Stephen Crane의 작품에 나타난 이질적 요소 : Maggie:A Girl of th Streets와 The Red Badge of Courage 를 중심으로

정달용 한국현대영어영문학회 1989 현대영어영문학 Vol.31 No.1

니콜라우스 쿠사누스의 “신일론(神一論)” -De docta ignorantia 제일권(第一卷)과 De non-aliud를 중심으로-

정달용 한국중세철학회 2001 중세철학 Vol.7 No.-

상징(象徵)과 인간

정달용 광주가톨릭대학교 신학연구소 1977 神學展望 Vol.- No.36

Stephen Crane 연구

정달용 홍익대학교 인문과학연구소 2000 人文科學 Vol.8 No.-

From time immemorial, there have many wars among human being on the earth, and these wars have inspired many writers to produce many outstanding masterpieces. In 1895, Stephen Crane published The Red Badge of Courage, the extraordinary revelation of the mind and heart of a raw recruit. He had never seen a battle. Yet he seemed to understand the psychology of men in battle better than those who had actually been present at armed struggles. Crane thinks that man becomes disciplined and develops in character, conscience, or soul by immersion in the flux of experience. He also thinks that potentialities for change are at their greatest in battle. In The Open Boat the death of Oiler symbolizes nature's injustice, her treachery and indifference. The whole meaning of The Open Boat is focused in the death of the oilier. The Open Boat is the direct manifestation of Crane's belief that no man can interpret life without just experiencing it. Maggie is not so much about the slums as a physical reality as about what people believe in the slums and how their beliefs are both false to their experience and yet function as operative forces in their lives. Crane's point is that Maggie comes through the mud-puddle of her physical environment untouched. It is only when her environment becomes a moral force that she is destroyed. Maggie as a symbol of purity in a mud-puddle is Crane's means of enforcing his large irony that purity is destroyed not by concrete evils but by the very moral codes established to safeguard it. Stephen Crane always tried to find out the problems caused by inner conflict. He had manifested a particular ability in articulating human's inner conflict. The Crane's original desire was to articulate though his techniques about human psychological conflicts under deterministic nature. In this matter Crane's main emphasis is put upon, whether in external or in the subconscious, the primitive force of organic life directing the petty actions of individual man. Irony is Crane's chief technical instrument. It is the key to our understanding of the man and of his novels. This study has tried to understand Crane and his literary universe and identify the forces probed through analytical psychology or inner conflicts of human. Among the writers who pioneered naturalism in America, Stephen Crane made considerable contributions to American literature. He attained a considerable amount of success in his effort to depict human life in terms of naturalistic techniques.

