국내 나노제품에 대한 시민 모니터링 결과 고찰

김훈기,Kim, Hoon-Gi 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 나노기술에 대한 일반인의 인식과 참여를 제고하기 위해 '소비자 모니터링'이라는 대중참여모델을 고안하고 그 실행결과를 검토하는데 있다. 모니터 요원은 서울과 부산 지역에 거주하는 30~40대 여성 22명이었다. 이들은 모두 대학 시절 이공계를 전공했기 때문에 과학기술에 대한 일반 지식을 갖추고 있었다. 모니터 대상은 일상생활에 사용되는 나노제품 167개였고, 모니터 기간은 약 1개월이었다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 제품에 '나노'라는 용어의 정의와 나노물질의 크기를 적시한 수는 2개(1.2%)였다. 제품에 적용된 나노기술의 내용을 충분히 설명한 수는 15개(9/0%)였다. 제품의 기능이 향상된 이유를 충분히 설명한 수는 14개(8.4%)였으며, 과장이나 잘못된 지식이 표현됐다고 의심되는 수는 27개(16.2%)였다. 또한 인체와 환경에 대한 위해 가능성이 의심되는 수가 88개(52.7%)였으며, 안전성과 관련한 설명을 명시해야 한다고 지적된 수는 84개(50.3%)였다. 모니터 요원들은 이번 경험을 토대로, 정부가 나노제품의 안전성을 입증해주는 인증제도를 조속히 도입할 것을 촉구했으며, 기업이 나노제품의 설명서에 상세하고 신뢰감 있는 내용을 담을 것을 요구했다. Our team carried out a new program for public engagement on nanotechnology in Korea. We chose 22 monitors, who majored in science or technology and graduated from universities long time ago. Most of them were married and housewives. This 'focus group' had not only general knowledge about science or technology but also much interest in social activities. The 167 nanoproducts to be monitored were for daily life, e.g. home appliances (washing machine, refrigerator, water purifier, etc), clothing, cosmetics, food, toy, and others. And the period of it was one month. The monitors had a sheet with 10 questions, and filled them out in essay form. All of them submitted 2~3 sheets every weekend to our team. Before monitoring, our team had a meeting for introduction and explanation about the potential risk of nanotechnology as well as benefits from it. Another meeting was held after finishing monitoring to share their experience one another. The main results of the monitoring were as follows: the number of nanoproducts describing both the definition of 'nano' and the size of nanomaterials was just 2 (1.2%) the number of them explaining the technical methods enough was 15 (9/0%) the number of them accounting for the reason of functional improvement enough was 14(8.4%); the number of them doubtful as if there would be exaggeration or false knowledge was 27 (16.2%); the number of them commenting potential hazards to human health or environment was almost zero; the number of them describing about safety certification acceptable was 9 (5.4%). The monitors made a proposal containing recommendation to Government and industry. The contents were as follows: industry should make the manual in detail and correctly, Describe Certificate detailed and correctly, Do research on risk and toxicity continually, Educate employee about nanoproducts at consumer's center; Government should make indication of nanoproducts compulsory, Appoint Certificate Authority and make Certificate Mark guaranteeing the safety on nanoproducts, Make detailed explanation about nanoproducts compulsory.

연구논문 : 한국 생명공학정책의 형성과 과학자집단의 정책 활동: 유전공학육성법 제정에서 "바이오텍 2000" 수립까지

김훈기 ( Hoon Gi Kim ) 한국과학사학회 2010 한국과학사학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Korean government`s support for biotechnology field began in early 1980`s. The main aim was economic growth through the application of biotechnology. Ministry of Science and Technology included genetic engineering as one prominent field in the Development Plan for Economy and Society(1982-1986), and National Assembly established Genetic Engineering Support Act in 1983. Ten years later, the overall ministries started to promote biotechnology in the name of Biotech 2000, and the main aim was still economic growth. But the substantive contents of Biotech 2000 were some distance from the aim of it, and all the more became weak in comparison with the situation in early 1980`s. This article showed that the scientists who were involved in the process of biotechnology policy formation had a decisive effect to the trend of governmental strategy. At first the scientists chose the genetic engineering field intentionally for persuading governmental officials to be worth money. Afterwards they tried to change the name of the field from genetic engineering to biotechnology because they wanted to be supported more broadly. There was some disagreement about the range of support within scientists group when they acted to make the Act. This led the uncommon definition of the field "genetic engineering" through a compromise among scientists. This study would help to understand the characteristics of early biotechnology field in Korea, and suggest the necessity of examining how much the opinion of scientists group has influenced the governmental policy until recently.

