한반도 연근해 수산자원상태에 대한 사적연구

박구병 ( Koo Byong Park ) 경제사학회 1981 經濟史學 Vol.5 No.-

세계사에 접근하는 또 하나의 통로 『축구의 세계사: 공은 둥글다』(데이비드 골드불라트 지음

박구병 영미문학연구회 2014 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.37

水産資源의 合理的 利用管理에 관한 經濟學的 硏究

朴九秉 釜山水産大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.22 No.-

Opening of a new era of the 200-mile economic zone regime has put an end to the unlimited expansion of distant-water fisheries by leading fishing nations including Korea. Since, under this new regime, fisheries resources in coastal and inshore fishing grounds will be the main sources of fisheries produce in Korea, first priority in fisheries policies of Korea should be given to the rational utilization of those resources through proper fisheries management. One of the characteristics of fisheries resources is that they are density dependent self-regulating renewable resources from which, by controlling exploitation of them, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) can be achieved. On the other hand, they have a basic characteristic of common property or open-access resources. Irrational utilization of fisheries resources that has been observed in many fisheries in the world is mainly due to the unlimited access to the resources. In the absence of any regulation, because the resources are subject to free entry and additional entrants will enter as long as there is any net economic yield to be gained, there is a tendency to dissipate all the net economic yield (the economic rent) reaching to a long-term equilibrium situation where total costs from fishing equal total revenues. This equilibrium level may often be above that giving the maximum sustainable yield. In unregulated fisheries, technological innovation and increasing prices with increased demand will result in new equilibrium situations over the long run again dissipating economic rent, and will not benefit entrants. In overexploited fisheries these higher prices and lower costs will attract more entrants and tend to further deplete fisheries resources. This result in the waste of the living resources of the sea and the waste of labor and capital. This means that the open-access fisheries will not operate in an optimal way, and, at the same time, means fisheries should be placed under some kind or other of management. Various methods of fisheries management have been employed in international and national fisheries. Most common methods traditionally employed include: (1) limitations on the size of the fish which may be caught or sold; (2) restrictions on the type of gear that can be used; (3) the closure of certain areas to specific fisheries; (4) the closure of certain seasons; (5) limitation on the total catch of specific stocks (i.e., imposition of quotas); and (6) limitations on the total amount fishing effort applied to a certain stock. These may be employed in single, but usually they are employed in combination. It is true that most of the above methods have considerably contributed to the conservation of fisheries resources. It is, however, also true that without introducing limited access systems based on direct control over fishing effort itself, biological and economic disaster of open-access fisheries can not be expected to be wholly eliminated. Recently, there have been attempts to directly control fishing effort itself rather than the enforcement of the quota system and regulated inefficiency. As one of the indirect limited access systems, a taxation system or a licensing system has been payed much attention in recent years. They are expected to limit entry without adversely affecting the efficiency of fishery production. Most of traditional fisheries management took the form of various regulations or limitations on the fishing activities. If, however, a fisheries management to be an effective and proper one, measures for the enhancement of the fisheries resources should also be taken. As to the objectives or criteria of fisheries management, MSY had been considered by biologists a relevant and noncontroversial objective for several decades. In the recent years, however, a great number of fishery scientists have begun to consider this objective too limited. Economists, on the other hand, take the view that achievement of maximum net economic yield (MEY) should be the objective of fisheries management. Economists in favour of MEY put emphasis on maximization of the economic return while biologists in favour of MSY on maximization of the physical production of the fisheries. However, neither MSY nor MEY is the only objective that society should consider. Quite recently, the new concept of optimum sustainable yield (OSY) has received wide suppoort as an alternative concept to MSY and MEY concepts. As an objective or a criterion of fisheries management, OSY takes social and political factors as well as biological and economic ones into consideration. But OSY has an important drawback that it leaves open the question of how the optimum is to be mesured. Although no single satisfactory concept exists yet, MSY and MEY can be useful tools by which the level of harvest can be determined. In Korea, most major fisheries have been placed under a rigid institutionalized management scheme for long time. The current fisheries legal system in which fisheries operate consists of the basic law "Fisheries Law", and related laws and ordinances. Detailed provisions on the fisheries management are provided in these laws and ordinances. From legal point of view, fisheries are broken down into three categories; fishing right fisheries, license fisheries, and other fisheries requiring only report. Coastal fisheries including aquaculture are, in the main, managed by the fishing right fisheries system, and some of the coastal fisheries system. Other fisheries are, in principle, free fisheries consisted of primitive small scale fisheries. The fishing right and license fisheries systems are the fundamental institutions of the fisheries management in Korea, and entry into the commercial fisheries is controlled by these systems. Virtually all methods of fisheries management indicated earlier have been adopted in Korea. In the so-called joint control zone established around the Korean waters in 1965 by virtue of the Agreement concerning Fisheries between Korea and Japan, some kinds of fisheries operated by Korean or Japanese fishermen are managed jointly by Korea and Japan. As far as institutional arrangements for fisheries management are concerned, it seems, at present, that there are no serious defects to corrected. However, viewing from a practical operational angle of fisheries management, a number of hard problems are posed. In operating the fishing right and license fisheries systems, primary concern has been associated with the co-ordination of fishing activities to maintain orderly fishing operation, and less attention has been paid to the conservation of fisheries resources. Furthermore, the systems failed in controlling the amounts of fishing at the optimal level causing overexploitation and overcapacity. Other serious problems associated with fisheries management are as follows ; general decline of coastal and offshore fisheries resources, in particular, drastic decline of the stocks of high-valued species; the prevalence of indifferent fishing activities by illegal fishing fleets; the existence of overcapacities in some fisheries; the acceralating environmental deterioration of fishing ground caused by pollutants, reclamation, etc.; and international competitive overexploitation in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. For the rational utilization of coastal and offshore fisheries resources, the following measures should be taken: 1. The number of fishing units of fisheries should be readjusted on the basis of the scientific assessments of stocks. It is desirable that for all the licensed fisheries, the upper limit of the number of licenses to be issued should be established. 2. It seems that a considerable reduction in costs is possible in many fisheries. If the fisheries management to be really effective, measures of reducing fishing costs should be introduced. 3. Overfishing activities and particularly illegal and indifferent fishing activities must be eradicated through a rigid enforcement of regulations, and at the same time, aggressive measures for the enhancement of fisheries resources should be taken. 4. Fisheries jurisdiction should be extended by proclaiming 200-mile economic zone. It is noted that without extending fisheries jurisdiction over 200-mile immediately benefits that could result from taking early action in offshore fisheries management would be lost, and the establishment of rational long-term fisheries management scheme in the offshore fisheries would be impossible. To understand the importance and an urgency of taking rational measures including those suggested above, it is important recognize that, in Korea which is ill-favoured in natural resources, the most valuable natural resources both for the present generation and for the generations to generations to come are the fisheries resources in the waters around Korea.

