http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
仁祖代 前半期 왕권과 정치질서 재편 (1623~1636)
김한신 고려사학회 2020 한국사학보 Vol.- No.78
In this paper, I could show the outline of the main political currents at this time like the following. Right after the enthronement of King Injo(仁祖), the political situation was going on ascribing the political convulsion to Lord Kwanghae(光海君). And it grew arranged to impose a desirable model of monarch on King Injo. This sort of insistence rendered the instrument of limiting Injo's kingship. But King Injo was able to turn that situation by punishing several political cliques that selected hard line at some moments. Nevertheless King Injo still had not influence on other important matters. It was because of the absence of loyal group's favor and the weak authority of King Injo. At the time King Injo proceeded to enshrine his parents as king and queen officially. Because King Injo was not a son of king and queen. With this plan, King Injo attempted to expand the magnitude of his loyal group. However, Kim Ryu(金瑬), One of his loyal member, having opposed to the plan was expelled from the court provisionally. King Injo needed Kim Ryu again in order to prevent a recurrence of war with Qing(淸), the second Manchurian kingdom in China. King Injo led the new loyal group which had implemented the parental enshrinement to participate in devising diplomatic steps also. In this aspect, we can notice that King Injo accomplished some grasp of political situation with reorganization of the different loyal groups. But this was somewhat incomplete. The main frame of the above description is consisted of three points. The points are ㉠ the structural fortification of the political argument in the early period of King Injo, ㉡ the conspicuous role of small cliques subsisting in huge factions, and ㉢ the emphasis on the discrimination from the politics of Lord Kwanghae period intending to justify the enthronement of King Injo. 반정 이후 정국의 추이는 폐주 광해군을 반정이 일어난 주요 원인으로 설정하고 인조에게 모범적인 군주상을 강조하는 쪽으로 나아가게 되었다. 인조에게 이러한 과제는왕권을 정치적으로 제한시키는 장치가 되었다. 반정 이후 권력을 유지하기 위해 사림의 폭넓은 지지가 필요했고, 그 때문에 공론의 영향력이 전에 없이 커진 것이었다. 인조는 박정 등의 남이공 탄핵 사건을 계기로 이러한 틀을 전환시킬 수가 있었다. 그러나, 종친들의 호의를 얻을 수 있었던 인성군 문제나 인조의 정통성을 강화할 수 있는사친 제례에서 인조는 여전히 영향력을 가질 수가 없었다. 체계적인 대안을 제시하고인조의 의지를 실제 정책으로 실행시켜 줄 친위 세력과, 신하들을 순응하게 할 수 있는 권위가 인조에게 부족했기 때문이었다. 인조는 사친을 위한 추숭을 진행하면서, 친위 세력의 재편도 시도하였다. 인조는 이귀, 최명길의 계책과 조력에 힘입어 사친 추숭과 종묘 입묘를 마칠 수 있었다. 이 과정에서 인조는 비공신계 인물을 친위 세력으로들일 수 있었다. 그럼에도 왕권을 지탱해 주는 다른 한 축이었던 김류 세력이 없이는불완전할 수밖에 없었다. 인조는 後金의 건원 칭제 이후 대신들에게 삼사를 견제하게하는 시기에, 김류를 대신에 복귀시킬 수 있었다. 인조는 최명길을 비롯한 추숭 지지세력이 전란을 저지하는 외교적 대책 마련에 참여하도록 유도함으로써 김류 세력과의통합을 시도하였다.
1597년 전후 조선 조정과 고니시 유키나가 진영의 교섭 분석
김한신 한일관계사학회 2023 한일관계사연구 Vol.80 No.-
Around 1597, the Joseon court did not renounce its attempts to prevent Japanese reinvasion. The Joseon court communicated with the Konishi, Yukinaga camp through their envoys Hwang, shin(황신) and Kim, Eungseo (김응서), and carefully watched whether Toyotomi, Hideyoshi would actually invade Joseon again. The Joseon court received direct and indirect information from the Yukinaga camp, and perceived the internal and external situations in Japan. Although the Joseon and Yukinaga camps were adversaries, they shared common interests to some degree. Meanwhile, Kato, Kiyomasa pursued the reinvasion of Joseon in Japan’s camp, while Yukinaga was opposed to war. The Joseon court recognised that there was some scope for negotiations with regard to preventing the war with Yukinaga. It was inevitable for the Joseon court to consider that Yukinaga was not an ordinary rival to fight against like other Japanese enemies. Ironically, Joseon had to negotiate the peace-making process with an adversary like Yukinaga for its survival. It was true that the Joseon court suspected Yukinaga repeatedly, but it did not lose hope that they could negotiate with the camp. In these circumstances, negotiations between the Joseon court and Yukinaga camp critically continued for a moment, making it imperative to analyse the communication and its significance of the process thoroughly.
