중소분쟁과 북중관계(1961~1964년)에 대한 고찰

박종철 ( Jong Chol Park ) 한중사회과학학회 2011 한중사회과학연구 Vol.9 No.2

This research focuses on the period when North Korea had the best amicable relationship with China on the background of Sino-Soviet Dispute in the early and middle 1960s. This research aims to rearrange historical facts, based on the following primary materials of Sino-North Korea Relations in the Cold War Period: (1) memoirs and annals the Chinese leadership, (2) China`s diplomatic documents, (3) Russia`s documents found in Woodrow Wilson Center, and (4) materials of East Germany compiled by Korean Institute of National Unification. The immediate cause of the close relations between North Korea and China was the struggle against the Soviet Union and Khrushchev, that is to say Modern Revisionism. There are two interesting points about this. One is that North Korea was active in anti-Soviet, anti-Khrushchevian and anti-Revisionist activities; those activities were more independent more than ones analyzed by previous studies. The other is that North Korea developed its independent doctrine under militarily and economically difficult situations due to a breach in relations with Soviet Union. Based on these historical facts, this research examined Sino-North Korea Relations empirically at the three levels ``the two countries`` joint ideological struggle against revisionism``, ``national interests in security and economic cooperation of the two countries``, and ``North Korea`s independent doctrine in national defense and the history of the revolution.``

특집 : 중국의 군사 및 민족문제 ; 문화대혁명 초기 북중관계와 연변 조선족

박종철 ( Jong Chol Park ) 한국민족연구원 2015 민족연구 Vol.0 No.63

이 연구는 문화대혁명 초기 북중관계의 갈등과 연변 조선족을 둘러싼 홍색공포와 민족문제에 대한 분석을 목적으로 한다. 1960년대 문화대혁명과 전바오섬 무력충돌을 중심으로, 사회주의 국가간 관계는 분열되고 긴장된 상태였다. 이런 분위기에서 중국은 대부분의 국가와 외교적 마찰을 빚고, 사회주의 국가들과도 외교관계가 단절되었다. 홍위병의 김일성 공격으로 북중갈등이 본격화되고, 북한도 역시 중국을 비판하였다. 중국의 대북한 경제협력을 축소되고, 북한은 경제와 군사적 위기를 겪으면서, 소련과 동유럽 각국에 접근하였다. 이 시기 북중관계는 ``적대적 동맹``이었다. 1967년 8월부터 마오쩌둥은 저우언라이를 재신임하며, 좌경노선의 오류를 바로잡기 시작하였다. 1969년 3월 전바오섬을 둘러싼 중소간의 무력충돌에 의하여, 중국외교는 전환기를 맞이하게 된다. 더불어 점증하는 안보위기 속에서 북한도 역시 1969년부터 중국과의 관계 회복을 추진하게 되었다. 연변의 문화대혁명은 중앙의 정치와 북중갈등의 확장이라는 측면이 있었다. 연변 자치주는 조선족 지도자를 중심으로 건설되었고, 문화대혁명 초기 저우언라이의 지원과 협력으로 질서가 관리되고 있었다. 1967년 1월, 마오위엔신이 연변지역을 간섭하기 시작하면서, 홍색공포분위기 속에서 무력충돌을 동반한 민족갈등이 표출되었다. This study aims to conduct an empirical analysis of conflicts of Sino-North Korean relations, as well as Red Terror and ethnicity problems surrounding Korean-Chinese minorities (Chosunjok) of Yanbian during the early stage of Cultural Revolution. The relations among socialist countries were in the state of division and tension, mainly due to Cultural Revolution of China and Sino-Soviet armed conflicts of Zhenbao (Damanskiey) Island. Sino-North Korean relations of those times were under "adversarial alliance". In the atmosphere of Cultural Revolution of 1966, China opted for far-left radical line in the diplomatic policy. Therefore, this brought about not only diplomatic friction with most of countries including Soviet Union and the United States, but also rupture with socialist countries and nonaligned countries. The Red Guard attacks against Kim Il Sung led to Sino-Soviet conflicts in earnest and Ministries of Foreign Affairs of both countries recalled their respective ambassadors and diplomats. North Korea also criticized Cultural Revolution of China in various ways. North Korea began to approach to Soviet Union and each country of Eastern Europe, on the ground that China``s economic cooperation toward North Korea was reduced and North Korea suffered from economic crisis due to excessive investment in military expenditures. Since August of 1967, Mao Zedong placed his trust again in Zhou Enlai and started to rectify errors of left-wing line during the early stage of Cultural Revolution. Sino-Soviet armed conflicts surrounding Zhenbao Island of March of 1969 led to a turning point in Chinese diplomacy. Moreover, in the growing security crisis caused by Pueblo incident and Vietnam War, North Korea also came to push ahead with relations restoration with China since 1969. The Cultural Revolution of Yanbian has an aspect of expansion in terms of central politics and Sino-North Korean conflicts. Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture of Korean-Chinese minorities was founded focusing on ethnic leaders of Korean-Chinese minorities, and its order was under good management due to Zhou Enlai``s support and collaboration during the early stage of Cultural Revolution. Nonetheless, in January of 1967, Mao Yuanxin directly intervened in Cultural Revolution of Yanbian and instigated to cause the great disturbance. Accordingly, in Yanbian in the middle of the atmosphere of Red Terror, ethnicity conflicts began to surface and armed clash arose. The Cultural Revolution of Yanbian can be evaluated not only as characteristics of a sort of armed conflicts reflecting Sino-North Korean conflicts and ethnic conflicts, but also an ethnic integration policy. At the same period of time, North Korean authorities suppressed Chinese living in North Korea and enforced a policy of assimilation.

