공동체에서 인간과 인공물의 연결에 대한 검토와 제안: 도교적 이론과 사례를 참고하여

김덕삼,이경자 전남대학교 인문학연구원 2024 가족과 커뮤니티 Vol.0 No.9

This article explores connection in community, especially human-machine connection, from a Taoist perspective. To this end, the text first discusses the need for connection and the expansion of the objects of connection. It emphasizes that humanity exists in connection and that the problems facing humanity must be solved through connection. It also points out the importance of connection with human-made artifacts in modern society, unlike in the past, and proposes an expansion of the objects to be connected. Next, as a theoretical basis for connection, it identifies the idea of connection in Taoism and the practice of connection in Taoism, and considers the possibility of human-machine connection in them. Based on these discussions, we consider the implications of human-machine connectivity and the direction it should take. These discussions emphasize the importance and necessity of connection within a community. In addition, by attempting to review Taoist ideas about connection, we will also discuss the contrast of problems faced by humanity in relation to connection, and in particular, we hope to provide an opportunity to take an active and proactive approach to the human-machine connection faced by modern humanity.

남한산성 마을경관의 복원방향에 관한 연구

김덕삼,Kim, Duk-Sam 한국조경학회 2007 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.34 No.6

This study is a base research for the restoration of village landscape of the Namhan-Sansung. The Namhan-Sansung has been recognized as a top destination for dining places. However, there have been increasing concerns about the village landscape and its rich historic and cultural heritages transformed into dining places. The village landscape of Namhan-Sansung should be reconstructed as a setting for education and loaming of Korean history and culture forgotten for a long time. The landscape also should be a space where resolute resistance and spirit of Korean people and a futuristic village space where environment friendly community environment harmonizes with daily lives. Restoration efforts of village landscape of the Namhan-Sansung can get to start from exploring the prototype of the village. In order to restore the prototype, it is important to review potential elements and setbacks. Based on the prototype of the Namhan-Sansung village, transitions of village landscape were reviewed and directions of restoration were proposed. Also, an improvement plan was proposed after reviewing problems in system and planning.

한류의 우연성에 대한 연구

김덕삼,최원혁 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2015 인문과학연구논총 Vol.36 No.4

The theories for the cause and outlook of Korean wave are polarized so as to be ununified. There are common places in the polarized Korean wave theory that both theories exclude contingency but to stick to necessity in method of research. Especially though the contingency effect from geopolitic location and division of Korean peninsula is the main subject of Korea research , the study on Korean wave exclude the contingency alone. Detecting this situation, for the sake of escaping from viewpoint of an optimist or a pessimist, this study try to find out the main reason of Korean wave success lies in the serendipity which consists of structural and existential contingency from geopolitic location and division of Korean peninsula. Serendipity theory emphasize the creativity lies in good utilization of contingency. This study regards serendipity of Korean wave success is caused by the structural and existential contingency from geopolitic location and division of Korean peninsula. This paper separate and investigate the serendipity into political, economic, and spiritual culture, especially religious culture territory. As the effect of the geopolitic location is excluded in the study of Korean wave, the optimistic research of Korean wave became more optimistic and the pessimistic research became more pessimistic. The contingency from geopolitic location and division of Korean peninsula could be main causes to form Korean culture’s authentic feature apart from other countries. This paper stressed the importance of preparation and effort converting a contingency serendipity for the sustainable development of Korean wave. In order to prove it, this paper compare Korean wave serendipity with the Islamic civilization serendipity. In some ways, the contingency in serendipity is necessity wrapped by contingency for all the contingency could not succeed to serendipity. In order to convert contingency serendipity, Korean need a multifaced effort and preparation.

