tDCS), on the movement of the affected hand in stroke patients. The developed system consists of two parts, the finger-tapping input system and finger-tapping analysis software. The finger-tapping input system can detect the states of four buttons and transmit these states to the finger-tapping analysis software,which measures the reaction time. Three stroke patients participated in an experimental session to test the effects of each intervention on motor performance. Each session included three blocks for the determination of (1) baseline of motor performance (Base), (2) the motor performance after each form of stimulation (Pre), and (3) the motor performance following motor training and rest (Post). The results showed that the mean response times for all blocks (Base, Pre, and Post) did not differ significantly with tDCS and PSS, but significant decreases were found between Base and Post and between Pre and Post. In addition, there was no significant difference among the interventions at Pre; however, PSS + tDCS facilitated considerably greater training effects than tDCS or PSS at Post. The developed system was able to evaluate motor function through motor training after a combination of PSS and tDCS. In the near future,we plan to apply the developed system to more patients with relatively good motor function to extend our findings to a general outcome, and expect that these results could be used to design an appropriate rehabilitative approach.
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손종상,김영호,Son, J.S.,Kim, Y.H. 대한의용생체공학회 2009 의공학회지 Vol.30 No.3
Since inappropriate muscle forces mean that people cannot perform some activities related to roles of the muscle, muscle forces have been considered as an important parameter in clinic. Therefore, many methods have been introduced to estimate muscle forces indirectly. One of the methods is muscle tissue dynamics and it is widely used in commercial softwares including musculoskeletal model, such as SIMM. They, however, need motion data captured from 3-dimensional motion analysis system. In this study, we introduced an algorithm to estimate muscle forces in real-time by using joint angles. The heel-rise movements were performed for a normal with 3-dimensional motion analysis system, EMG measurement system, and electrogoniometers. Joint angles obtained from electrogoniometers and EMG signals were used to estimate muscle forces. Simulation was performed to find muscle forces using motion data which was imported into musculoskeletal software. As the results, muscle lengths and forces from the developed algorithm were similar to those from commercial software in pattern. Results of this study would be helpful to implement a tool to calculate reasonable muscle forces in real-time.
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근육 파라미터 최적화를 통한 발목관절 모멘트 추정 모델 개발 및 평가
손종상,황성재,이진섭,김영호,Son, J.,Hwang, S.,Lee, J.,Kim, Y.H. 대한의용생체공학회 2010 의공학회지 Vol.31 No.4
Estimation of muscle forces is important in biomechanics, therefore many researchers have tried to build a muscle model. Recently, optimization techniques for adjusting muscle parameters, i.e. EMG-driven model, have been used to estimate muscle forces and predict joint moments. In this study, an EMG-driven model based on the previous studies has been developed and isometric and isokinetic contraction movements were evaluated to validate the developed model. One healthy male participated in this study. The dynamometer tasks were performed for maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) for ankle dorsi/plantarflexors, isokinetic contraction at both $30^{\circ}/s$ and $60^{\circ}/s$. EMGs were recorded from the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis and soleus muscles at the sampling rate of 1000 Hz. The MVIC trial was used to customize the EMG-driven model to the specific subject. Once the subject's own model was developed, the model was used to predict the ankle joint moment for the other two dynamic movements. When no optimization was applied to characterize the muscle parameters, weak correlations were observed between the model prediction and the measured joint moment with large RMS error over 100% (r = 0.468 (123%) and r = 0.060 (159%) in $30^{\circ}/s$ and $60^{\circ}/s$ dynamic movements, respectively). However, once optimization was applied to adjust the muscle parameters, the predicted joint moment was highly similar to the measured joint moment with relatively small RMS error below 40% (r = 0.955 (21%) and r = 0.819 (36%) and in $30^{\circ}/s$ and $60^{\circ}/s$ dynamic movements, respectively). We expect that our EMG-driven model will be employed in our future efforts to estimate muscle forces of the elderly.
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