클레멘츠 (1874-1945) 의 군집유기체 이론의 성격 - Research Methods in Ecology 와 Plant Succession 을 중심으로 -

김훈기 ( Hoon Gi Kim ) 한국과학사학회 1991 한국과학사학회지 Vol.13 No.1

과학커뮤니케이션 전략과 사회 여론의 형성: 나로호 1,2차 발사 사례를 중심으로

김훈기 ( Hoon Gi Kim ) 한국과학사학회 2012 한국과학사학회지 Vol.34 No.1

MEST(Ministry of Education, Science, Technology) and KARI(Korea Aerospace Research Institute) have failed to launch NARO(KSLV-1, Korea Space Launch Vehicle-I) twice in 2009 and 2010. These attempts were based on Master Plan for Space Exploration established in 1996. According to the Plan, the final goal was the successful launch of rocket made in Korea, which had the 1.5t-weighed application satellite(KSLV-II). The slogan was ``Our Own Satellite, Rocket, and Space Center``. The mission of NARO was on the intermediate pathway for the final goal, that is, NARO had the 100kg-weighed science satellite. Also the lower part of rocket was made in Russia, not in Korea. But MEST and KARI made the communication strategy for NARO using the same slogan as the PLAN in 1996. This article showed that the communication strategy for NARO resulted in deep distrust against MEST and KARI from the public as well as the doubt on technical inability of them. The successive delays of launch times brought the suspicion about the truth of contraction between Korea and Russia from mass media. After the fact that the lower part of rocket had been made in Russia became known, the public began to criticize on the communication strategy of MEST and KARI. Also the fact that the mission of NARO had been different obviously from KSLV-II was pointed out from the academic field after the first failure of launch. Finally the distrust of the public partly resulted in the request for change of organization in KARI. In 2011, the heads of KARI and KSLV-II Program were changed to outer specialists to strengthen the cooperation among industry, university, governmental institute for the success of Korean space exploration.

대학 전공에 따른 국어 능력의 요구 -이공계 글쓰기 및 공학 인증 분석-

김훈기 ( Hoon Gi Kim ) 한국어교육학회(구 한국국어교육연구학회) 2012 국어교육 Vol.0 No.138

The purpose of this study is to show the effects of writing proposal and quasi-research paper for satisfying with the standards of KEC 2005 made by ABEEK. I examined the 29 papers submitted for two semesters from 2010 to 2011 by the students taking the class ``Writing in Science and Technology`` in Seoul National University. The goal of those papers was to solve the social problems using the knowledge and technique from majors. At the stage of writing proposal, discussion teams pointed out many problems against presentation teams, mainly including subjective understanding for social needs, standpoint of technological determinism, effectiveness of the research results. Interestingly, all the teams well picked up the similar problems about other teams` papers, but they strongly tended to make the same mistakes that they pointed out to other teams. Most presentation teams accepted the problems and corrected them, and submitted the final papers properly. This case study suggests that discussion of peer reviewers in the process of writing proposal and paper can successfully contribute to satisfying with the standards of KEC 2005.