중국 교육 패러다임의 변화와 특징

김덕삼 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2018 中國學論叢 Vol.0 No.59

In this paper, China’s educational system has gone through three big changes in a long time of history. What changed was not just an education. Society and education went through shifts responding to each other. Educational change from confucius’s idea induced change of education paradigm and this change influenced not only education, but also external direction of education like politics, economy, and society. I assumed three historical paradigmatic shifts in educational system in China which had big influences on the foundation of Chinese education, such as the introduction of Confucian Thoughts, the introduction of Civil Examination System in Sui Dynasty, and lastly the introduction of western educational system in the late Qing Dynasty. The biggest and recent shift among the changes was educational paradigm shift caused by transfer of Western education. It was also one of the many changes China had been forced to confront unvoluntarily. It was done for many other complicated factors such as the greed of western imperialistic countries, spreading of Christianity and missionary education, domestic resistance against long feudal reigning of Qing Dynasty, and lastly the intellect’s eagerness for new knowledge and new ways of thinking. In this paper, I explained the changes and characteristics of the educational paradigm based on past research. The China’s educational paradigm has several features. In the text, examined five characteristics of the educational paradigm. Educational Paradigm shifts occurred along with the changes in society. The educational paradigm shifts as society’s demands and the role of traditional education differ. Changes and characteristics in the educational paradigm also apply to modern education.

중국 관광객 유치와 DMZ 관광 개발에 대한 연구 - 수도권과의 연계를 중심으로

김덕삼 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2015 中國學論叢 Vol.48 No.-

In the world tourism industry, tourism demand in China has increased significantly. So global tourism companies are multilaterally preparing to anticipate the Chinese market. On the contrary, South Korea revenue share from overseas tourism market in the world is below the early 2000s level. Because the added value of the Korean tourism industry is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to promote value-added higher and diversification through the development of tourism products. This study was the result of junction studies inspiration to study the problems of the development of China tourists attraction issues and DMZ development. At the same time, it envisions a general cooperation to use the outlet stores of Paju and Goyang based on the shopping trend of Chinese tourists, and wonders how to be practiced. Therefore, we examined the current situation and problems of Chinese tourists and the DMZ to visit South Korea. So I tried to explore the DMZ development and China attract tourists measures with a focus on cooperation and collaboration and cultural tourism and shopping. DMZ tourism of Chinese tourist have a lot of meanings as a historical space, as a cultural space, with a meaning as consumptive space. The worth these things branched are as follows. First, it can be an example of reverse thinking. Second, it could contribute on Korea's national image stock. Third, the possibility of peace establishment of the Korean Peninsula is enhanced. Fourth, the creation of economic value added occurs. Fifth, political and social effect is large. Of course DMZ development concrete and practical problem of should be re-concept by considering of relevant experts and stakeholders gathered .However, We hope that it will turn DMZ tourism development and China attract tourists could be the role of priming in the development of the DMZ itself in the principle aspects, and also, evenly benefit to Chinese tourists and the local economy that are looking for a new experience. In addition, the political, the effect of the social aspects, when it is converted economically, is expected to be a very large effect.

‘변화’와 ‘장’을 통한 한대 도가 사상의 고찰: 황로학을 중심으로

김덕삼 국민대학교 중국인문사회연구소 2019 중국지식네트워크 Vol.13 No.-

본고에서는 한대 초기에 정치적으로 영향을 주었던 황로학을 ‘변화’와 ‘장’이라는 틀로 탐구하였다. 황로학은 노자에서 발원한 도가 사상이 한대 에 이르러 도가 사상의 한 형태로 존재한 것이다. 황(黄)은 황제(黄帝)를 가리키고, 노(老)는 노자(老子)를 지칭하지만, 노자의 영향이 컸다. 선진 시기 노장사상과 달리 한대 초기에 황로학이 대두되어 정치적으로 영향 을 준 것은 도가사나 정치사에서 특이한 일이다. 도가의 측면에서 처음이자 마지막으로 정치와 사회의 전면에 나서서 영향을 준 것이다. 이러한 특징은 본 연구를 하게 된 계기가 되었고, 이를 둘러싼 변수와 그 속에 발생하는 변화를 탐구하고자 했다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 ‘변화’와 ‘장’의 의미와 가치를 파악하였다. 이어서 ‘변화’와 ‘장’이라는 틀을 통해 한대 도가 사상을 고찰하면서 한나라 초기에 도가 사상이 어떤 식으로 변하였고, 그 변화 속에 도가라는 ‘주체’와 이를 둘러싼 ‘장’이 어떤 관계가 있으며, 이를 통해 도가 사상과 한대 사회가 어떤 식으로 변하였는지, 그리고 그 속에서 우리가 찾을 수 있는 ‘패턴’은 무엇인지를 살펴보았다. In the present paper, HwangLaoxhe, which had a political impact in the early Han Dynasty period, was explored by the standards of Change and Field. HwangLaoxhe was a form of DaoJia Thought, which originated in LaoZi, when it arrived in Han Dynasty, which existed as a form of DaoJia Thought. Whang[黄] refers to HwangDi[黄帝], Lao[老)] refers to LaoZi[老子], but the influence of LaoZi was great. Unlike LaoZhuang thought during the XianQin period, HwangLaoxhe emerged early in Han Dynasty. Such a political influence is unusual in the history of DaoJia History or politics. It was the first and last time in the aspect of DaoJia to come out in the front lines of politics and society to influence. This characteristic gave rise to the study. They wanted to explore the variables surrounding it and the changes that occur in it. To this end, the text simply identified the meaning and value of 'Change' and 'Field'. Han Dynasty' DaoJia thought through the tool 'Change' and 'Field'. To study how DaoJia thought changed in the early days of Han Dynasty. Under the change, we found out what kind of relationship the 'Subject' called DaoJia has with the 'Field' surrounding it. Through this we found out how DaoJia thought and Han Dynasty society had changed. And in it, we found out what 'Pattern' we could find.

