Tungsten oxide interlayer for hole injection in inverted organic light-emitting devices

김윤학,박순미,권순남,김정원 한국진공학회 2010 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.38 No.-

남부 해안의 方言의 子音音韻 配合 현상 : 경남 삼천포, 전남 여수ㆍ순천

金允學 연세대학교 국어국문학과 1972 연세국문학 Vol.3 No.-

Efficient distributed estimation based on non-regular quantized data

김윤학 한국전기전자학회 2019 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.23 No.2

We consider parameter estimation in distributed systems in which measurements at local nodes are quantized ina non-regular manner, where multiple codewords are mapped into a single local measurement. For the systemwith non-regular quantization, to ensure a perfect independent encoding at local nodes, a local measurement canbe encoded into a set of a great number of codewords which are transmitted to a fusion node where estimationis conducted with enormous computational cost due to the large cardinality of the sets. In this paper, we proposean efficient estimation technique that can handle the non-regular quantized data by efficiently finding the feasiblecombination of codewords without searching all of the possible combinations. We conduct experiments to showthat the proposed estimation performs well with respect to previous novel techniques with a reasonablecomplexity.

한자말로 맞옮긴 토박이말 땅이름과 토박이말 땅이름의 짜임새

김윤학 建國大學校 人文科學硏究所 1986 인문과학논총 Vol.18 No.-

Place-names reflect their historical and social background of the formation. Though placenames were once established, they are, as time goes on, apt to be changed phonologically and morphologically and also modified in direct translation into Chinese word. In this paper, We are going to study the native place-names that have been collected by means of field work for 6 years. Each native place-names is the one which has been transmitted orally in that region, while the Chinese counterpart appeared as a written form and so has been called from that time on. At first, both of the forms coexist side by side but most of native forms slowly disappeared of ages. However many of them still exist at present. When they are translated directly into Chinese word, there are two cases; one is the wholely translated form, the other the partly translated from. The former case, as '큰말' into, '大村', results in a complete Chinese word. In the latter case the native word is mixed with the Chinese one, as '牧골' into '牧谷', resulting in a complete Chinese word, or the mixed form of a native word and a Chinese one, as '긴밭골' into '長밭골'. There is a consistency when a native place-name morpheme is directly changed into a Chinese place-name morpheme, but not always so. In particular, '말' is always changed into '村' but '골/굴' is changed into '谷' or '洞' at the rate of 50%. As '미=산' relationship is not always true, the meaning relation of a native word with a Chinese one is not always the same. Some morphemes of the same meaning, like '강현고개', are juxtaposed, which is considered as one fixed place-name word when the place-name morpheme is set before the other morphemes. Looking into the structure of native place-names, a general word itself became a placename, but there is not a transfered place-name like a general word. There are prefixed place-names in the vocabulary of native ones, but there is not a derivational suffixed place-name. This is because place-name morphemes act as derivatonal suffixes which have exclusive nature. Place-names are generally formed by means of compounding. The structure of compound place-name has been 이₁?, and shows the possility of 이₁ⁿ. As place-name morpheme is free form, verb classes, such as '가는골', can be freely attached to the place-names. The subpart of an onomatopoea which is a reduplicated compound, can be juxtaposed by a place-name more frequently than the general words; e.g. '둥글바위'. There can be a place-name made by the combination of derivation and compounding. Apart from the special case, such as '바우배기', we can find no word formation ended with derivational suffixes. The framework place-names mixed with derivation and compounding occurs more frequently than the general words. The structure of place-names is different from one of the general words because of the peculiarity of place-name morphemes. But if we exclude the restrictions of the special case, the structure of place-name is much more various.