바람직한 제3세계 역사의 서술 방향 : 라틴아메리카 관련 서술의 경우

朴枸炳(Park Koo-Byoung) 역사교육연구회 2004 역사교육 Vol.92 No.-

This article attempts to find appropriate orientation in writing the Third World history with a special emphasis on Latin America. Even after the wave of globalization, Latin America remains a remote entity and Latin American Studies is still in its infancy in Korea. Under the 7th national curriculum since 2001, the importance of a course of World History in Korean high schools has been seriously reduced. While the textbooks aim at pursuing a global history by introducing history of several underdeveloped countries for the first time in Korean national curriculum such as sub-Saharan Africa and ancient civilizations in Central and South America, the Third World including Latin America still remains a part of well-assorted stock. The more serious problem is that until now history textbooks in Korea have accepted eurocentric interpretation, and reinforced hierarchical thoughts of the world. Eurocentrism in history textbooks has referred to not only asymmetrical coverage portion between Europe and North America on one side and the Third World on the other, but also orientalist approach that tends to define the latter as regressive and backward. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the current narratives of the Third World in history textbooks based on ideological and economic perspectives. This is a vital step to go beyond the dominant current of eurocentric and stereotypical understanding of the Third World in Korean society and extend its horizon to terra incognita whose historical experiences are more comparable to those of Korea.

세계사 교과서의 라틴아메리카 관련 서술에 대한 검토와 대안적 구성의 제안

朴枸炳(Park, Koobyoung) 역사교육연구회 2017 역사교육 Vol.142 No.-

As one might expect, the Third World including Latin America remains much to be desired in terms of research performance and content organization in Korean national curriculum. However, Latin American history could perform as a clearer example of uneven and combined development of the globe since the early modern period compared to any other regions, even though it has largely been out of conventional grid of world history curriculum in Korean high school. This article intends to examine the important missing points and defects in describing Latin America in World History textbooks according to 2011 reformed curriculum and discuss the relevant issues regarding Latin American history. Above all, it is necessary to revise what has been so erratic and fallacious expression, inconsistent use of the words, and inappropriateness of unit arrangement. It is crucial to have more focused description that could disclose distinct features of Latin American history even in limited space by concentrating several themes. For instance, the alternative content organization should include new historical narratives look on how European powers had incorporated Latin America into modern/colonial world system since the early 16th century. It also tries to demonstrate how Latin American independence movements interacted with European liberal counterparts in trans-Atlantic context, and needs to deal with a dramatic change of Latin American cultural strategy from Europeanizing trends such as campaigns of order and progress, and mass immigration in the late 19th century to, as it were, a rediscovery of indigenous tradition and hybridity. Such a transformation was propelled by conscious efforts to overcome the logic structure of coloniality and the vestiges of internal colonialism.

