"잘려나간" 굴뚝과 남성 작가의 좌절: 멜빌의 단편소설 연구

박연옥 ( Yun Ok Park ) 근대영미소설학회 2002 근대 영미소설 Vol.9 No.2

Among Melville`s magazine stories written between 1853 and 1855, many deal with figures for the "failed" male artist placed in a variety of domestic, social, and commercial settings. In this paper, I discuss his three later stories, "Jimmy Rose," "The Apple-Tree Table," and "I and My Chimney," in which the old-fashioned male householders and the female family members with more modern spirit in everything compete for the authority in the house. I argue that this lond of gender conflict between the male and the female m the domestic setting can be read as a projection of Melville`s conflict with the "feminized" literary marketplace at the time Therefore, mainly focusing on the last short story, I am trying to figure out Melville`s perspective on the marketplace and domestic relationship of the male protagonist and on the consequence for himself to his vision. "I and My Chimney" features, in the narrator`s relation to its central symbol, one of the author`s richest images for the need to defend masculine genius against the assaults of a feminizing world The "beheaded" chimney, which the narrator calls his "backbone," functions as a kind of phallic monument to Melville`s own literary career, damaged but not destroyed, and with its foundations still in place.

에이햅과 자본주의 문학시장

박연옥 ( Yun Ok Park ) 근대영미소설학회 2000 근대 영미소설 Vol.7 No.1

As numerous critics have argued, in Moby-Dick Melville presents, in addition to the narrator Ishmael, various other artist figures who represent meditations on the issues of authorship of concern in his essay "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Among them, in particular, Ahab embodies a version of Melville`s view of the male author, deep-diving masculine genius. When he insists on killing Moby Dick purely as a concrete personification of "all the subtle demonisms of life and thought," regardless of its commercial value, Ahab as an artist champions "meaning instead of money and pits himself against Starbuck, a practical commercialist who sees Moby Dick as a "dumb brute" and insists that whaling is a marketplace enterprise. In this paper I argue that Ahab is rendered as an author figure who is at once self-destructive and heroic; that Ahab`s masculine values are privileged over his feminine ones; and that this is proved through some textual evidence that shows not only Ahab`s gendered and hierarchical language but also Melville`s own which supports Ahab`s view. Melville`s use of gendered language and his defence of the Ahab`s masculine genius is a challenge to the current commercial literary marketplace in the l850s when Melville`s major novels including Moby-Dick were published, especially a challenge to the "feminized" literary marketplace. I also suggest that, in his characterization of Ahab, Melville does not treat masculine and feminine qualities as cultural products but rather as essentialized tendencies that exist in opposition within self; and those that Melville privileges as superior and masculine-the imagination and the intellect-seem to be the core of what he sees as the faculty of genius, which at some level he equates with "immaculate manliness" and sees as a kind of "gift" of the divine.

상이한 재료로 제조된 자연발효식초의 품질특성 비교

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park) 한국식품영양과학회 2018 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.47 No.1

본 연구는 상이한 재료를 이용한 4종의 자연발효식초를 2단계 발효법으로 제조하여 각 식초의 이화학적 품질특성과 항산화 활성을 비교하여 기능성 발효식초의 품질향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 각 식초의 pH, 총산도, 당도, 색도, 아미노산 함량, 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량, 폴리페놀 성분, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 등을 분석하였다. 3종의 현미식초는 pH 3.3~3.4, 총산도 4.1~5.1%로 유의적으로 차이를 보였으며 전체적으로 저산도 식초였다. 당도는 해초현미식초가 유의적으로 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 현미식초의 명도가 가장 높았고 적색도는 배흑미식초, 황색도는 해초현미식초가 높아 식초 제조 시 첨가한 재료에 따라 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)를 보였다. 필수아미노산 함량은 울금현미식초의 valine, leucine, lysine, threonine 등이 유의적인 차이를 보이며 가장 많았고 전반적으로 현미식초가 배흑미식초보다 더 많이 함유하였다. 비필수아미노산은 전체적으로 aspartic acid와 glutamic acid의 함량이 많았으며, aspartic acid는 해초현미식초가 38.7 mg/100 mL로 유의적으로 가장 많았고 glutamic acid는 울금현미식초가 128.1 mg/100 mL로 가장 많았다(P<0.05). 총 폴리페놀 함량은 유의적으로 울금현미식초가 54.7 mg GAE/100 mL로 가장 많았으며 해초현미식초가 48.4 mg GAE/100 mL로 다음 순이었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 배흑미식초가 9.09 mg CE/100 mL로 가장 많았고 현미식초가 0.62 mg CE/100 mL로 현저하게 낮았다. 폴리페놀 성분은 해초현미식초의 protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid 등이 유의적으로 가장 많았고 재료에 따라 성분의 함량은 차이를 보였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 비례하여 울금현미식초의 소거 활성이 76%로 유의적으로 가장 높았으며 배흑미식초, 해초현미식초, 현미식초 순이었다(P<0.05). 즉 각 식초에 함유한 총 폴리페놀 함량에 따라 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성이 차이를 보였다. 결론적으로 상이한 재료를 이용하고 전통적인 2단계 발효법으로 제조한 4종의 자연발효식초 모두 품질특성이 우수하지만, 특히 울금현미식초는 저산도 식초로서 아미노산 함량도 풍부하고 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 성분과 함량이 많아서 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 등 항산화 활성이 우수하여 조미용뿐만 아니라 음료용으로 폭넓게 산업화로 개발한다면 국민건강 향상을 위한 새로운 기능성 식초로서 활용도가 높을 것으로 생각된다. This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of four kinds of natural fermented vinegars manufactured with different raw materials (PBV, pear black rice vinegar; BRV, brown rice vinegar; CBV, curcuma root brown rice vinegar; SBV, sea grass brown rice vinegar), including pH, total acidity, color, contents of sugar, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The total acidity of vinegars was significantly different and ranged from 4.1∼5.1% (P<0.05). L, a, and b values were the highest in BRV, PBV, and SBV, respectively. Among the four vinegars, essential amino acids were the highest in CBV in the order of valine, leucine, lysine, and threonine. Additionally, four kinds of natural fermented vinegars have many non-essential amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Aspartic acid content was highest in SBV while glutamic acid content was highest in CBV. The total polyphenol content was highest in CBV while total flavonoid content was highest in PBV. Polyphenolic compounds such as protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and coumaric acid were highest in SBV. DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) was the highest in CBV. These results show that CBV manufactured using two-stage fermentation would be desirable to prepare high-quality vinegars and functional foods.

