11~13세기 각장무역(榷場貿易)을 둘러싼 고려와 요・금의 이해(利害)와 그 의미

박정환 한국사연구회 2024 한국사연구 Vol.- No.204

This study discusses the gakjang (“榷場,” or quenchang in Chinese) trade between Goryeo and the Liao (“遼”) Dynasty, also called Khitan (“契丹”), and the Jin (“金”) Dynasty, also called Jurchen (“女眞”) from the 11th to 13th centuries. It tracks various changes in the gakjang trade between Goryeo and the two “conqueror dynasties” to elucidate the nature of border trade and border markets in the Goryeo period, and identify the characteristics of gakjang in Goryeo. Gakjang markets were widely established for trading with the Northern peoples who primarily relied on trading with China. By 1005, gakjang markets came to exert direct influence on Goryeo. For security reasons, Goryeo did not establish its own gakjang markets corresponding to the quenchnag in Baozhou established by Liao. However, Goryeo merchants visited the gakjang to import livestock such as lambs and horses, and various goods. Liao was also actively engaged in trading with other peoples, and encouraged the spread of goods from Goryeo across the empire, which indicates the significance role assumed by the gakjang trade. However, the gakjang markets alternated between shut-downs and re-openings on account of frequent conflicts between Goryeo and Liao. After the 2nd Liao-Goryeo War (1010), Liao clearly showed its intention to invade Goryeo by setting up a gakjang market in Chongju, which was controlled by Goryeo at the time. After the shutdown of the gakjang markets following the 3rd Goryeo-Liao War (1018), the two countries traded goods only through official envoys travelling between the two regions. In the early 12th century, Goryeo established a diplomatic relationship with the Jin Dynasty. The two dynasties were able to open gakjang trade as early as 1141, after they resolved the conflict over the eastern bank of the Amnok River and addressed their respective domestic issues. Jin established gakjang markets in Laiyuanzhou and Qingzhou, and Goryeo opened gakjang markets in Uiju and Jeongju and Jeongpyeong, and the trade between the two dynasties flourished as represented in “Gakjang,” In the early 13th century, the gakjang trade between Goryeo and Jin was temporarily disrupted by the Mongol invasion, the decline of the Jin Dynasty, and the revolts by Khitan refugees and Dongzhen. The Jin-Goryeo trade resumed, however, as Emperor Xuanzong was keenly interested in re-opening the markets to maintain the empire’s control over Liaodong, and Goryeo needed the markets to collect information on the Mongol and keep Dongzehn in check.

미술과 교육의 새로운 동향과 수업 모색

정인수,손연석,정희남,명창준,박정환 光州敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 1994 初等敎育硏究 Vol.9 No.1

어휘의미의 분석에 관한 연구

박정환 釜山大學校 1992 人文論叢 Vol.40 No.1

ET 중력계에 의한 기조력 변화 연구

박정환,한욱,Park, Jung Hwan,Han, Uk 대한자원환경지질학회 1998 자원환경지질 Vol.31 No.2

Earth tide observations were taken at AMIST observatory in Seoul by LaCoste-Romberg ET gravimeter from September 2 to 16, 1997 for determining the gravimetric factor ($\delta$) and analyzing the tidal components. Meter drifts were corrected by regression and then denoised by threshholding wavelet, a data processing tool. The mean value of $\delta$ is 1.2 and the mean phase lag of & ($M_2$, $S_2$) and & $K_1$, $O_1$) is $0.07{\pm}0.03^{\circ}$ and $0.08{\pm}0.07^{\circ}$ by analyzing the observed earth tides. For yielding measurements of gravity accurate to about 0.01 mgal, the Earth tide observations are required by ET meter. The tidal variations are due to the planet's distance and zenith angle. With the exception of Earth-Moon and Earth-Sun mechanism, the possible causes of tidal variations are tectonical, meterological and hydrological perturbations. The long period and broad observations are required for determining the state of art gravimetric factor in Korea.

3-Chloromethyl-3-Methyl Oxetane의 합성

박정환,한도수,허선아,조성동 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 1993 自然科學硏究 Vol.16 No.1

3-chloromethyl-3-methyl oxetane(CMMO) was synthesized with 3-methy-3-methoxytosyl oxetane(MMTO) and LiCI in 68% yield.