새로운 생명학설의 거부 과정에서 정치적 이념의 영향

김훈기(Kim, Hoon-gi) 원광대학교 인문학연구소 2017 열린정신 인문학연구 Vol.18 No.2

봉한학설은 1960년대 초반 북한에서 등장했다가 갑자기 사라진 생명학설로서, 인체에 혈관계와 림프관계 외에 새로운 순환계가 존재하며 이는 한의학의 경락체계에 해당한다는 파격적인 주장을 담고 있었다. 당시 소련 과학계는 김봉한 연구실을 방문한 후 긍정적인 평가를 내리며 재현 연구를 시도하려 했지만, 알렉산드로프라는 과학자의 강력한 반발에 부딪혔다. 알렉산드로프는 20세기 중반까지 소련 과학계를 강압적으로 지배해온 리센코주의 생물학자들을 강력히 비판하는 과정에서 봉한학설을 거짓 학설로 단정했다. 이 글에서는 소련 과학계에서 봉한학설이 거부된 배경에 과학적 판단보다는 정치적 이념으로 인한 편견이 중요하게 자리하고 있다는 점을 밝혔다. 알렉산드로프는 봉한학설이 리센코주의 과학자 레페신스카야의 세포기원설와 유사하다고 파악했다. 레페신스카야는 세포가 기존의 세포에서 분열돼 발생한다는 주류 생물학계의 설명을 정면으로 반박하면서 ‘살아있는 물질’인 단백질로부터 세포가 만들어진다고 주장했다. 이에 비해 김봉한 연구진은 DNA를 주요 성분으로 한 ‘산알’로부터 세포가 만들어지고 세포는 다시 산알로 분열된다고 주장했다. 또한 산알이 경락체계를 통해 순환하면서 세포의 갱신을 일으킨다고 파악했다. 두 학설은 단지 물질에서 세포가 만들어질 수 있다는 점에서 공통됐지만, 전체적인 연구의 맥락과 결과는 전혀 다른 것이었다. 그럼에도 알렉산드로프는 봉한학설을 리센코주의의 아류로 인식해 소련에서 재현의 기회 자체를 강력히 저지했다. 이 연구는 새로운 학설이 정치적 편견으로 무시될 수 있고 후대에 다시 과학적으로 평가받을 수 있다는 역사적 사례를 보여주고 있다. The Bong-Han theory was a Life theory that appeared in the early 1960s and suddenly disappeared in North Korea. It contained an extraordinary claim that there was a new circulatory system in addition to the blood vascular system and the lymphatic system in the human body, which corresponded to the meridian system of oriental medicine. Although the Soviet scientific community visited Kim Bong-Han"s laboratory and tried to re-study under positive evaluation, a scientist Alexandrov strongly opposed it. Criticizing fiercely the biologists of Lysenkoism who had oppressively controlled the Soviet scientific community until the middle of the 20th century, Alexandrov judged Bong-Han theory as a pseudoscience. In this article, I pointed out that the prejudice of political ideology was more important than the scientific judgment in the background of the rejection of the Bong-Han theory in the Soviet scientific community. Alexandrov found that the Bong-Han theory was similar to that of Lepeshinskaya, who was one of the scientists of Lysenkoism. Lepeshinskaya argued that the cells could originate from proteins called ‘living substance’, refuting the explanation of the mainstream biology that cells were formed by division in existing cells. In contrast, Bong-Han Kim claimed that the cells were made from ‘sanal’ with DNA as the main ingredient and that cells were again broken down into sanal. Also, sanal circulated through the meridian system and caused cell renewal. Both theories were common in that cells could be made from matter, but the context and outcome of the whole study were quite different. Nevertheless, Alexandrov recognized the concept of the Bong-Han theory as an imitator of Lysenkoism, and strongly inhibited the opportunity of reproduction in the Soviet scientific community. This study shows a historical example that the new scientific theory could be ignored by political prejudice and later be scientifically evaluated again.

합성생물학의 위해성에 대한 국내 규제법률 검토

김훈기(HOON-GI KIM) 한국환경사회학회 2009 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.13 No.2