델파이 기법과 AHP기법을 사용한 통합의료정책 우선순위 수립 연구

박연옥(Youn Ok Park),손지형(Chi Hyoung Son) 한의병리학회 2015 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.29 No.1

프론티어 여성의 현실과 가정소설

박연옥(Yunok Park) 19세기영어권문학회 2009 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.13 No.2

Caroline Kirkland's A New Home: Who'll Follow? is considered to be a very unique novel in the nineteenth-century American fiction. Its uniqueness originates from the fact that it is a frontier fiction written by a female writer and from its being an accurate description of the western-frontier life. Before, there had been only novels or travel narratives written by male writers who described western wilderness as a romantic place to be conquered and developed by heroic and adventurous male characters. However, in A New Home, Kirkland introduces a real life in the Michigan frontier society, written from a female perspective, which reveals that those male narratives were unrealistic and omitted a lot that were necessary parts of the western life. Meanwhile, this novel has been criticized by some critics because the narrator Mrs. Clavers who is the persona of the author seems to make fun of her crude neighbors' manner of life by the measure of the eastern genteel standards. And those eastern genteel standards are based on the idea of “The Cult of True Womanhood” of the mid-nineteenth century, which insists that women should fulfill the four virtues of “piety, purity, submission, and domesticity.” Even though I think that those critics' argument is reasonable, I find that Kirkland tries to overcome such class-oriented limitations as her appreciation of the western life improves with the increasing years of her residence in the frontier society. Therefore, in this paper I attempt to elucidate how unique this novel is, by closely analyzing the distinction between the male frontier stories and that of Kirkland's. Then, I try to find the achievements and limitations of this work by examining whether the narrator succeeds in surmounting the eastern white-female genteel consciousness.

배 ‘신고’ 품종의 괘대시기별 과실특성 및 병해충 피해과 발생

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park),조영식(Young-Sik Cho),최진호(Jin-Ho Choi),최장전(Jang-Jeon Choi),황해성(Hae-Sung Hwang) 한국원예학회 2010 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2010 No.5

여성의 글쓰기에 대한 남성 작가들의 불안 : 19세기 미국소설 연구

박연옥(Yunok Park) 한국영미어문학회 2005 영미어문학 Vol.- No.75

In the 1850s while Hawthorne and Melville were producing their best literary works, a number of women writers were also producing lots of novels. Although most of the latter writers were excluded from the literary criticisms of the canonical American novel that had been published between 1940 and 1970, those women writers had achieved both commercial and critical success by writing domestic or sentimental novels. But their works had been depreciated by the major male critics who had published their major criticisms in the 1950s and 1960s, for the 'sentimentality' of their works. Since 1970s, however, the appearance of such feminist critics as Nina Baym and Jane Tompkins who persuasively supported the women writers' writings by arguing that the domestic/sentimental novel in the mid-nineteenth century had "intellectual complexity" and "subversion" enough to be appreciated as a cultural genre, has divested the male-centered myth of the few canonical male writers. Built on this fact, in this paper I attempt to argue that Hawthorne and Melville were not like modernist artists who surpassed their period in their thinking and were aloof from literary popularity. That is, they were not free from the responses of the literary marketplace in their time as has been rendered in literary history, even though they wanted to appear as such. Rather, it will be shown that Hawthorne and Melville actively responded to receptions from the literary marketplace on their works; and furthermore, that they were awed by the popularity of the contemporary women writers' works and their threatening productivity, and reacted to them very sensitively. Thus, by analyzing the letters and works written by Hawthorne and Melville, I try to find out their sometimes jealous and sometimes overwhelmed responses to the women's writings and the literary marketplace.