장소와 경험의 상관성 탐구: 중국 북경 소수민족 공동체를 중심으로

김덕삼,이경자 인문예술학회 2020 인문과 예술 Vol.- No.9

As a meaningless area, space is distinguished from the place, and when attached to the space, the space becomes the place. Since the place is human-centered, it naturally involves the experience of human behavior and activity. Based on the concept of places seen in the geography of humanism, this study considered the interrelationship between places and experiences in Beijing in various ways, while thinking about the social values and roles of places missed by humanist geographers. In order to investigate this in detail, it was considered mainly by ethnic groups living on NuJie(牛街) in Beijing, China. First of all, I looked for the place in Beijing and the minority areas. Unlike other cities, Beijing has a sense of place as the capital of China. Beijing’s heterogeneity created a space where various people and minorities lived together, but as we entered the modern era, we could see that this aspect was disappearing. Through the correlation between place and experience, we then considered the impact of place change on experience and the case where experience change has on place change. With the fact that places in minorities are changing, and that changes in places that are different from before are changing their experiences, it is necessary to think about how this will move forward. It is also the direction and outcome of the change of place and experience. Furthermore, through reflection in the minority areas and reflection in the places where we now live, we were able to think of the values and meanings of places and experiences. In addition, I thought about the places and experiences that humanist geographers had thought about in the big cities. When we make a place, a place makes us. And no one can blame the place and its experience for not being precious. This problem is more meaningful because, although addressed through minorities, it may be something we have been through or are experiencing. Many places are disappearing due to changes in the city, and another place to be newly opened in that space, because living by building countless places in one space. 본 연구는 인본주의 지리학에서 보는 장소 개념을 토대로 북경에서의 장소와 경험의 상관성을 고찰하였다. 그러면서 인본주의 지리학자가 놓친 장소가 가지는 사회적 가치와 역할에 대해 생각해 보았다. 의미 없는 영역으로서 공간은 장소와 구분되고, 공간에 애착을 갖게 되면 그 공간은 장소가 된다. 장소는 인간이 중심이기에 인간의 행동과 활동의 흔적인 경험이 자연스레 수반된다. 본문에서는 중국 북경의 우가(牛街)에 거주하는 회족을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 먼저 북경과 소수민족지역의 장소감을 알아보았다. 북경은 다른 도시와 달리 중국의 수도로서 가지는 장소감이 있다. 북경의 중층적 성격이나 이종성(異種性, heterogeneity)은 소수민족이 함께 어울려 살아가는 공간을 만들었지만, 현대로 접어들면서 이러한 면모는 사라지고 있다. 이어서 장소와 경험의 상관성을 통해, 장소의 변화가 경험에 미치는 영향과 경험의 변화가 장소의 변화에 미치는 경우를 살펴보았다. 소수민족지역 공동체의 변화에서 소수민족의 장소가 변하고, 장소의 변화가 이들의 경험을 변화시키고 있다는 사실을 통해, 소수민족과 다양한 사람이 모여 사는 도시가 나아갈 모습을 가늠해 보았다. 끝으로 소수민족지역에서의 성찰과 지금 우리가 살고 있는 이곳에서의 성찰을 통해, 장소와 경험이 가지는 가치와 의미를 생각해 보았다. 인본주의 지리학자들이 고민하였던 대도시에서의 장소와 경험이 무엇인지, 그리고 도시를 구성하는 공동체는 어떻게 존재해야하는지 생각해 보았다. 이러한 문제를 소수민족을 통해 다루었지만 어쩌면 우리도 겪어 왔고, 또는 겪고 있는 문제일 수 있기에 의미가 크다. 도시의 변화로 사라지는 많은 장소, 그리고 그 공간에 새롭게 펼쳐질 또 다른 장소, 우리는 하나의 공간에 무수한 장소를 쌓으며 살아가고 있기 때문이다.

