서유럽 크리스찬 민주주의(Christian Democracy)의 역사적 공헌과 그 한계

서명구(Myung Koo Suh) 한국정치외교사학회 2022 한국정치외교사논총 Vol.44 No.1

유기체적, 공동체주의적 특징을 보여준 가톨릭교회는 2차 대전 이후에서야서유럽 여러 나라를 중심으로 자유민주주의 체제에 성공적으로 적응할 수 있었다. 크리스찬 민주주의는 프랑스혁명 이후 자유주의를 수용하려 했던 세력이 주도한 것이 아니라, 오히려 역사적 우연 속에서 등장한 ‘교파 정당’을 보수적 관점에서 수용, 인정하면서 출발하였다. ‘공동체주의적 인격주의’ 그리고 ‘질서자유주의’와 ‘사회적 시장경제’라는 다분히 비자유주의적인 세계관 속에서 크리스찬 민주주의가 등장한 것이다. 전후 크리스찬 민주당들은 서유럽 제국에서자유민주주의 재건과 경제부흥을 주도하였고, 탈냉전 이후 한때 위기에 처했던적도 있었지만 지금까지 성공적으로 국정을 운영해오고 있다. 공동체적 인격을바탕으로 한 크리스찬 민주주의는 전세계적으로 그리고 오늘의 자유민주주의의 위기에도 상당 부분 기여할 수 있을 것으로 전망된다. The Catholic Church had not adapted successfully to the liberal democracy until World War Ⅱ. After the German Unification in 1870, Christian Democracy was initiated by the confessional party which was made by a historical accident. And its thought was developed based on the non-liberal ‘communitarian personalism’ in the inter-war period. After the World War II, the Christian Democratic Party appeared on the idea of ‘Ordo Liberalism’ and the ‘Social Market Economy’. They took the lead of the reconstruction of liberal democracy and the economic miracle of the Western European States. After the end of cold war Christian Democracy fell in danger but successfully recovered. This paper shows the prospects that the Christian Democracy based on the communitarian personality will play a major role in today’s crisis of liberal democracy.

풍속과 일사량 변화에 따른 선형 아트리움의 자연환기량 변화 특성에 관한 연구

서명구(So, Myong Gu),김태연(Kim, Taeyeon),이승복(Leigh, Seung-Bok) 대한건축학회 2015 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.31 No.7

Atrium is a design element for the purpose of natural ventilation and natural lighting. In particular, it is possible to improve indoor thermal conditions and decrease energy usage load of a building through proper natural ventilation strategies. The natural ventilation can occur through temperature and pressure differences between the indoor and outdoor environment and across the atrium space. External wind speed and solar radiation influence the change of temperature differences and pressure differences significantly. However, it is difficult to analyze the exact nature of the wind speed and solar radiation and therefore natural ventilation rate as well. This study compares data from a CFD simulation model and actual data of an existing building to verify the validity of the simulation analysis. Then the natural ventilation rates of each temperature differences and pressure differences are analyzed using the CFD simulation. As a result, the increase in temperature differences increased the overall natural ventilation rate. However when there is an increase in external wind speed, the influence of solar radiation decreases and the temperature differences are also decreased. Temperature differences are the predominant influential factor until the external wind speed of 2.5m/s. After the wind speed of 2.5m/s, pressure differences are more influential factor than temperature differences. This study can be used as a basic material to provide operation strategies of atrium according to the seasonal outdoor conditions and to help setting the positions of openings in an atrium in design stage of a building construction.

거울을 이용한 시각적 되먹임 트레드밀훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 균형과 보행에 미치는 영향

서명구(Seo Myung-Gu),이주상(Lee Ju-Sang),우영근(Woo Yeong-Geun) 대한치료과학회 2013 대한치료과학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Objective: Finding out the effects of treadmill training by using visual feedback on the balance and gait in stroke patients. Method: mirror-tape treadmill training(MTT), mirror treadmill training(MT) and conventional treadmill training(CT). 15 patients randomly for each group. treadmill gait training in each group for 8 weeks, 5 times a week and 30 minutes. We checked gait velocity, stride length, step length symmetry, K-FMA-LE, Timed Up & Go Test(TUG) and limit of stability(LOS) before, during, and after the training. Results: All of three groups improved gait velocity, stride length, step length symmetry, TUG, LOS than before the test. Gait velocity and LOS showed the better improvement in two groups that were trained by using a mirror than the conventional treadmill training group. Stride length improved in all three groups but no difference among groups. Mirror-tape treadmill training group showed the better difference in step length symmetry and TUG than the rest of two groups. Conclusion: Treadmill training by using visual feedback is expected to improve ability of balance and gait aiming the point from outside for the patient with hemiplegic patient by stroke.