중소분쟁 초기 북한·중국의 연대에 관한 연구

박종철(Park, Jong-chol) 호남대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2008 인문사회과학연구 Vol.21 No.-

본 논문은 중소분쟁 초기 북한의 입장을 중심으로한 북중관계에 대한 연구이다. 시기적으로는 흐루시초프가 평화공존을 본격화 한 1959년 소련공산당 제21차 대회부터 국제공산주의 운동의 다원화가 논쟁이 된 1960년의 모스크바 회의까지를 중심으로 구성한다. 당시의 북중관계를 분석해보면 1956년 종파사건을 둘러싼 북중갈등이 1957년 모스크바 40주년 기념식에서 김일성과 마오쩌둥의 타협에 의하여 해결되었다. 소련공산당 제21차 대회 이후 흐루시초프의 평화공존론에 대하여 김일성은 조선로동당 이론서기실에 수정주의에 반대하는 방향으로 사업을 하라고 지시했다. 중소분쟁 초기, 김일성은 중국 편향적인 태도를 보이기 시작한 것이다. 1960년 5월, 파리정상회담의 결렬을 둘러싸고 김일성과 마오쩌둥은 항저우 회담을 개최하여 국제공산주의 운동에 대하여 논의하였다. 이후 북한은 6월 부카레스트 회의부터는 공개적으로 중국을 지지함으로써 북한과 중국은 연대의 움직임을 보였다. 11월 모스크바 회의에서는 국제공산주의운동의 다원성이 인정되었는데, 북한은 중국을 적극적으로 지원하여 중국과 소련의 입장을 동시에 반영하는 국제공산주의 운동의 다원화에 공헌하였다. 1950년대 중후반, 북한은 중소관계에서 중립적이었으나, 중소분쟁이 공개적으로 발전하면서 북한은 수정주의에 반대하는 방향으로 기울었다. 그 이후 중소 갈등이 증대되면서, 중소분쟁 초기 북한은 중국에 편향되면서도 중소에 대하여 주체적인 입장을 동시에 발전시켰다. This study deals with the relationship between North Korea and China in the early stages of the Sino-Soviet dispute. The timeline covers from 1959 on the 21st congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the time when Nikita Khrushchev had attempted actively to seek peaceful coexistence until 1960 on Moscow Conference, the time when diversity in International Communist Movement had been recognized. In order to conduct the positive study, the study mainly analyzes the chronological personal history and memoirs such people as Hwang-Jangyub, Wu Lingxi, and Zhou Eunlai. According to primary documents, both North Korea and China attempted to create solidarity, at the same time North Korea developed self-reliance position to take an advantage of Sino-Soviet rivalry in the early stages of the Sino-Soviet dispute. After the 21st congress of the CPSU, about Khrushchev’s peaceful coexistence Kim-Ilsung indicated the direction against revisionism to the Secretary’s office of theory, Chosun Labor Party. On May 1960, Kim Ilsung and Mao Zedong had a summit meeting in Hangzhou about the International Communist Movement because the much-heralded Big Four summit in Paris has failed before it even started. Thereafter, from the Bucharest Conference to the Moscow Conference of November 1960, North Korea’s position openly supported to China’s opinions, and North Korea and China had trend of solidarity. On Moscow Conference, North Korea contributed to diversity in the International Communist Movement.