先天易學에 나타난 공감으로서의 나 여기 지금

김덕삼,최원혁 한국유교학회 2014 유교사상문화연구 Vol.56 No.-

Although at the early age Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak(先天易學, Former I-ching) formulated a Metaphysical theory on 'Me, Here and Now' as empathy Pre- qin Confucius thought(先秦儒家)' achieved, pre-qin Confucius thought, ex-symbol of conservatism is re-lighted on the theme of empathy nowadays, but Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak(先天易學) is neglected on the theme of empathy relighting nowadays. The reason for neglection is misunderstanding that Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak emphasize li(理) of western rational chracter terminology contrary to Pre- qin Confucius thought(先秦儒家). The reason Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak could be relighted as a theory of empathy is three lagely. First, Difference between the resonant(感應) view of the world in the East and the substantial(實體) view of the world in the West, Second, Difference between the rationality in the West and Li(理) Concept in the Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak, Third, Difference in the harmony of empathy and existence between the West and the East. The reason Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak could succeed to empathy of Pre- qin Confucius thought is the fct that core concept of Li(理) and qi(氣) in Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak could be expressed tiaoli(調理)-empathy(共感) as a subject of resonance(感應) and qihwa(氣化)- 'Me, Here and Now' as a object of resonance(感應). To the contrary to the substantial(實體) view of the world, in the resonant(感應) view of the world empathy could be subject and ‘Me, Here and Now’ of existence could be object. Through the concept of Li(理) and Qi(氣), Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak expand empathy of Pre- qin Confucius thought represented by 『Zhongyong(中庸)』 and ‘Me, Here and Now’ of existence represented by 『Da xue(大學)』 and through the concept of xin(心) realize the ideal of yunzhijuezhong(允厥執中). Nowadays empathy and existence are in confrontation. Though modernism abandon empathy and emphasize only existence, ironically modern society became the mostly existence-suppressed system. The west call empathy for a help, it's not easy to accomplish harmony between empathy and emphasize in the substantial(實體) view of the world like the West. To accomplish coexistence and coprosperity between empathy and emphasize modern society not only introduce empathy but also adopt the resonant(感應) view of the world empathy like Sun-Chun-Yeok-Hak. 현대사회는 실존과 공감이 대립하고 있다. ‘나 여기 지금’을 강조한 근대는 역설적으로 ‘나 여기 지금’을 가장 억압하는 체제가 되었기에 공감을 요청했다. 그러나 공감은 서양의 실체론적 세계관에서는 ‘나 여기 지금’과 조화하기 힘들다. 현대사회는 실존과 공감의 공존을 위해서 단지 ‘공감’만을 도입하는 것이 아니라 ‘공감’이 기반 한 감응론적 세계관까지 도입하여야 한다. 그래서 본고에서는 ‘나 여기 지금’이라는 실존의 개념 또한 감응론적인 실존개념으로 바꿀 필요가 있다고 보았다. 본고에서는 邵康節의 先天易學이 선진유가가 이룩한 ‘공감으로서의 나 여기 지금’에 대한 형이상학적 이론체계를 구축했다고 보았다. 근대화와 더불어 보수적 모습으로 보였던 선진유가가 오늘날 공감이라는 주제로 재조명되고 있는데 반해 선천역학은 ‘理’라는 합리적 용어를 강조하여 공감이론의 재조명에서 외면 받았다. 공감이론으로 선천역학을 재조명하려는 근거는 크게 세 가지다. 첫째, 동양의 감응론적 세계관과 서양의 실체론적 세계관의 차이, 둘째, 서양의 합리성과 선천역학의 理 개념과의 차이, 셋째 공감과 실존의 조화에 대한 동서양의 차이이다. 선천역학이 선진유가의 공감을 계승, 발전시키고 있다는 것은 理·氣 개념이 감응론적 세계관으로 이해될 때 감응의 주체인 공감과 감응의 객체인 氣化로 구분되어, 각각 공감과 ‘나 여기 지금’으로 표현될 수 있기 때문이다. 선천역학은 理와 氣 개념을 통해 『中庸』으로 대표되는 선진유가의 공감과 『大學』으로 대표되는 ‘나 여기 지금’의 실존 개념을 확대하고, 心을 통해 ‘允厥執中’이라는 선진유가의 이상을 실현할 수 있다고 보았다.