시각적 되먹임을 이용한 트레드밀 훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 보행에 미치는 영향

서명구(Seo Myung-Gu),허진강(Hur Jin-Gang),최영은(Choi Young-Eun) 대한치료과학회 2013 대한치료과학회지 Vol.5 No.1

Objective: Investigate the effects of treadmill training with visual feedback on the gait in hemiplegia after stroke. Method: Two Patients who had hemiplegia after stroke performed treadmill training with visual feedback. We tested treadmill training program on subject 30 min per course, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Before and after the experiments, we measured balance and gait ability and got the result of this following. Results: The results of this study showed that treadmill training with visual feedback, after training, had meaningful difference of gait velocity(43.7 ㎝/sec to 49.1 ㎝/sec, 38.6 ㎝/sec to 42.8 ㎝/sec), and Timed up & go test(TUG)(31 sec to 23 sec, 33 sec to 27 sec). Conclusion: The result supported the effect of treadmill training with visual feedback on the improvement of the balance and functional walking ability with stroke patient.

선형 아트리움의 효율적인 운영 방안 도출을 위한 자연환기 성능 분석

서명구(So, MyongGu),김태연(Kim, TaeYeon),이승복(Leigh, SeungBok) 대한건축학회 2014 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.34 No.2

르포르(Claude Lefort)의 인민주권과 대의제 개념에 관한 연구

서명구(Suh, Myung Koo) 한국정치외교사학회 2021 한국정치외교사논총 Vol.43 No.1

르포르(Lefort)의 민주주의 이해는 인민주권론과 대의 개념에 토대를 두고 있다. 혁명을 통해 주권적 인물은 사라졌지만 그 자리는 빈 공간으로 남게 되었다. 국왕이 탈체화된 빈 공간을 지칭하는 개념이 바로 인민이며, 인민은 실체가 아니라 정치권력의 표상으로서만 기능한다. 근대 사회는 신체로 형상화 하지 않는 사회이며, 인민주권론이란 인민이 레짐의 준거 상징으로 작동한다는 의미이다. 근대 대의민주주의는 이러한 인식론적, 사상적, 이론적 토대 위에 성립된 것이다. 르포르에게 전체주의 특히 공산주의는 민주주의의 반동혁명으로서 그것과 한 쌍을 이루면서 대척적인 것이다. 전체주의는 민주주의의 빈 공간을 상상적인 차원에서 다시 채우려는 시도이다. 인민은 당과, 당은 지도부와, 지도부는 일인 지배자와 동일시된다. 전체주의는 단순한 통치방법, 제도, 이론이 아니라 사회적 신체가 조직되는 레짐으로서, 사회의 분열을 부정하면서 ‘하나로서의 인민’이라는 환영을 통해 사회에 다시 신체를 부여하려는 시도에 다름 아니다. The concept of the democracy of Lefort is based on people’s sovereignty and the representation. The king disappeared by the revolution but the place remained empty. The empty place is called as the people, who carries out not as the substance but only as symbolic one. Modern society is not embodied with substance. The theory of people’s sovereignty has the meaning that the people operates as the symbol. Modern democracy is built on such a epistemological, ideological and theoretical basis. Lefort understands that totalitarianism, especially communism is the reactionary revolution to democracy, which is a pair and at the opposite as well. Totalitarianism attempts to refill the empty place of democracy by the way of party and its logic on the imaginary level. Totalitarianism is not simply a way of ruling, a series of system, or some theory but a organizing method of social body, that is to say, regime. This tells an attempt not only to deny the social division but also to give body again to the society by way of the ‘People-as-One.’