하이퍼텍스트 유형과 자기주도성어 학업성취에 미치는 효과

박정환,양은영 한국컴퓨터교육학회 2003 컴퓨터교육학회 논문지 Vol.6 No.4

물분해용 Cu₂O 박막/ZnO 나노막대 산화물 p-n 이종접합 광전극의 광전기화학적 특성

박정환,김효진,김도진,Park, Junghwan,Kim, Hyojin,Kim, Dojin 한국재료학회 2018 한국재료학회지 Vol.28 No.4

We report on the fabrication and photoelectrochemical(PEC) properties of a $Cu_2O$ thin film/ZnO nanorod array oxide p-n heterojunction structure with ZnO nanorods embedded in $Cu_2O$ thin film as an efficient photoelectrode for solar-driven water splitting. A vertically oriented n-type ZnO nanorod array was first prepared on an indium-tin-oxide-coated glass substrate via a seed-mediated hydrothermal synthesis method and then a p-type $Cu_2O$ thin film was directly electrodeposited onto the vertically oriented ZnO nanorods array to form an oxide semiconductor heterostructure. The crystalline phases and morphologies of the heterojunction materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy as well as Raman scattering. The PEC properties of the fabricated $Cu_2O/ZnO$ p-n heterojunction photoelectrode were evaluated by photocurrent conversion efficiency measurements under white light illumination. From the observed PEC current density versus voltage (J-V) behavior, the $Cu_2O/ZnO$ photoelectrode was found to exhibit a negligible dark current and high photocurrent density, e.g., $0.77mA/cm^2$ at 0.5 V vs $Hg/HgCl_2$ in a $1mM\;Na_2SO_4$ electrolyte, revealing an effective operation of the oxide heterostructure. In particular, a significant PEC performance was observed even at an applied bias of 0 V vs $Hg/HgCl_2$, which made the device self-powered. The observed PEC performance was attributed to some synergistic effect of the p-n bilayer heterostructure on the formation of a built-in potential, including the light absorption and separation processes of photoinduced charge carriers.

PS-b-PMMA 블록코폴리머를 이용한 PVDF 결정성장 제어

박정환,이광희 한국고분자학회 2004 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.29 No.2

종교, 도, 힐링-주체성 회복을 통해 종교 시민을 지향하며

박정환 호남대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2018 인문사회과학연구 Vol.58 No.-

The problem of healing has been a top concern for modern people living a busy life. Unlike the Western tradition, the Oriental tradition responds to these questions early on in the scriptures. Especially in Buddhism, it is said that the cause of reincarnation is caused by the repetition of affection, and it is said that the mind that relies on others is removed and the best subjectivity is realized and escaped from the reincarnation. Also, from the viewpoint of the Tao(道), the scriptures tell that modern people realize their core feelings and restore their subjectivity. It is the enlightenment of Buddhism and the state of the Tao that realizes its subjectivity. Therefore, it can be said that healing for modern people is to relinquish one's reliance on others and restore self-identity and achieve self-healing. And the beings of this self-healing subjectivity could function as religious citizens in modern society 바쁜 삶을 살아가는 현대인에게 치유와 힐링의 문제는 가장 최우선의 관심사가 되었다. 동양의 전통은 서양의 전통과 다르게 경전에서 일찍부터 이러한 문제에 대답을 내어놓았다. 특히 불교에서는 윤회를 일으키는 원인을 애증의 반복으로 야기되는 것으로 보아 남에게 의존하는 마음을 없애고 최고의 주제성을 깨달아서 윤회에서 벗어나라고 이야기하고 있다. 또한 도의 입장에서도 현대인에게 도란 자신의 핵심감정을 깨닫는 것이고 주체성을 회복하는 것이라고 경전에서 말하고 있다. 자신의 주체성을 깨닫는 것은 다름 아닌 불교의 깨달음이고 도의 경지인 것이다. 따라서 현대인에게 힐링이란 타인에게 의존하는 마음을 버리고 자신의 주체성을 회복하여 자기치유를 이루는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 이렇게 자신의 치유를 이루어낸 주체성을 가진 존재들은 현대사회에서 종교시민으로 기능할 수 있을 것이다.

자기집합형 블록공중합체를 이용한 PVDF 결정구조제어

박정환,이광희 한국고분자학회 2004 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2004 No.04