2000년대 초반 미국에서 기존 생명공학기술과 정보기술, 그리고 나노기술이 융합된 합성생물학이란 분야가 등장했다. 합성생물학은 한편으로 난치병, 환경오염, 그리고 에너지고갈 등 현단계 인류가 닥친 난제를 획기적으로 해결할 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 인간과 생태계에 치명적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점에서 위험 문제가 부각되고 있다. 합성생물학은 접근방법에 따라 탑다운 방식과 바텀업 방식으로 구분된다. 탑다운 방식은 자연계에 이미 존재하는 세포나 유전자를 변형시키는 영역이다. 이에 비해 바텀업 방식은 화학물질로부터 생명체의 구성요소를 만들어내는 분야이다. 합성생물학의 위험에 대한 논의는 비의도적으로 또는 환경방출용으로 위험물질이 외부에 노출됐을 때 인간과 생태계에 미치는 영향을 다루는 생물안전성 이슈, 그리고 의도적으로 병균이나 독성물질을 훔치거나 생태계에 방출하는 바이오테러에 관한 생물안보 이슈를 중심으로 진행되고 있다. 먼저 ‘합성 LMO’에 대한 안전성 평가는 ‘기존 LMO’에 대한 규제 법률로 이뤄지기 어렵다는 점이 지적되고 있다. 또한 ‘합성 LMO’가 환경에 방출됐을 때 생태계를 교란할 가능성이 예측할 수 없이 커진다는 우려가 제기됐다. 한편 몇몇 바이러스 유전체가 합성된 일을 계기로 바이오테러의 위험이 급부상하고 있다는 논의가 활발하다. 한국은 조만간 합성생물학 연구가 활발하게 진행될 잠재력을 지녔다. 현재 국내에서 합성생물학의 위험을 통제할 수 있는 법률은 LMO법과 생물무기금지법이다. 그러나 이들은 ‘기존 LMO’가 주요 검토대상이란 점에서 근본적인 한계를 안고 있다. 본 연구에서 두 법률을 검토한 결과 합성생물학의 위험을 통제하기 어렵다는 사실을 확인했다. 한국 정부는 합성생물학의 연구수준을 정확히 파악하는 동시에 그 위험에 대비할 수 있는 법적ㆍ제도적 장치를 마련해야 한다. 또한 LMO의 위해성을 평가하는 기술을 시급히 개발하는 일도 중요한 과제로 남아있다. A new emerging field, Synthetic Biology has appeared in America since 2000. It provides a great possibility for solving diseases, environmental pollution, and energy problems with the tools of existing BT, IT, and NT. However, it also has the potential to be dangerous very seriously to both humans and ecosystem. Synthetic Biology has two kinds of approach, top-down and bottom-up. Top-down approach involves the engineering field for existing natural biological systems. And Bottom-up approach covers the engineering field for biological systems that do not already exist in the natural world. Imaginable hazards associated with Synthetic Biology include (a) bio Biolo issue about the case of the accidental or purposeful release of harmful materials, (b) bio Biolo issue about the case of the purposeful release of harmful materials for terror. The focus about bio Biolo issue is on the impossibility for assessing the risk of that field by existing regulating laws, and the possibility for serious danger to ecosystem. Also the synthesis of virus genome causes . ch concern about the bio Biolo problem, bioterrorism. Korea has the potential to be very active for R&D of Synthetic Biology soon. However, this study concludes that the laws for regulating LMO and biological weapons in Korea have great difficulty in preventing the risk of Synthetic Biology effectively because they were made for existing LMO. The Korean Government should catch the current domestic state of R&D on Synthetic Biology precisely, and prepare for the new systems against the risk as soon as possible. Also it has the urgent problem for developing risk assessment technology.

유전자변형생명체 안전관리의 제도적 보장

김훈기(Kim Hoon Gi) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2016 의생명과학과 법 Vol.16 No.-