카리스마적 리더십이 부하의 자발적 수용에 미치는 영향: 자긍심의 매개효과 검증

김경수,서명구,조용현,김광숙,배현숙,조용석,김형진,양동민 한국기업경영학회 2015 기업경영연구 Vol.22 No.4

This study empirically investigates the effects of charismatic leadership on followers’ self-esteem and followers’ voluntary acceptance and the mediating effect of followers’ ‘self-esteem on the relationship between charismatic leadership and follower’s voluntary acceptance. To test these relationships, we collected data via a survey of data 480 employees in 16 organizations, and after excluding unanswered items questionnaires, data from a total of 411 employees were used for analysis. Charismatic leadership was measured by the 18-item scale developed by Kim et al.(2014). To measure self-esteem, we adopted the 7-items used by Crandal(1973) and Rosenberg(1965). Voluntary acceptance was measured by the 6-item scale used by Bond and Bruce(2002) and O’Reilly and Chatman(1986).The items were measured on a 5-point scale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree). Based on prior literature, three hypotheses were derived: H1: Charismatic leadership will be positively related to followers’ self-esteem. H2: Charismatic leadership will be positively related to followers’ voluntary acceptance. H3: Followers’ self-esteem will mediate the relationship between charismatic leadership and followers’ voluntary acceptance. Multiple hierachical regressions are used to test the proposed hypotheses. Sobel test is used to test the significance of the mediating effect of followers’ self-esteem. The results show that charismatic leadership is positively associated with followers’ self-esteem and followers’ voluntary acceptance. Followers’ self-esteem has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between charismatic leadership and followers’ voluntary acceptance. This result means that charismatic leadership has both direct and indirect effects on followers’ voluntary acceptance. Leaders in organizations should show charismatic leadership to increase subordinates’ self-esteem and voluntary acceptance. Also, organizations should carry out various programs to increase leader’s charismatic leadership. Given the small number of samples, this study constitutes an exploratory attempt in nature. Caution must be exercised in attempting to interpret findings and to generalize the recommendations. The results proposed in this study must be validated by further research in diverse research settings. The results of this study are also limited by its cross-sectional design and by the use of a single method of data collection. Longitudinal and experimental designs are needed to uncover the dynamic relationships between charismatic leadership and followers’ voluntary acceptance. Additionally, for a comprehensive model of this research, future research must consider other variables that might reflect a more complex process than is depicted in our model. 본 연구는 카리스마적 리더십이 부하의 자긍심, 부하의 자발적 수용에 미치는 영향과 함께 카리스마적 리더십과 부하의 자발적 수용 간의 관계에서 자긍심의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구 모형 및 가설 검증을 위해 본 연구는 광주・전남 지역의 16개 조직, 480명의 종업원을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하였으며 수집된 설문서 411부가 가설검증에 사용되었다. 실증분석 결과 카리스마적 리더십은 부하의 자긍심에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 카리스마적 리더십은 부하의 자발적 수용에도 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 부하의 자긍심은 카리스마적 리더십과 부하의 자발적 수용 간의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 다시 말해, 카리스마적 리더십은 부하의 자발적 수용에 직접적으로, 그리고 부하의 자긍심을 통해 간접적으로도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 부하 자긍심의 매개효과를 검증함으로써 카리스마적 리더십이 부하의 자발적 수용을 이끄는 메커니즘을 실증하였다는 점에서 이론적, 실무적 의미를 지니고 있다. 연구결과를 토대로 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다