중국의 민족정풍운동과 조선족의 북한으로의 이주

박종철 ( Jong Chol Park ) 한중사회과학학회 2015 한중사회과학연구 Vol.13 No.3

This study aims to inquire about the relationship between the influences of the Rectification Movement of Mao Zedong’s regime on ethnicity problems of Korean-Chinese minorities and the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea. Actually, the migration of Korean-Chinese people to North Korea has been influenced by a myriad of factors and complicated international affairs, however, this study will deal with the migration issue of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, focusing on the relationship between the Rectification Movement of China and Sino-North Korean relations. The Rectification Movement of Mao Zedong’s regime has been expressed, internationally, from the background of the Sino-Soviet struggle for socialism and, nationally, from a political move to the left. Finally, from an economic standpoint, it has been expressed through the Great Leap Forward. Then, Sino-North Korean relations suffered from confrontation caused by the August Faction Incident of 1956, however, because the Sino-Soviet conflicts came to the surface, the Sino-North Korean relations have been resolved. In this process, North Korea-China-Soviet Union have agreed on withdrawing the People’s Volunteer Army of China, but the problem of a lack of manpower for postwar restoration in North Korea has emerged. North Korea mobilized its manpower by way of the Chollima Movement, a mass mobilization movement and repatriation project of overseas Koreans. Under such circumstances, along with the international Communist movement, the climate of nationalism experienced an upsurge within North Korea. North Korea was forcing, not only the returned overseas Koreans, but also the Korean-Chinese minorities of China to select a singular nation. In this process, a debate of “multination” has emerged from the Korean-Chinese minority society, and they considered North Korea as the homeland nation, that is, the first nation. With respect to this phenomenon, the Chinese government started to strengthen its discrimination policy against Korean-Chinese minorities. In the background of the anti-right wing struggle, the nationalism of Korean-Chinese minorities, expressed as local nationalist chauvinism, has been the target of criticism. In this context, the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea has become a movement and a fever as a way of expressing their nationalism. In front of this situation, while the Rectification Movement carried on, the local nationality chauvinism of Korean-Chinese minorities has been constantly reported as the target of criticism, and cited as an Internal Reference for Chinese authorities. According to mutual agreement among China, the Soviet Union and North Korea, the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities and North Korean in China to North Korea has accelerated since 1959. In addition, quite a few of their moves have been registered in illegal way. The period of 1959-1962 corresponds to the times of North Korea’s encouragement to carry out its Repatriation Project with overseas Koreans, such as the Korean in Japan, and this period also coincided with the times of the intensive obligatory return of students studying in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, including Korea War orphans. The migration of Korean-Chinese minorities and Korean in China to North Korea was concentrated between 1959 and 1962. According to internal references of China and the Declassified Documents of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, it is analyzed that, regarding one of the reasons of the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, that this phenomenon was the product of the Rectification Movement of China and the nationalism of Korean-Chinese minorities. In 1963, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party changed the policy regarding the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, and this decision was made based on the background of Sino-Soviet disputes and Sino-North Korean conflicts and the consequent changes in Sino-North Korean relations. Moreover, in the process of sorting out the mess caused by the Rectification Movement and anti-right wing struggle of China, a policy change occurred in the Chinese Communist Party regarding North Korea and Korean-Chinese minorities. Actually, Chinese authorities attempted to encourage the migration of Korean-Chinese minorities to North Korea, but the emigration rate decreased.