연구주제의 다양화와 새로운 경향: 송요금원사 회고와 전망 2016~2017
김한신 역사학회 2018 역사학보 Vol.0 No.239
Over the last two years between 2016 and 2017, researchers in the Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan studies have greatly expanded the research scopes. They have dealt with not only the traditional research fields such as political and diplomatic history and socio-economic history but also the relatively new areas such as cultural history or history of Sino-Korean relations. This article mainly deals with the overall impression on the qualitative growth in the researches of the Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan studies. Lastly, I would like to mention two significant challenges to solve. Firstly, it is obvious that both the researchers and researches on the socio-economic history of the Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan studies have gradually declined since the early 2000s. Although it became conspicuous in the aftermath of obsolete socialism in the 1990s, it will be serious matter since a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic history may become basis to carry out researches on various fields. Therefore, it is necessary to invigorate the field through finding a new detailed topic. Secondly, researches on the history of Sino-Korean relations also need to expand the range of the researches. The researchers will understand the relations between the Korean Dynasties and the Chinese ones more clearly if they see it from the broader perspective of the history of multilateral relations among the ancient East Asian regimes, which includes Kamakura Shogunate, Ryukyu Kingdom, and Tamra(Jeju). By doing so, for instance, we will find out the right answer to the problems that we could not have understood from the narrow perspective so far. 지난 2년간 (2016~2017) 송요금원사 연구자들은 다양한 분야의 주제를 다루면서 연구의 범위를 적극적으로 확대해 나가고 있다. 기존의 전통적인 정치외교사나 사회·경제사뿐만 아니라 문화사로 포괄될 수 있는 다양한 주제를 다루고 있고 한중 관계사에 대해서도 수준 높은 논의가 진행되고 있다. 본고는 주로 송요금원사 분야 연구의 전반적인 발전에 대해서 언급하고 있지만, 마지막으로 두 가지 향후과제에 대해서 지적하는 것으로 마무리하고자 한다. 우선 지난 20세기 송요금원사 연구에 있어서 가장 중요한 주제였던 사회경제사 분야에 대한 연구와 연구자가 점차 줄어들고 있다는 점이 최근 연구경향의 분명한 특징이다. 이는 사회주의의 퇴조와 맞물려 토지경제사 분야가 쇠퇴하였던 것과 그 궤를 같이 하고 있는데, 그럼에도 불구하고 이러한 현상은 연구 주제의 다양성이라는 차원에서 뿐만 아니라 사회경제사에 대한 충분한 이해가 전제되지 않은 중국사 연구가 가져올 문제점을 고려해 보더라도 중요한 문제라고 사료된다. 꾸준히 사회경제사 분야의 연구를 진행하고 있는 연구자들의 노력으로 그 명맥은 유지되고 있지만 앞으로 새로운 세부 주제의 발굴을 통해 사회경제사 분야를 더욱 활성화 시킬 필요가 있을 것이다. 다음으로 가장 활성화 되고 있는 한중관계사 역시 그 시야에 있어서 지적해야할 문제점들이 있다고 생각된다. 현재 송요금원사 학계에서는 고려와 송, 고려와 요, 고려와 금 그리고 고려와 원 이라고 하는 한국과 중국왕조 간의 관계에 대한 연구는 활발하게 전개되고 있지만, 향후에는 동아시아 전체를 포괄하는 확대된 맥락 속에서 중국왕조들과 고려·가마쿠라 막부·류큐·탐라 등을 포함한 다자간 역학관계를 살펴볼 필요가 있을 것이다. 그럼으로써 그동안 제한된 사료 속에서 놓치고 있었던 중요한 연결고리를 발견할 수 있을 것이다.
류성룡의 송대(宋代) 대외관계 인식과 「북변헌책의(北變獻策議)」 건의
김한신 ( Kim Han-shin ) 서애학회 2020 서애연구 Vol.2 No.-
For a long time Yu Seong-ryong had paid attention to the history of relation between ‘the state’ and ‘the barbarian’. The invasion of ‘the barbarian’ had given effective momentum on the destiny of ‘the state’. Yu found its classic model in the foreign relation of Song dynasty which served as the ideal state for many Joseon literati. The relation between Song dynasty and ‘the barbarian’ showed a sharp contrast on ‘the Civilized’(華) and ‘the Barbaric’(夷) to the Literati. In this regard the Literati of Joseon had pondered over how they could control the barbarian movement to make sure of preservation of ‘the Civilized’. Yu Seong-ryong wrote Doksaryeocheuk(讀史蠡測): A review on the history of Song dynasty with similar intention. He tried to record his long-standing thought about how Joseon could respond to the barbarian’s threat reinforcing his prejudice on ‘the civilized’ and ‘the barbarian’(華夷論). His prejudice on ‘the barbarian’ was grounded in the general trend that the Literati of Joseon had studied the history of Song dynasty invaded by ‘the barbarian’. In this perspective, Yu Seong-ryong proposed Bukbyeonheonchaekeui(北變獻策議): A suggestion for northern border issue to the Joseon Court including concrete measures about the foreign relation on ‘the barbarian’. In 1583, the year of Seonjo’s 16th reign, a huge rebeillion by ‘the barbarian’ happened, which was led by Nitanggae(尼湯介) who was the chief of Jurchens having lived at Hoiryeongjin(會寧鎭) area. The Jurchens resisted the arrogation of Hamgyeong Province(咸鏡道) officers. And Yu proposed Bukbyeonheonchaekeui as the foreign policy to restrain and subdue ‘the barbarian’. The policy Yu Seong-ryong proposed was an extension of the previous foreign policy of the Joseon Court from its early days. Given the conditions of time, the policy for Jurchens in the former period of Joseson could not be same with that of Seonjo’s reign. Moreover among policies of Seonjo’s reign there were many opionions of leading figures. Even in prejudice and bias there were so many differences through this period. In order to understand foreign relations and policies in each period we should examine one’s historical awareness, view of reality and plan for action individually. As for Yu Seong-ryong, he is important as the prime minister and chief director for armament in Imjin war. For that reason it is necessary to analyze his Doksaryeocheuk and Bukbyeonheonchaekeui connectively to bring light on the study for the foreign relation and policy of Seonjo’s reign.