유전자변형생명체(GMO)의 인체 안전성 여부를 판단할 때 가장 중요한 과정은 독성시험이다. 보통 독성시험은 설치류를 대상으로 한 단회투여 시험과 반복투여 시험으로 이뤄진다. 단회투여의 경우 GMO의 외래 유전자를 한번 투여하고 14일간 급성독성 반응을 확인한다. 이에 비해 반복투여 시험은 GMO 사료를 한달 이상 투여하고 이상 상태를 관찰하는 과정을 거친다. GMO는 인간이 평생 먹을 음식이기 때문에 단회투여보다 반복투여를 통해 안전성을 점검하는 것이 적절하다. 그러나 국가별로 실험기준에 차이가 나타나, 미국은 단회투여, 유럽연합은 반복투여를 시행하고 있다. 한국의 경우 단회투여 방식을 심사기준으로 설정하고 있다. 2000년부터 16년간 국내에 수입된 식용 GMO 138건 가운데 일반 GMO의 60% 이상이 단회투여 독성시험을 거친 것으로 확인됐다. 또한 후대교배종 73건은 독성시험이 면제돼 있다. 국산 GMO의 승인이 임박한데다 다양한 기능과 첨단기술이 동원된 차세대 GMO의 등장이 예고된 상황이기 때문에 국민의 안전성 보장 측면에서 심사기준이 반복투여 방향으로 시급히 개선돼야 할 필요가 있다. The most important step in determining GMO s safety is toxicity test. Generally, the toxicity test consists of single dose test and repeated dose test in rodents. In the case of single dose test, the exogenous gene of GMO is treated once and the acute toxicity is confirmed for 14 days. On the other hand, in the repeated dose test, GMO feed is treated for over one month and the abnormality is observed. Since GMO is lifetime food for humans, it is appropriate to check safety through repeated dose test rather than single dose test. However, there are differences in the experimental standards for each country. While the United States adopts single dose test, the European Union follows repeated dose test. In Korea, the single dose test is set as the criteria for safety screening. It has been confirmed that over 60% of 138 imported events for sixteen years from 2000 were subjected to the single dose toxicity test. In addition, 73 gene stacked events were exempted from the toxicity test. Since the approval of domestic GMO is imminent and the appearance of the next generation GMO with various functions and advanced technologies is anticipated, it is necessary to urgently improve the criteria for screening towards repeated dose test in terms of the safety of the people.

마이크로웨이브 에너지를 이용한 안젤리카로부터 유효성분의 추출

이승범 ( Seung Bum Lee ),김훈기 ( Hoon Gi Kim ),전길송 ( Gil Song Jeon ),홍인권 ( In Kwon Hong ) 한국공업화학회 2016 공업화학 Vol.27 No.3

본 연구에서는 안젤리카로부터 기능성 유효성분을 추출하기 위해 기존의 용매추출법과 마이크로웨이브 추출법을 이용하여 각 변수에 따른 추출량을 확인하였다. 또한 안젤리카로부터 추출된 유효성분의 항산화능 및 플라보노이드성분 함량, 총폴리페놀성분 함량 등을 측정함으로써 유효성분의 기능성을 평가하였다. 기존의 용매추출법의 최적조건인 추출시간(2 h), 주정/초순수의 부피비(60 vol%), 추출온도(60 ℃)에서 20.6 wt%의 유효성분이 추출되었다. 또한 마이크로웨이브 추출법의 최적조건인 마이크로웨이브 조사시간(6 min), 마이크로웨이브 세기(600 W), 주정/초순수의 부피비(60 vol%)의 조건에서 유효성분이 22.8 wt% 추출되어 기존의 용매추출법에 비해 빠른 시간에 추출이 완료됨을 알 수 있었다. 안젤리카로부터 추출된 유효성분의 추출량 유효성분의 항산화능은 DPPH radical scavening activity로 31.46%이었고, 플라보노이드성분 함량은 14.20 mg QE/mg dw, 그리고 총 폴리페놀 함량은 11.70 mg GAE/g으로 나타났다. In this study, the extractable content of each parameters from angelica was confirmed using conventional solvent extraction and microwave extraction in order to extract the functional active ingredient. In addition, the functionality of active ingredients was evaluated by measuring the antioxidant activity and the flavonoids and total polyphenols of the active ingredient extracted from angelica, For the conventional solvent extraction at optimal conditions of the extraction time (2 h), ethanol/pure water volume ratio (60%), the extraction temperature (60 ℃), 20.6 wt% of the active ingredient were extracted. Also, when using microwave extraction at optimal conditions of the microwave irradiation time (6 min), microwave intensity (600 W) and ethanol/ pure water volume ratio (60 vol%) 22.8 wt% of the active ingredient were extracted. The microwave method required shorter time to complete extraction compared to that of using the conventional solvent extraction method. The antioxidant activity of active ingredients extracted from angelica was 31.46% of DPPH radical scavening activity. The flavonoid content was 14.20 mg QE/mg dw, and total polyphenol content was 11.70 mg GAE/g when using the microwave extraction process.