(논문) 개항 이후의 부산의 수산업

박구병 부산광역시 시사편찬위원회 1967 항도부산 Vol.6 No.-

“예, 할 수 있습니다!”: 미국 서남부 지역의 ‘세사르차베스의 날’ 제정

박구병 서울대학교 라틴아메리카연구소 2015 이베로아메리카硏究 Vol.26 No.3

This article attempts to examine the issue of ethnic holidays by focusing on the establishment process of Cesar Chavez Day in the Southwest of the United States in the early 21st century. Cesar Chavez was widely acknowledged as a remarkable leader of migrant workers and a founder of America’s first successful union of farm workers. Although he ran the union along authoritarian lines and ultimately failed to keep its unity, Chavez’s legacy as a Chicano leader, and public interest in his life and values has increased dramatically, especially with the growing influence of Latinos throughout the United States. Educating and commemorating Cesar Chavez’s legacy, and making the practice a new state holiday was, as it were, efforts to realize cultural justice that would be suitable for multi-racial and multi-cultural societies. Although the celebration of Cesar Chavez Day in California and Texas was involved in hot debates related to politics of memories, it should be noted that such ethnic holidays have contributed to seeking broader national identity in the United States by going beyond the purpose of domesticating dissent. 이 글에서는 2000년대 초 미국 캘리포니아를 비롯한 일부 서남부 주에서 제정된 ‘세사르 차베스의 날’을 통해 해당 사회의 지배적 가치와 기억을 장려하고 사회적 실체의 다양성을승인하는 공휴일의 역할을 검토하고자 한다. 차베스의 농업노동자 운동은 1990년대 말까지 미국 중등학교의 교과서에 유일하게 기술된 치카노 운동의 주요 사례였다. 캘리포니아의 주 당국은 차베스의 날을 축하하고 기념하는 핵심을 포착해 이를 봉사와 학습의 날로 만들고 주민들에게 지역 봉사와 교육 프로그램 참여를 독려했다. 차베스의 날은 연방 공휴일이 아니지만 소수인종에 대한 배려 차원을 넘어 인구와 정치적 중요성이 증대하는 라티노의 지분을 인정한 실례이다. 차베스의 독보적인 활약상, 독자적인 영역을 모색하려는 치카노의 염원과 더불어 1960년대 이래 급증한 치카노 주민들의 미국 사회와 역사에 대한 기여가 차베스의 날 제정을 이끈 견인차였다. 차베스의 날의 제정은 다문화ㆍ다인종 사회에 걸맞은 새로운 의례의 도입이자 문화적 정의의 실현이었고 미국이 직시해야 하는 인종차별적 관행에 대한 반성의 표현이었다. 차베스의 날에 진행되는 교육, 봉사, 기념이 차베스를 비롯한 라티노의 적극적인 행동과 저항을 순치하려는 데 머무르지 않고 인종적ㆍ종족적 다양성을 감안한 새로운 국민적 정체성 모색의 계기로 이어져야 할 것이다.

과테말라의 내전 종식 이후

박구병(Park, Koo-Byoung) 한국라틴아메리카학회 2018 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.31 No.4

Guatemala, in Central America, was a prominent example of a counterinsurgency state that culminated in a terrible genocide carried out against indigenous villages by the military dictatorship in the early 1980s. Although the signing of peace accords in December 1996 marked a dramatic transition from war to peace in the region, it turned out to be only a step toward a negative peace, in other words, toward the absence of armed violence. Guatemala seemed to have a long way to go toward a positive peace such as that required for a fairer society, one that is free from want, and poised for the achievement of an appropriate public order and development. It should be noted that civil society organizations in Guatemala represented by the Civil Society Assembly (ASC) played a crucial role in defining the priorities of the peace process and mediating between the Guatemalan government and the guerrilla groups. After the signing of the peace accords, the Guatemalan Truth Commission (CEH) tried to clarify the root causes of the prolonged civil war and how they had functioned, in order to present recommendations for building a firm and lasting peace. The recommendations included the reduction of poverty, reduction of socioeconomic inequality, eliminating discrimination against the indigenous population, and eradicating impunity. Furthermore, there are decisive structural changes needed for establishing a lasting peace in Guatemala including the establishment of an integral strategy for public safety based on the progressive demilitarization of the society, the strengthening of processes and institutions for participatory democracy, the equitable redistribution of land and resources, and the building of a multiethnic and intercultural society through adequate recognition of the rights of the indigenous. It is also worthy of note that actors and institutions at the local and grassroots levels are indispensable in implementing peace agreements and carrying out integral human development.

멕시코 혁명기 ( 1910 -1920 ) 사빠따 운동 ( Zapatismo ) 의 성격

박구병(Koo Byoung Park) 한국서양사연구회 1994 서양사연구 Vol.16 No.-

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남아메리카 4개국 간략 답사기

박구병 한국서양사학회 2018 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.139