한자말을 토박이말로 맞옮기는 데에 따르는 문제와 그 해결책

김윤학 국어연구소 1987 국어생활 Vol.- No.8

충북 중원군 엄정면의 땅이름 연구 : 통일의 대상이 되었던 땅이름을 중심으로

김윤학 건국대학교 1984 學術誌 Vol.28 No.1

The government, in a Central Committee on place names session on March 14, unified and promulgated each of the first 8 of the 46 place names of Eomjeong Borough in Joongwon County, Choongchong Bukdo Province, which have so far been called differently among its inhabitants. It was known that the government also plans to do likewise within this year by selecting five model boroughs in five provinces. The place names thus fixed are reportedly to be used compulsorily in cartography, conduct of administrative affairs, and school textbooks. Viewed in this context, the question of how to unify the diversely called regional names bears great significance. It appears that place names are made easily. Yet in these names dwell the soul and spirit of their users, and with time they become part of the local history and cannot be changed or disappear readily. Accordingly, if these place names handed down by word of mouth through thousnads of years are tampered with for the sake of mere administrative expediency in the course of their unification, it might result in burying alive all the living materials and soul of our history and culture. Deeply mindful of this, the writer, to be of some help in the approach to and process of unifying place names henceforth, shows what are the problems involved and in which direction to go in doing so, by examining the place names decided upon and promulgated and the ones soon to be unified. These problems have surfaced in the process of unifying district names : 1.Low are the levels of knowledge and perceptive powers of the administrators involved in the task and the respondents to the questionnaires. 2.Poor is the perception, that is, the perception of the significance of the Korean language, written and spoken, by the people involved in the task. 3.No research is done at all into place names. 4.Decisions are made on what is right or wrong, upon the basis of questionnaire results. 5.In the course of the task, orthographical errors are occasionally made and place names are in danger of becoming quite different names from their original as a result, especially, of incorrectly transcribing them into Chinese characters. 6.In some cases, no distinction is made between the upper and lower categories of place names. 7.A place name is sometimes called in two different ways due to the discrepancy between spoken and written speech : spoken speech in the native Korean tongue and written speech in the Korean characters originating from Chinese characters (but, in this case also, mainly in Chinese characters). The following suggestions are offered : 1.Place names be unified, based on native ones. 2.Place names be written in the Korean alphabet. 3.Place names be written in conformity with the Korean orthography. 4.Place names coming direct from Chinese characters be changed into native ones. 5.Place names written incorrectly on maps and their orthographical errors be corrected. 6.Names not only of smaller districts but also larger administrative units (small village, large village, borough, township, county, city, province) be changed into native ones if possible and, if not, at least be written in the Korean alphabet. 7.The urgency be felt to get the names of smaller places on the maps. We have our own writing system which fits our language system. But we have not utilized it to the fullest extent in many areas. The most conspicuous of all is the area of human names and place names. Even today, newspapers express all other things in Korean but use Chinese characters for both human and place names. There is no special reason for this. Now, though belatedly, we ought to win back what is our own, beginning with our human and regional names. For example, a place name like '가래올' should not be written deliberately in the Chinese characters '楸洞' but stand as 가래올, unifying both its spoken and written form. In this way we should utilize our national language, spoken and written, in a convenient manner. I believe that this is the way we nurture our culture and our national spirit.

향음 [m,n,ŋ,ㅣ]의 음성학적 고찰

김윤학 仁川敎育大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

땅이름은 어떻게 만들어지나

김윤학 건국대국어국문학연구회 1987 겨레어문학 Vol.11·12 No.-

땅이름은 여러 가지 까닭으로 하여 만들어진다. 원천적으로 곳, 꼴, 전설, 흉내말, 사람, 동ㆍ식물, 풍수 지리, 땅의 성질, 사물, 풍ㆍ흉년, 옛ㆍ새것, 물 따위에 인연을 맺어 지어진다. 한번 지어진 땅이름은 시간의 흐름에 따라, 음운 변화 또는 형태 변화되어 새로운 이름이 되기도 하며, 토박이말 땅이름을 한자맡로 맞옮겨 이름이 달라지기도 한다. 한자말로 맞옮겨 새로 만들어지는 땅이름에는 토박이말 전체를 맞옮긴 땅이름도 있으며, 토박이 말과 한자말의 섞임으로 짜여 있는 말이나, 토박이 말의 일부분만을 맞옮긴 땅이름도 있다. 다시 만들어진 땅이름에는 같은 뜻의 땅이름 형태소를 겹쳐 만든 땅이름도 있는가 하면, 토박이말을 한자말로 맞옮기거나 기록할 때 잘못으로 다시 만들어진 땅이름도 있다. 특히 '柳等(버들)'과 같은 이두 표기를 단순히 한자음으로 '유등'으로 읽어 다시 만들어진 땅이름도 있다. 땅이름 형태소는 그 자체가 차지하는 자리로 볼 때 뒷가지가 차지하는 자리이므로 낱말의 짜임에서 뒷가지와 같은 구실을 하는 것이 땅이름 형태소의 낱말 짜임의 특징이다. 이는 모두 땅이름을 만드는 방법이 된다.

생성 과정에서 본 땅이름 연구 : -경기도 평택군 혁덕면 기산리, 대안리, 덕목리, 신왕리-

김윤학 건국대학교 1983 文湖 Vol.8 No.1

강화군 화도면의 땅이름 연구

김윤학 仁川敎育大學畿甸文化硏究所 1980 기전문화연구 Vol.11 No.-