Frank Norris의 소설연구 : Norris의 자연주의를 중심으로 Focused on Norris's Naturalism

鄭達溶 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 1995 人文科學 Vol.3 No.-

(Abstract)As a literary critique of Ernest Hemingway's f faretyejj fo frmf. this essay aims at de(ming the characteristics of Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkier, the main characters in the novel, by analyzing their personalities.Hemingway joined the World War 1 , and, while participating in the Italian battle field as an ambulance officer driver, he got heavily wounded there after only a few months since his military duty began. For him it was an unfortunate incident, as he volunteered to fright for justice. While he was hospitalized for his wounds, he happened to meet an American nurse of German origin who was seven yEars older than him, but his first love with the nurse was not successful. With this war experience, both mental and physical, focusing on romantic matters in love, Hemingway wrote the novel and published it in 1929 at the age of 30. This novel became one of the best sellers, and accordin91y Hemingway became a famous fiction writer not only in America but also in Europe.The main character, Frederic Henry made Catherine Pregnant while in serious love. The pregnancy made him decide to escape with Catherine from military duties and regulations; actually he chose his status to be an AWOL in the army. After his escape into Switzerland, both Frederic and Catherine enjoyed happiness for a short Period of time in idyllic atmosphere on the mountain side of Switzerland. But they were doomed to have a birth in the hospital, in which the baby was breathless and never cried, and it died soon. What is worse, Catherine suffered from hemorrhage out of Caesarian section, and bleeding never stopped, When Frederic visited Catherine's hospital room to see Catherine, he found that her life was hopeless She died very soon when he was staying by her bed. There was no way for Frederic but to leave her behind.Frederic is no more than an irresponsible but somewhat courageous man who could abandon his military duty for his love with Catherine. He had his own typical conscience whether going for military duty or for fulfilling his private, Personal happiness in love. Finally he chose love. In the novel, Hemingway su99ests that anyone in the happiest moment must concern himself about the Power of universe that is wandering around to destroy happy life: actually nature has two sides: Positiveness and negativeness. In other words, it has not only constructive vitality but also destructive aspects. Frederic Henry can be said to be the very figure of Hemingway himself or the realistic Personnel whom Hemingway expected and desired of a lover, confronting the hardship of affec-tionate love which occurred between young military officer and a nurse in the battle field.To a certain People love affair is more important fact than any other one, even military compulsive duty. Ironically, however, in the final chapter of the novel, Frederic Henry suffers from the destroyed love by the death of Catherine I assume that Hemingway described the last part of the novel well. when he says that Frederic is walking back to the hotel in rain, leaving Catherine behind. Rain symbolizes both life-river and life-destroyer. On deep observation, we can say that this novel is not a complete tragedy but a semitragedy or tragi-comedy, unlike Romeo and Juliet in which hero and heroine die by committing suicide. At any rate, Catherine is survived by her lover, Frederic Henry.From a realistic Point of view on a similar situation, the ending of this sort of love affair is possibly the common tendency in some respects among the people of today.

Henry D. Thoreau작 Walden 소고

鄭達溶 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 1998 人文科學 Vol.6 No.-

Walden, a narrative of Thoreau, was published in 1854. In the spring of 1845 Thoreau built a cabin near Walden Pond, Concord, and convinced that "the mass of men lead lives of quite desperation". He lived there alone from July 4, 1845 to Sep. 6, 1847 in a deliberate attempt to "front the essential facts of life". His years in the woods were not a hermit exstence, but an experiment in living by developing and testing his transcendental philosophy of individualism, self-reliance, and material economy for the sake of spiritual wealth. To sum him up in a phrase, he was a man who lived in doing what he wanted. Walden is composed of eighteen pieces of essays. The Chapter Ⅰ on "Economy" asserts that the only standard of value is in vital experience, and that the complexities of civilization stand in the way of significant living. To escape the demands of society and to realize the best powers of mind and body, Thoreau decides for an ascetic withdrawal from organized society, since in his desire to "live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, he hound that the essential necessity was to simplify, simplify". In the Chapter Ⅱ on "Where I lived, and What I lived For", Thoreau declared he went to the woods because he wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if he could not learn what it had to teach. Among the matters described in subsequent chapters is the practical operation of this economy. The value of Walden, I think, lies in some facts as follows. First, Walden was written about the life that Thoreau experimented in Emerson's thought of self-reliance, and then experienced it himself. Secondly, he revealed for the first time his extensive knowledge and love of nature as an essay in the history of American literature. Thirdly, Walden was expressed in an agile, compact, lucid, and often poetic style, and so it became one of the model styles.