북한의 종파사건과 중국

박종철(Park Jong-chol) 전남대학교 5.18연구소 2009 민주주의와 인권 Vol.9 No.3

헝가리의 북한 관련 기밀해제문건에 관한 연구

박종철 ( Jong Chol Park ),박성용 ( Seong Yong Park ),정은이 ( Eun Lee Joung ) 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2013 지역과 세계 Vol.37 No.1

Following the collapse of socialist regimes in the Soviet Union and East Europe caused by the demise of the Cold War, their classified documents have been revealed, declassified and scrutinized. Given this, the approaches to newly comprehend the Cold War have been tried. In particular, studies on North Korea confront the turning point. Regarding the studies, Professor Dong-gil Kim at the Center for Korean peninsula Studies of Peking University, Professor Zhihua Shen at the Center for Cold War International History of East China Normal University and the North Korea International Document Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars are mainly leading in declassifying new documents. The purpose of this research is to briefly introduce the collection, declassification and analysis of Korea-relevant overseas documents and the North Korean-relevant documents from the National Archives of Hungary. The Hungarian National Archives has accumulated over 50 thousand documents related to the Korean Peninsula from 1945 to 1993. These documents were mostly made by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Socialist Workers Party of Hungary. Regarding the North Korea country files from the top secret files (XIX-J-1-j) of the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Hungarian Socialists Workers Party files are categorized into two groups: the documents by Central Committee, Political Committee and Secretariat (MOL-M-KS-288); the documents by Presidium(MOL-M-KS-228 f.59.cs). Hungarian resources clearly illustrate the North Korean situation in the Cold War era. In the context of the Hungarian files, the newly-perceived contents in the North Korea`s international relations and economy of the 1960s are presented in this study.

1960년대 중반의 북한과 중국: 긴장된 동맹

박종철 ( Jong Chol Park ) 고려대학교 한국사회연구소 2009 한국사회 Vol.10 No.2

북중관계 연구현황에 관한 분석

박종철 ( Jong Chol Park ) 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2010 지역과 세계 Vol.34 No.1

NISI-TAR 프로그램 개발

박종철(Jong-chol Bag),이홍석(Hong-suk Lee),박종찬(Jong-chan Park),김태훈(Tae-hun Kim),하용민(Yong-min Ha),조건우(Geon-woo Joh) 한국법과학회 2000 한국법과학회 학술대회 Vol.2000 No.1

국경도시 단동의 건설과 발전에 관한 연구

박종철(Jong-Chol Park),정은이(Eun-Lee Joung) 경상국립대학교 사회과학연구원(사회과학연구) 2014 사회과학연구 Vol.32 No.-

Historically, Dandong and the Korean Peninsula developed through close mutual relations with the Yalu River in between. Since the modern age, Dandong and Sinuiju developed with the intent to invade the Japanese Empire, and has developed in complementary manner. Since the Chinese economic reform, Dandong became the biggest prosperous city among border cities in China. Also, since the North Korean famine, Dandong and Sinuiju emerged as the center of Sino-North Korean cooperation. Historically, Dandong played a key role in continental intercourse between the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. Since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, the whole Manchuria region was a sealed area, but the Qing Dynasty and Joseon regularized trade through Dandong since the modern age. The Japanese Empire who won the Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War developed Dandong and Sinuiju as modern cities to invade Manchuria from Korean Peninsula. Specially, the Japanese Empire constructed the Amnokgang Bridge and brought the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria together. After liberation, Dandong belonged to the Peoples Republic of China through Chinese Civil War and Korean War. During the Korean War, Dandong played a role of channel into North Korea for Peoples Liberation Army, and 64th Air Force of the Soviet Union(Belov Corps) was stationed in Dandong as well. Dandong was a military base of the Allied Force of North Korea, China, and Soviet Union and played a logistics role during the Korean War. Confidential talks between leaders of the two countries were held frequently in Dandong and Sinuiju as a symbol of amity between North Korea and China. However, Dandong lagged behind since the Sino-Soviet dispute according to the strategy of Mao Zedong that he would not develop border regions. A large portion of border between North Korea and China has been closed since the Cultural Revolution. Dandong is prospering as the largest border city of China since the Chinese economic reform. As the trade between North Korea and China resumed, exchange between North Korea and China through Dandong and Sinuiju is progressing vigorously. Exchanges of the three countries(South and North Korea+China) through Dandong have been conducted actively by the Sunshine Policy of Kim, Dae Joon, but a considerable number of Koreans in Dandong withdrew since the action taken in May 24, 2010. The Kim, Jung Eun leadership is deepening dependence on China to maintain the system and to overcome financial difficulties. Therefore, a strategic position of Dandong is being magnified in SinoNorth Korea relations. It would be necessary to stabilize and prosper Dandong and Sinuiju and develop Hwanggumpyong with the development of North and South relations and SinoNorth Korean relationship.