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A Study on the Acquisition of If-Conditionals by Korean- & Spanish-speaking Learners of English
고우경 한국영어교육학회 2013 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.68 No.1
The current study focused on acquisition of If-conditionals by L2 learners of English with two different native tongues, Spanish and Korean, and with two different proficiency levels, high and low. An experiment with two subparts, each focusing on production and comprehension respectively, was performed in order to explore which factor among input frequencies, grammatical complexities and L1 influence best explains the acquisition of If-conditionals by L2 learners. The results from both production and comprehension data suggest that If-conditionals with lower hypotheticality are acquired before than those with higher hypotheticality by L2learners, just as they are by children learning their L1, and hierarchies of input frequencies best explain the acquisition order of If-conditionals. At this point, it is not possible to distinguish between influences of input frequencies and typological universals, as they coincide. One thing for sure is that both L1 and L2 acquisitions seem to be influenced by them, suggesting the universality of language acquisition. Influence of instruction, on the other hand, was also found, especially in the production data of the higher-level L2 learners. Even though there were no differences in the acquisition order of If-conditionals between the two groups of learners with different L1 backgrounds, the influence of L1 was also found in the analysis of non-target forms produced by learner participants.
Anaphora Resolution by EFL Learners: Effects of Grammatical and Thematic Roles
고우경 한국응용언어학회 2013 응용 언어학 Vol.29 No.1
In order to understand how grammatical and thematic roles cues influence the anaphora resolution processes of Korean EFL learners and how they differ from those of native speakers of English and Korean respectively, an experiment employing a self-paced reading task was performed with native speakers of English (NSE), higher-level learners (HLL), lower-level learners (LLL) and native speakers of Korean (NSK). The results suggest that, in general, grammatical and thematic role cues seem to influence anaphora resolution processes by Korean EFL learners. It was faster for them to read sentences starting with the subject reference than the object-of-PP reference. It also took shorter time for them to read sentences with Goal reference than those with Source reference. In addition, it took longer for the learners, especially lower-level learners, to read sentences with pronouns than those with proper nouns. When comparing the data of target language and native language speakers, surprising similarities were found in both native speaker groups and higher-level learners, confirming the existence of a universal nature of language processing. The lower-level learners’ anaphora resolution processes, on the other hand, showed an independent pattern, possibly because of their limited proficiency and their dependency on semantic cues.
Referential Choices of Korean EFL Learners: Effects of Grammatical & Thematic Roles
고우경 한국응용언어학회 2009 응용 언어학 Vol.25 No.3
The current study strives to understand how factors known to affect the referential choices of native speakers, i.e. grammatical role/ order-of-mention and thematic roles, influence the Korean EFL learners' choice of referential forms. Data was gathered by having native speakers of English (NSE), higher level EFL learners (HLL), lower level EFL learners (LLL) and native speakers of Korean (NSK) continue the given stories. The results suggest that Korean EFL learners as well as native speakers of both languages tend to use both factors in their referential choices, using pronouns more than proper names when they refer to the subject/first-mentioned referent than the object/second-mentioned one, and when they refer to the goal referent than source referent. However, the overall frequency of L2 learners' pronoun reference was significantly smaller than NSE, especially in the object referent cases. Considering the fact that the object/second -mentioned character was always referred to with a full name by NSKs, it can be suggested that the learners identify pronouns in English with zero anaphors in Korean, which require higher accessibility to be used. On the other hand, learners actively used thematic role cue, which is one of the semantic cues that are thought to be universal strategies used by L2 learners.
A corpus-based study on the weak obligation modals: Should, ought to and had better
고우경 한국영어학회 2008 영어학 Vol.8 No.2
Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 8-2, 207-230. The study investigates the differences in meaning and usage of the three weak obligation modals, should, ought to and had better, through analyzing the 100-million word British National Corpus data. These three modals are thought to have similar meaning and usages, which can easily confuse L2 learners. Grammar references provide some information on the differences between these modals, which are sometimes contradictory as well as incomprehensive. The analysis of authentic data suggests that these three weak obligation modals do have differences in use, which can be best understood when considered in the context in which they are used. Specifically, the quantitative analysis suggests had better is used mostly with personal pronoun subjects, while should is used more frequently with general noun subjects. The subsequent qualitative analysis sheds more light on the usage patterns of these modals. For example, the deontic force of should differs depending on the subject types it is used with. In addition, the use of had better entails extended discourse with contexts and explanations hedging its "directness." As such, the subject of the sentence as well as the context in which these modals are used is found to play a significant role in their choice. The study provides pedagogical data, which can be useful in class when teaching these modals. Furthermore, it shows the importance of context in which a certain lexical and grammatical item is used.
고지혈증 랫트를 이용한 수종 전통 한약제의 항고지혈 효과
노환성,고우경,김운자,박건구,조영환,박형섭,Ro, Hwan-Seong,Ko, Woo-Kyoung,Kim, Oon-Ja,Park, Kun-Koo,Cho, Young-Hwan,Park, Hyung-Sup 한국약제학회 1995 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.25 No.4
Three herbal medicine recipes were tried on the animal model of diet induced hypercholesterolemia to screen for the lipid-lowering effect. The recipes adopted were based on the prescription for atherosclerosis-related symptoms by folk-medicine practioners. Hyperlipidemia was induced in rats by giving the high lipid/cholesterol diet for 7 days. Then, the recipes started with the normal diet. Blood was sampled at 1,2,3 and 5 week-points of the treatment, and levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and lower density lipoprotein were measured. Dae-shiho-tang decreased total cholesterol level significantly. Hwangryun-haedok-tang and Samhwang-sasim-tang slightly decreased total cholesterol level, although it was not statistically significant.