唐代 중후반기 洪州宗의 발전과 사회 역사적 배경에 대한 고찰
김한신 한국선학회 2016 한국선학 Vol.44 No.-
당대 (唐代) 중후반기 선종의 득세를 견인하는데 있어 결정적인 역할을 했던 것은 남종 선의 한 종파인 홍주종의 급속한 확산이었다. 홍주종의 성장과 관련해서는 여러 다양한 연구가 진행되었지만, 대체로 홍주종만이 아니라 그 연구대상이 선종 혹은 남종선 전체를 포괄하는 경우가 대부분이었고, 홍주종이나 홍주종 선승들에 대한 연구의 경우에도 주로 그 교리적 특성에 대해서 초점을 맞추고 있었다. 따라서 이 글에서는 홍주종의 급속한 교세 확장과정에 대한 보다 정확한 이해를 위해서 홍주종을 둘러싼 역사적 배경에 대해서 다각적인 측면에서 분석하고자 한다. 우선 당중반기 이후 홍주종을 포함한 남종선의 발전을 둘러싸고 있었던 사회적 배경에 대해서 살펴보고, 다음으로는 홍주종을 선종의 정통 계보로 올라서는데 크게 공헌하였던 마조선사와 그의 후계자들의 역할들을 살펴본다. 마지막으로는 당대 후반기 홍주종을 둘러싼 종교적 환경의 변화 특히 불교의 대중화의 경향에 대해서 살펴 본다. 이러한 다각적인 분석을 통해서 당대 (唐代) 후반기 홍주종이 선종을 비롯해서 중국 불교의 대표적인 종단으로 성장하게 되는 과정에 대한 보다 선명한 이해가 가능하게 되기를 기대하는 바이다. During the Tang period, it became obvious that the Chan Buddhism (禪宗) overwhelmed the other Buddhist orders in China. After the schism between the Northern Sects of the Chan Buddhism (北宗禪) and the Southern Sects of the Chan Buddhism (南宗禪) broke out, the Hongzhou school (洪州宗) played the most significant role in leading the predominance of the Southern Sects over the Northern lineages. Since Mazu Daoyi (馬祖道一) , an influential abbot of the Southern Sects and the first patriarch of the Hongzhou School, employed novel and unconventional teaching methods, he could found an influential monastery in Southern Jiangxi province and gather scores of disciples. In particular, the writings of Guifeng Zongmi (圭峰宗密) , fifth patriarch of the Huayan school (華嚴宗) as well as a patriarch of the Heze lineage (荷澤宗) of Southern Chan, tell us the details of the rapid rise of the Hongzhou lineage. Zongmi gave polemic criticism on the Daoyi’s teachings that denied ascetic practices of Buddhism but emphasized the Subitism, a sudden enlightment. On the contrary to his desire, Daoyi’s unconventional and preposterous lessons were of strong appeals to the contemporarily rising intellectuals and the general public. Although the previous researches on the Hongzhou school provided insightful analyses and various interpretations of its doctrines, they lacks comprehensive and multi-dimensional perspectives on the background of its rapid and widespread extension. This article, first of all, deals with the socio-economic background on the rise of the Hongzhou school during the Mid-Tang period. Secondly, it reveals the significant roles of Mazu Doyi’s disciples who placed their master in the traditional lineage of the Chan Buddhism. Lastly, this study sheds light on the transition of the religious environment around the emergence of the Hongzhou school. In addition, it pays particular attention to the vernacularization of Chinese Buddhism as the overall trend. Throughout these multi-dimensional analyses, I hope that this study will show a solid understanding of the multi-causal process of the Hongzhou school’s predominance over the other Chinese Buddhist lineages.