Stephen Crane 의 소설연구 : The Open Boat에 나타난 표현기법을 중심으로

정달용 한국현대영어영문학회 1995 현대영어영문학 Vol.37 No.1

Frank Norris 연구

정달용 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 2001 東西文化硏究 Vol.9 No.-

Norris was born in Chicago and grew up there and San Francisco. At age seventeen he acquired a serious interest in painting, and his father took him to Europe to study. The experiment did not last long, however, and Norris entered the University of California in 1890. There he read Zola, Kipling, and Richard Harding Davis, and in 1894 when he went on to Harvard he took with him the beginnings of his novel McTeague. Under professor Lewis E. Gates, who recognized his talent, he worked on this and on a second novel, Vandover and the Brute, though neither was published until several years later. After his year at Harvard, Norris traveled, reporting the Boer War for the San Francisco Chronicle and Collier's. Back in California he joined the staff of the San Francisco Wave, and in 1898 published his first novel, Moran of The Lady Letty. He worked briefly for a publisher in New York and the went to Cuba to report the Santiago campaign for McClure's Magazine, an assignment that left him in poor health. McTeague appeared in 1899, followed by a sentimental romance, Blix(1899), and a sensational story, A Man's Woman(1900), heralded a great Naturalistic trilogy on the production and distribution of wheat; but Norris died in 1902 after an operation for appendicitis. The Pit, the second volume of the trilogy, appeared posthumously in 1903. Norris's reputation as a major naturalist rests on McTeague and The Oetopus. These books embody Norris's debt to Zela, his attempt to tranfer Zola's literary technique to American materials, and his great contribution to the liberation of the American novel from the vapid sentimentalism of the 1890s. McTeague, the eponymous protagonist of the novel, has returned to the mining country of Placer county obeying his own natural instincts. He is a murderer in flight from his pursuers, seeking refuge in his natural habitat. In his youth he had been a car boy, working in the Big Dipper mine with his father who, Norris tells us in the opening pages of the novel, for thirteen days of every fortnight was a steady, reliable, shift boss, but who every other Sunday became an irresponsible animal, a beast, a brute, crazy with alcohol. The characteristics of the landscape of Placer County, California, are broadly repeated within the wider context of McTeague. The same, naturalistic emphasis on conflict and violence is everywhere apparent; action and plot, and even characterization, play their parts in the creation of a grimly naturalistic world dominated by blind and irresistible forces over which man has no control. MeTeague tells of a brutal, stupid dentist who is pushed from his profession, becomes a drunkard, murders his wife, and is trapped fleeing across the California desert toward the hills where he had spent his youth. The plot is sensational, but the story is told with a care for detail and with a fairly successful use of scientific concepts of heredity and environment. It is also true that McTeague produces outsized, grotesque effects, sensational rather than scientific, and in this respect is perhaps more romantic than naturalistic. But this is the kind of romance that Norris found in Zola. In the Octopus Norris attempted an epic portrayal of the operation of economic determinism, such as Zola has carried out so triumphantly in Germinal. Norris's story fails to embody a consistent determinism, and the reason for the failure is that his epic is laid on the frontier and his ranchers, who begin the story as free agents possessed of more than the usual amount of force and self-sufficiency and engage in a heroic conflict with the forces of evil represented by the railroad. The evil of the railroad is personified by the figure of S. Behrman, whose villainous deeds are prompted by an evil within him that is not explained as the product of determining economic pressure. The uncertainty of Norris's philosophical position is brought out by the inconsistency of his economic viewpoint. At one moment the railroad is evil, at another the apathy of the voting public is to blame, at another the evils of competition are justified by the ultimate fact that the wheat is somehow grown and distributed, and at still another the wheat is presented as a force in itself that mystically wills to be grown and eaten. The accomplishments of Norris should not be underrated. He was a ground braker for the great flowering of American fiction that followed him in the 20th century. Beyond that, his best novels remain readable and intelligent. For Norris, it is naturalism that above all strives hard for accuracy and truth. As a pioneer of naturalism in America, Frank Norris made considerable contributions to American literature. He attained a considerable amount of success in his effort to depict human life in terms of naturalism.