‘변화’와 ‘장(場)’을 통한 중국 근대교육의 분석과 가치

김덕삼,이경자 인문예술학회 2021 인문과 예술 Vol.- No.11

Based on the change study, this study focused on the change in the field acting in it and analyzed modern Chinese education. And based on this, the meaning and present value of field research were considered. The ‘field’ referred to in this study is the situation, environment, time and space that change education. This ‘field’ interacts with the subject and changes. The reason for analyzing this study with tools such as change and field is not limited to a specific point in time of modernity, but to reconsider the problem of modern education in China in terms of its close nature. Amid the influence and change of modern Chinese Western education, the subject is Chinese education, and field is the expansion of modern Chinese Western education. In the subject and field, modern Western education in China maintains patterns of creation, development, decline, and replacement, but decline and replacement have not yet emerged, so we looked at them in four stages, focusing on the modern era. The first stage is the influence of Western education propagation before the Opium War, the second stage is the coercive propagation, the reaction that occurred inside China, the third stage is the process of being accepted and naturally settled inside China, and the fourth stage is the complete change in modern Chinese education. China’s modern education through these changes and fields has become more important in the nature of education through the transition to education given freedom and autonomy than in the past, the pursuit and recognition of diversity, the preparation of fields for the public to study and learn, and the fair and transparent selection system. Education changes according to changes in society while leading to changes in society. Therefore, we must understand the relationship between change and field and understand this correlation. 본 연구는 변화 연구를 기초로 그 속에 작용하는 장(場)의 변화에 집중하여 중국 근대교육을 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 토대로 장 연구가 갖는 의미와 현재적 가치를 고찰하였다. 본 연구에서 말하는 ‘장’이란 교육을 변화시키는 상황, 환경, 시간과 공간이다. 이러한 ‘장’은 주체와 상호 작용하며 변화한다. 본 연구에서 변화와 장이라는 도구로 분석하는 이유는 근대라는 특정 시점에 국한하지 않고, 중국이라는 특정 장소의 제한된 틀에서 벗어나 보다 본질에 가까운 측면에서 중국 근대교육의 문제를 재고해보고자 함에 있다. 중국 근대 서양교육의 영향과 변화 속에서 주체는 중국교육, 장은 중국 근대 서양교육을 확장시킨 것에 있다. 주체와 장 속에서 중국의 근대 서양교육은 생성, 발전, 쇠퇴, 대체의 패턴양상을 유지하지만 아직 쇠퇴와 대체는 나타나지 않았기에, 근대를 중심으로 서양교육의 도입과 발전에 국한하여 4단계로 구분하여 살펴보았다. 1단계는 아편 전쟁 이전에 일어난 서구교육 전파의 영향, 2단계는 강압적 전파로서 전쟁과 불평등 조약 등이 자행되며 중국 내부에서 발생한 반작용, 3단계는 중국 내부에 수용되어 자연스럽게 정착되는 과정, 4단계는 새로운 장으로 인해 발생한 근대 중국교육의 변화가 기존의 과거제도와 교육을 완전히 크게 변화시킨 것이다. 이러한 변화와 장을 통한 중국 근대교육은 과거보다 자유와 자율이 부여된 교육으로의 전환, 다양성을 추구하고 인정하는 방향으로의 전환, 대중이 공부하고 학습하는 여건 조성, 공평하고 투명한 선발 제도를 통해 교육의 본질을 중시하게 되었다. 교육은 사회의 변화를 이끌면서 사회의 변화에 따라 변한다. 따라서 우리는 변화와 장의 관계를 파악하고 이러한 상관관계를 보다 면밀히 고려해야 할 것이다.

『장자(莊子)』와 제프 말파스(Jeff Malpas)의 입장에서 본 ‘장소와 존재’

김덕삼 동방문화대학원대학교 동양학연구소 2020 동방문화와 사상 Vol.9 No.-