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혈청학석조사를 통한 한국 양돈장에서의Mycoplasma hyopneumonae 감염 시점의 분석
김혜권,김은미,문형준,김태융,임종성,이양호,박봉균,Kim, Hye-kwon,Kim, Eun-mi,Moon, Hyoung-joon,Kim, Tae-yung,Lim, Jong-sung,Lee, Yang-ho,Park, Bong-kyun 대한수의학회 2004 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.44 No.4
Blood samples from 622 pigs of 44 farms which were sero-positive to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) by ELISA method were collected from May 2003 to July 2004. And they were divided into 2 categories : M. hyo-vaccinated group (7 swine farms) and M. hyo-non-vaccinated group (37 swine farms). Then, each swine farm was analysed by sero-positive percentage per weeks of age. It was observed that the sero-positive percentage to M. hyo is directly proportional to weeks of age in the 44 swine farms that were selected. This meant that there has been a chronic infection of M. hyo in Korean swine herds and control of M. hyo infection did not have worked efficiently. In 7 M. hyo-vaccinated swine farms, there were no reliable patterns between sero-positive percentage to M. hyo and weeks of age. Although the swine farms have been used M. hyo vaccine, they had only little sero-positive percentage that was less than 50% at 6 to 11 weeks of age. This means a present vaccination program does not induce sufficiently a seroconversion expected. In 37 M. hyo-non-vaccinated swine farms, it was observed that sero-positive percentage was higher at above 15 weeks of age. This result showed that infection of M. hyo occurred commonly at between 7 and 12 weeks of age, at which pigs moved to the growing house. Because a risk of natural infection is severe at growing stage as well as nursery stage, it suggested that M. hyo vaccination at several weeks prior to the growing stage will give efficient effect to control the enzootic pneumonia.
강환구 ( Hwan Goo Kang ),문형준 ( Hyoung Joon Moon ),우계형 ( Gye Hyeong Woo ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2021 No.-
Some of Pesticides which are approved by pesticide control act could be exempt from the requirement of maximum residue level(MRL) in food by the regulation on the standards and specification of food in the Korean food code if they are applicable following condition. First they are not likely to pose risk to human because they have minimum risk. Second they are not likely to residue in food. Third, they are natural component of food and could not tell from exogenous compound. Fourth, natural plant protection product (including microorganism) which are proved to safe in human. We investigate the exemption regulation on pesticide MRL in United state of America. European Committee, Japan and Codex to suggest more detailed guideline which could be used when regulators determine the exemption of MRL for the pesticide in food items. In USA, the exemption for pesticide chemical residue in food are described in subpart D and subpart E in 40 CFR part 180 and 40 CFR 180.940 for the active/inert ingredients in antimicrobial products. The total amount of pesticide in/on the food items should not pose any harmful on the public health. Most of them are applicable when they are used under GAP and labeling. EU has the “guidance document on criteria for the inclusion of active substance into Annex IV (substances are not required the MRL) of regulation (EC) No 396/2005.(SANCO/11188/2013)”. They have 5 criteria for the exemption of MRL. Criterion 1 is the active substance which are approved as basic substance under regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. Criterion 2 is the compound is listed in Annex 1of regulation (EC) No 396/2005. Criterion 3 is the compound which has no identified hazardous properties. Criterion 4 is then natural exposure is higher than the one linked to the use of PPP. Criterion 5 is that no consumer exposure is forecasted linked to the mode of application of the PPP. establishment of codex maximum residue limit or do not raised to reside as step 4 from 2020”. The draft suggests 4 criteria. Criterion 1 is the basic substances and Active substances without hazardous properties identified (very low or no toxicological concern). Criterion 2 is substances for which it is not possible to differentiate between the exposure associated with its use as pesticide and its other uses in the food chain. Criterion 3 is the substances for which no consumer exposure linked to the mode of application is foreseen Criterion 4 is the microorganisms which are not pathogenic and do not produce mammalian toxins or other potentially toxic secondary metabolites of human health concern. Conclusively, most regulatory agency determined the exemption of pesticide MRL requirement during the approval procedure in the case of GAP and indication for use. The criteria include the risk factors (toxicity test data, experience of use), and the possibility of exposure to human (GAP, ADME, stability in the environment) and management option (residue analysis). This project was carried out by the fund from Ministry of Food Safety (211162농축산371) and we deeply appreciate it.