작품에 나타난 Stephen Crane의 사상에 관한 연구

鄭達溶 弘益大學校 1989 弘大論叢 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to find out Stephen Crane's thoughts by analyzing The Red Badge of Courage and The Open Boat. The theme in The Red Badge of courage is that man's salvation can be worked out by change and spiritual growth. Crane thinks that man becomes disciplined and develops in character, conscience, or soul by immersion in the flux of experience. He also thinks that potentialities for change are at their greatest in battle. This book probes a state of mind and analyzes the gradual transformation of this psychological state under the incessant pinpricks and bombardments of life. Spiritual change, that is Henry Fleming's red badge. In the end Henry Fleming grew from immaturity into maturity, and he got real red badge of courage of conscience dese-rted from his false red badge of wound. In The Open Boat the despair-hope mood of the men is established in the opening sentence: "None of them knew the colour of the sky", and the final scene repeats the same contrast mood. At the end, when the men are tossed upon "the lonely and indifferent shore", the once barbarously abrupt waves now pace "to and fro in the moonlight". As the sea changes, so the men change. They experience a change of heart. The death of the oiler symbolizes nature's injustice, her treachery and indifference, but it is through his death that change their vision. Similarly, in The Red Badge of Courage, it is the death of Jim Conklin that changes Henry Fleming's vision. At the end, when the men hear "the great sea's voice", they understand what it says, what life means, because they have suffered the worst that the sea can extract from them. The whole meaning of The open Boat is focussed in the death of the oiler. The Open Boat is the direct manifestation of Crane's belief that no man can interpret life without just experiencing it. In The Open Boat as well as The Red Badge of Courage, Crane points out men's helplessness before the ind-ifference of Nature and in the hands of Fate. It is characteristic of his writing that he usually chose to record the meaning of life in moments of crisis. As artist he put his belief into practice. The Open Boat and The Red Badge of Courage are identical in form, in theme, and even in their patterns of leitmotives and imagery. In change lies salvation. The way is to immerse oneself in the destructive element. In The Open Boat the destructive element is the sea; in The Red Badge of Courage it is the battle.

Stephen Crane의 소설 연구 : Maggie: A Girl of the Streets와 The Red Badge of Courage에 나타난 표현기법을 중심으로 Focused on the Techniques in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The Red Badge of the Courage

鄭達溶 弘益大學校 人文科學硏究所 1994 人文科學 Vol.2 No.-

<Abstract> This study is designed to search out the techniques used in. Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The fed Badge of Courage. To describe conflicting world of ideals,reality and human's Psychological conflicts under deterministic nature through the boy in The fled Badge of Courage, Crane used special writing techniques, images of animals and in addition to colors in connection with characters' actions and irony. Maggie is about the falsity and destructiveness of certain moral codes. To be sure, these codes present in Maggie's environment. Maggie is usually called a naturalistic novel because of the following aspects of the novel: 1) its theme is the overpowering effect of environment 2) the naturalistic Principle of Physiological heredity Plays an important role in Maggie's degeneration. 3) social determinism is clearly indicated 4) the characters were given names only at a later stage far documentary purpose. 5) the use of slants describes the reality of life even more photographically and documentarily by applying a living language. The writer tries to find out impressionistic techniques in The Red Badge of Courage. The novel can be safely stated as an impressionistic novel because of the following facts , 1) Henry Fleming's mind is seldom ana1yzed in an objective way. Very few incidents are extensibly told. 2) practically every scene is filtered through Fleming's subjective Point of view and seen only through his eyes. 3) everything is related to his vision to his sense-perception of incidents and details and to his sense-reactions. Irony is Crane's chief technical instrument.It is the key to our understanding of the man and of his novels. The writer tries to find out the ironical techniques in Crane's works. Maggie is not so much about the slums as a Physical reality as about what people believe in the slums and how their beliefs are both false to their experience and yet function as operative forces in their lives. Maggie as a symbol of purity in a mud-puddle is Crane's means of enforcing his large irony that purity is destroyed not by concrete evils but by the very moral codes established to safeguard it. As discussed above, the writer looked into Crane's techniques by analyzing Maggie A Girl of the Streets and The fed Badge of Courage. Among the writers who pioneered naturalism in America, Stephen Crane made considerable contributions to Aillerican literature. He attained a considerable amount of success in his effort to depict human life in terms of naturalistic techniques.