Pierre and the Domestic Novel

Park Yunok(박연옥) 신영어영문학회 2002 신영어영문학 Vol.23 No.-

『타이피』(1847)에서 『모비딕』(1851)에 이르는 멜빌이 쓴 여섯 편의 소설은 주로 해양에서 일어나는 남성적인 모험을 다루지만, 『피에르』(1852)는 뭍에서의 가정 생활을 주로 다룬다는 점에서 이전 작품들과 크게 구분된다. 다시 말하면, 『피에르』 이전까지 멜빌은, 그의 편지들에서 살펴볼 수 있듯이, 주로 남성 독자들만을 위해 작품을 써온 것처럼 보인다. 그런데 멜빌이『피에르』에서 갑자기 중산 계층의 여성들이 좋아한 가정소설의 플롯을 빌어서 가정내의 가족 관계를 주로 다루고 있는 소설을 쓴 까닭이 무엇인가에 대한 의문을 갖게 된다. 그러나 비록 『피에르』가 가정소설의 플롯을 사용하고 있기는 하지만, 이 작품이 가정소설의 장르에 정확하게 들어맞는 것은 아니다. 더 정확하게 말하자면, 『피에르』에서 멜빌은 뭍의 삶에서 복잡한 가족관계에 얽혀있는 남자 주인공의 곤경을 탐구하기 위해 가정소설 장르를 패러디하고 있다. 따라서 이 논문은 먼저, 멜빌이 『피에르』를 쓰고 있을 시점에 당시의 문학시장에서 가정소설이 차지하고 있던 위치를 살펴봄으로써 멜빌이 유행하던 가정소설의 플롯을 사용하기로 갑자기 결정하게 된 상황을 추론하고자 한다. 둘째로는, 가정소설의 패러디에 대한 구체적인 대상으로 멜빌이 수전 워너의 첫 번째 소설인 『넓고 넓은 세상』(1850)과 두 번째 소설 『퀴치』(1851)를 『피에르』에서 사용하였다고 주장하면서 전자의 두 소설의 플롯과 구체적인 지문들을 후자의 것과 비교 분석한다. 그리고 마지막으로, 가정소설에 대한 작가 멜빌의 태도를 『피에르』에서 찾아보고, 그가 『피에르』의 독자로 의도한 다수의 여성 독자들을 끌어들이는데 실패한 원인을 추정해보고자 한다.

생명 윤리 : 연구 ; 말기환자의 연명치료 중단의 생명윤리적 고찰

박연옥 ( Yon Ok Park ) 연세대학교 간호정책연구소 2005 간호학탐구 Vol.13 No.1

배즙과 배 건조분말을 첨가한 양갱의 물리화학적 특성

박연옥 ( Yeon Ok Park ),최진호 ( Jin Ho Choi ),최장전 ( Jang Jeon Choi ),임순희 ( Sun Hee Yim ),이한찬 ( Han Chan Lee ),유맹자 ( Maeng Ja Yoo ) 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2011 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.18 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of yanggaeng prepared with pear juice and dried pear powder. The proximate composition and total polyphenol content, antioxidant activities, Hunter`s color values, texture, sensory properties of pear yanggaeng variants [pear juice (PJ), pear juice and hot-air-dried pear powder (PJH), pear juice and freeze-dried pear powder (PJF) yanggaeng] were examined. The moisture content was highest (27.9%) in the control (C) yanggaeng, but the latter`s energy and carbohydrate content were lower than in the pear yanggaeng variants. The differences between the pear yanggaeng variants were not significant. The total polyphenol content was highest in the 20.7 mg/100g PJF yanggaeng. The antioxidant activities of PJF yanggaeng were higher than those of the other pear yanggaeng varients. The Hunter color value results showed that the lightness (L) values were highest in C yanggaeng whereas the redness(a) and yellowness(b) values were highest in PJH yanggaeng. The springiness in texture was lowest in C yanggaeng and not significant in the others. The hardness and chewiness were highest in PJH and PJF yanggaeng, but adhesiveness was lowest therein. The results of the sensory test showed that PJF yanggaeng was the highest in flavor, color, taste, hardness, chewiness, and overal quality. Based on these results, it can be concluded that pear juice and freeze-dried pear powder yanggaeng has excellent physicochemical and antioxidant activities.