카리스마적 리더십이 부하의 자발적 수용에 미치는 영향 : 3-way 상호작용 효과의 검증

김경수,서명구,김광숙,배현숙,조용석,김형진,양동민 한국인사관리학회 2014 조직과 인사관리연구 Vol.38 No.3

본 연구에서는 부하의 자발적 수용에 대한 사회화된 카리스마적 리더십, 부하특성, 환경특성의3-way 상호작용효과에 대한 가설을 제시하였다. 즉 자부심이 높은 부하직원이 기회상황에서 사회화된 카리스마적 리더를 자발적으로 수용하는 정도가 가장 높을 것이란 예측을 하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 가설을 검증하기 위하여 전기, 전자, 금융, 제조, 서비스업에 속한 16개 기업에 근무하는 411명의 직원들로부터 설문자료를 수집하였다. 설문자료를 분석한 결과 카리스마적 리더는3개의 행동 차원(비전 관련 행동, 몸소 실천하는 행동, 위임 행동)을 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 3가지 행동차원에 기초하여 8가지 유형의 리더가 존재함과 그 중 하나의 유형이 카리스마적 리더라는 것을 밝혔다. 가설검증결과 본 연구에서 예측한 바와 같이 부하의 자발적 수용에 대해 부하특성과 환경특성, 그리고 사회화된 카리스마적 리더십의 3-way 상호작용 효과가 있는 것으로 나 타났다. 이러한 결과는 자부심이 높은 부하가 기회상황에서 사회화된 카리스마적 리더를 자발적으로 수용하는 정도가 다른 3가지 상황(부하의 자부심이 높고 위기인 상황, 부하의 자부심이 낮고 위기인 상황, 부하의 자부심이 낮고 기회인 상황)보가 높다는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구의 결론부분에서는 본 연구결과가 가지는 의미를 카리스마적 리더행동의 차원, 카리스마적 리더와 비카리스마적 리더의 구분, 개인화된 리더와 사회화된 리더의 구분 측면에서 논의하였으며 본 연구결과가 가지는 의미를 실무적인 차원에서 논의하였다. 또한 본 연구가 가지는 한계점에 대해서도밝혔고 이를 극복할 수 있는 방안과 본 연구가 가지는 시사점 대해서도 제시하였다. This study predicts that there is a 3-way interaction effect of socialized charismatic leadership, follower characteristics and environmental characteristics on followers’ voluntary acceptance. We collected data from 411 subordinates in 16 different firms of various industries such as electric, electronic, finance, manufac- turing, and service in order to test the proposed hypothesis. The results show that a three behavioral dimension model of charismatic leader fits the data well and that eight different types of leader exist and one of them is the type of charismatic leader. As predicted in this paper, the results support the three-way interaction effect of socialized charismatic leadership, follower characteristics and environmental characteristics on followers’ voluntary acceptance. These results indicate that in an opportunistic environment followers with high self-esteem are more likely to accept a socialized charismatic leader, whereas in a crisis environment followers with high and low self-esteem and in an opportunistic situation followers with low self-esteem are less likely to accept a socialized charismatic leader. In the conclusion section implications of these results are discussed in terms of three perspectives and practical meanings of these results are discussed. In addition limitations of this study and directions of future study are suggested.

갑상선 수술 중 바늘과 피부 전극을 이용한 새로운 신경감시술

신성찬,서명구,천용일,이병주 대한갑상선학회 2022 International Journal of Thyroidology Vol.15 No.1

Intraoperative neuromonitorng (IONM) has gained wide acceptance as a useful adjunct in identifying andpreserving of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery. The electromyographic endotracheal tube(EMG-ETT) method is the most widely used and well-validated method for thyroid IONM; however, malpositioningof the tube is a critical shortcoming of the EMG-ETT method. This is the main reason for the low positive predictivevalue of IONM in thyroid surgery. Needle and skin electrodes can obtain EMG signal regardless of patient positionand are easy to apply during surgery and is economical compared to EMG-ETT method. New IONM system usingneedle or skin electrodes would be an alternative method which can overcome shortcomings of EMG-ETT.

의료기관 감정환경 측정 도구개발 및 타당화

조경원,사공미,서명구 보건의료산업학회 2020 보건의료산업학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a tool to measure the multi-dimensional affect climate of healthcare workers by reflecting the characteristics of healthcare institutions. Additionally, we verified the content and structural validity, as well as the internal consistency of the proposed measurement tool. Methods: We conducted an online survey on hospital employees from April 28 to May 1, 2020, and analyzed the selected responses of 344 respondents after removing the incomplete responses. Results: The developed hospitals’ affect climate measurement tool consisted of 21 items with 6 factors: ‘positive display climate’, ‘neutral display climate’, ‘negative display climate’, ‘positive experiential climate’, ‘authentic experiential climate’, and ‘negative experiential climate’. Conclusions: It was verified that the developed affect climate measurement tool completely reflected the characteristics of hospitals. Therefore, this tool can be used to measure the multi-dimensional affect climate of healthcare workers and can be utilized to establish an effective human resource management strategy.